A system is a collection of elements organized for a common purpose. A system has three basic elements: input, processing, and output. Other key elements include control, feedback, boundaries, environment, and interfaces. A system analyst is responsible for identifying organizational needs, analyzing costs and benefits, and ensuring new technical requirements are properly integrated with existing processes. The main objectives of a system analyst are to plan system flow, document requirements, and provide information to developers.

1. System Concepts
Chapter - 1
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

2. What is system?
• A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a
common purpose
• The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

3. Elements of System:
• A system has three basic elements input, processing and output.
• The other elements include control, feedback, boundaries,
environment and interfaces.
• Input: Input is what data the system receives to produce a certain
output.
• Output: What goes out from the system after being processed is
known as Output.
• Processing: The process involved to transform input into output is
known as Processing.
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

4. • Control:
• In order to get the desired results it is essential to monitor and control the input, Processing and the
output of the system.
• Feedback:
• The Output is checked with the desired standards of the output set and the necessary steps are
taken for achieving the output as per the standards, this process is called as Feedback.
It helps to achieve a much better control in the system.
• Boundaries:
• The boundaries are nothing but the limit of the system.
• Setting up boundaries helps for better concentration of the actives carried in the system.
• Environment:
• The things outside the boundary of the system are known as environment.
• Change in the environment affects the working of the system.
• Interfaces:
• The interconnections and the interactions between the sub-systems is known as the Interfaces.
• They may be inputs and outputs of the systems.
Elements of System:
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

5. Types of System
• Physical or Abstract: Physical system is tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in nature. Abstract
system is conceptual or non-physical. The abstract is conceptualization of physical situations.
• Open and Closed: An open system continually interacts with its environment. It receives input from the
outside and delivers output to outside. A closed system is isolated from environment influences.
• Sub System and Super System : Each system is part of a large system. The business firm is viewed as the
system or total system when focus is on production, distribution of goal and sources of profit and income.
• The total system consists of all the objects, attributes and relationship necessary to accomplish an objective
given a number of constraints. Sub systems are the smaller systems within a system. Super system denotes
extremely large and complex system
• Permanent and Temporary System : A permanent system is a system enduring for a time span that is long
relative to the operation of human. Temporary system is one having a short time span.
• Natural and Man Made System : System which is made by man is called man made system. Systems which
are in the environment made by nature are called natural system.
• Deterministic and Probabilistic : A Deterministic system is one in which the occurrence of all events is
perfectly predictable. If we get the description of the system state at a particular time, the next state can be
easily predicted. Probabilistic system is one in which the occurrence of events cannot be perfectly predicted.
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

6. Knowledge and qualities expected in system analyst
• People get confused the meaning between system analyst and computer
programmer
• Basically, system analyst is not a computer programmer; he or she is individuals
that decided what form of information technology to be used in the development
of a system, whereas a computer programmer is individuals which are
responsible in putting appropriate instructions with specific code into computer
system
• However, both Information System professionals have a similar skills needed in
system development, which is emphasized on technical skills
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

7. •Research and evaluate new technologies
•Consult with clients
•Identify the organizational needs of IT systems
•Analyze costs and benefits
•Add new functionality to systems
•Oversee installations
•Test systems
•Train users
Knowledge and qualities expected in system analyst
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU

8. Main objective of system analyst, Role of system analyst
• A systems analyst may:
• Identify, understand and plan for organizational and human impacts of planned
systems, and ensure that new technical requirements are properly integrated with
existing processes and skill sets
• Plan a system flow from the ground up
• Interact with internal users and customers to learn and document requirements that
are then used to produce business required documents
• Write technical requirements from a critical phase
• Interact with software architect to understand software limitations
• Help programmers during system development, e.g. provide use
cases, flowcharts, UML diagrams
• Document requirements or contribute to user manuals
• Whenever a development process is conducted, the system analyst is responsible for
designing components and providing that information to the developer
Prof. Nilesh Magar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MITWPU