1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP). 2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase. 3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.

1. PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES
Created by 9th group:
1. Dian Rizqi L (2813123012)
2. Eka sutarmi (2813123013)
3. Nurul Laili (2813123024)
TBI 4-A

2. Phrase Structure Rules
• Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed
structures of a sentence.
• How phrases are formed is governed by rules
“phrase structure rules”
• A tree must match the phrase structure
rules to be grammatical
• In ordinary sentences: S  NP VP
NPs  N
VPs  V
PPs  P NP

3. NP  Art NArt N
The bus
For example: A Noun Phrase can be an Article followed by Noun
NP
A Verb Phrase may be a Verb followed by Noun Phrase,
which may be followed by a Prepositional Phrase. The Prepositional
Phrase may or may not be there
• VP  V NP
• VP  V PP
VP  V NP (PP)
*where ‘()’ indicates optionality
1. A noun Phrase can be an article followed by a Noun
2. An Article followed by a Noun is a Noun Phrase

4. In fact the NP is also optional, as shown in the following trees.
S
NP VP
Art N V PP
P NP
Art N
The man fled from the
posse
1

5. 2 S
NP VP
Art N
The baby slept
In (I) A Verb Phrase consisting of Verb plus a Prepositional phrase ( VP 
V PP )
(2) Verb Phrase consists of a Verb alone ( VP  V )VP  V (NP)
(PP)
Other rules of English that are evident are: S  NP VP
PP  P NP

6. Growing Trees : The relationship between Phrase
Structure
Rules and Phrase Structure Trees
S  NP VP NP  Art N
S NP
NP VP Art N
VP  V (NP) (PP) PP  P NP
VP PP
V NP PP P NP

7. There are four rules of VP that abbreviated by parentheses:
VP  V VP  V NP
VP VP
V V NP
VP  V PP VP  V NP PP
V PP V NP PP
VP VP

8. In the phrase structure rules, there are two immediate constituents
1. Phrasal Categories : The categories that occur to the left of the arrow
in a phrase structure rule
2. Lexical Categories : The categories that never occur on the left side
of
any rule
Phrase structure trees always have lexical
categories at the bottom since the rules must apply
until no phrasal categories remain unexpended. The
lexical categories are traditionally called “Parts of
Speech”, include Articles, Nouns, Verbs,
Prepositions, etc

9. Trees that won’t grow
The following word sequences and their
corresponding structures could not constitute English
Sentences.
E.g. The man Saw a buffalo
S S
NP VP
Art N V NP
The man
saw a buffalo
1
Lacks of VP Lacks of NP
2

10. 3
S
VP NP
saw a buffalo the man
Saw a buffalo the man
NP and VP in wrong order
These sentence would not accept as well-formed English
sentence except where some context allowed them; e. g: this
sentence might be in answer to the question. “Who saw a buffalo?”
Answer: “The man (saw a buffalo).” But, the basic pattern underlying
all these is NP VP

11. More Phrase Structure Rules
There are sentence of English whose structure is not
accounted by the phrase structure rules given so far, including:
a. The man with the hat smiled
NP VP
Art N PP
The man with the hat smiled
s
NP is more than just an article followed by a noun; the NP rule stated
earlier cannot account for since the Noun is modified by the PP with
P NP
Art N

12. b. A large fierce black dog looked out the window
S
Art Adj Adj Adj N V PP
P NP
NP VP
Art N
The large fierce black dog looked out the window
This tree indicates the need to change the NP rule to contain
optional
adjectives.
NP  Art (Adj)* N (PP), where “*” means zero, one, or

13. An infinite number Noun phrase rules, including
the following:
 NP  Art N The cat
 NP  Art Adj N The big cat
 NP  Art Adj Adj N The big black cat
 NP  Art Adj Adj Adj N The big black shaggy
cat
The summarize of all the phrase Structure Rules for
the
grammar of English:
 S  NP VP
 NP  Art (Adj)* N (PP)
 VP  V (NP) (PP)
 PP  P NP
Head of phrases

14. Many generalization about English are
contained in these rules. Put more
succinctly, X phrase always contain of X,
where X stands for Noun. Preposition, or
Verb. The X of an X phrase is called the
head of that phrase

15. THANK YOU