This document discusses syntax and provides examples of tests used to identify constituents, including the proform test, question test, movement test, and coordination test. It also discusses phrase structure rules and provides an example of drawing a tree diagram and rule for the sentence "The runner from Ethiopia won a prize at the fair."

1. 5 minute quizWhat is syntax?What is the major flaw of the linear order of words in comparison with hierarchical a interpretation?What is a constituent structure? Give an example.What is the function of a noun in an NP?

2. Syntax part 3Tests for constituentsProform test. We can replace a string of words with a pronoun, if it works, then the string is a constituent.ExampleThe lady running the group handed in her resignation on Friday at noon.By replacing “the lady running the group” with “she” -> we know that “the lady running the group” is a constituent.b. The lady running it handed in her resignation on Friday at noon. -> (the group is a constituent)

3. Syntax-part 32. Question testBy converting a sentence into a question using wh-expression (where/how/when/why/what/who-m)What did the lady running the group hand in on Friday at noon?->her resignation b. Who handed in her resignation on Friday at noon?->The lady running the groupC. When did the lady running the group hand in her resignation->On Friday at noon.

4. Syntax-part 33. Movement testIf a string can be moved to some other position in the sentence, you know it is very likely to be a constituent. Example:MrCharhan was reading a thick book about phonology on the balcony on Sunday.On Sunday, MrCharhanwas reading a thick book about phonology.

5. On the balcony, MrCharhan was reading a book about phonology on Sunday.

6. MrCharhan was reading on the balcony on Sunday a thick book about phonologySyntax –part 34. Coordination testCoordination is the operation of joining two words or phrases together using conjunctions, e.g. and, or. Strings joined together by a conjunction must each be a constituent. (They must be constituents of the same type)You have to find another expression which you can coordinate with the first string of words.e.g.I went to the post office to post a letter.I went to the post office and did the shopping.

7. Syntax-part 2Exercice/pairworkLabel the different parts of speech, find all constituents and test for constituency.She lives in Moscow.The dog was barkingSue and Ed walked to the parkWe know that these things are extremely important.

8. Syntax –Part 2Noun Phrase and its Function.a. SubjectThe man works here. (subject)b. Direct objectThe thief stole my money. (direct object)c. Indirect objectHe gave her a flower (indirect object) Predicative complementThe boy seems/is/ happy.

9. Phrase-structure rules and tree diagramS -> NP VPNP -> (Det) (A) N (PP)VP -> V (NP) (PP)PP -> PREP (NP)Draw a tree for the following sentence and create a rule.The runner from Ethiopia won a prize at the fair