A complete syntax comparison of C, Java and Go Language

2. Syntax
C Java Go
Extension .c .java .go
VM Needed Not needed JVM is there to
convert java files
to class files
Not needed
Compiler TurboC javac gc
Program
Execution
Starts from
main() function
Starts from
public static void
main(String[ ]
args)
starts from
func main() and
should be in
package main

3. Syntax
C Java Go
Variable
Declaration
int a; float b;
int a,b,c;
Initialization
int a=25;
char c=’a’;
int a; float b; a int
var c string
var a,b,c float
Initialization
var o,p int=34,65
k=45.67 (type of variable
auto judged by
compiler)
Shorthand notation
a:=30 (only inside
function)
Data Types bytes,short,int,long,
double,float,char,void
Primitive
bytes,short,int,long
,double,float,
boolean,char
uint, int,float32,...,
complex, byte,rune

4. C Java Go
Constant const int LEN=10 final int PI=3.14 const LEN int=10
Operators All operators like
Arithmetic,Logical,
Bitwise etc. are
same
All operators like
Arithmetic,Logical,
Bitwise etc. are
same
All operators like
Arithmetic,Logical,
Bitwise etc. are
same
Decision Making
Statements
(If else)
if(i>5){
flag=true
}
else{
flag=false
}
if(i>5){
flag=true
}
else{
flag=false
}
if i>5{
flag=true
}else{
flag=false
}
Syntax

5. C Java Go
Switch Case switch(i){
case 1: ……
break;
.
.
default:.....
break ;
}
switch(i){
case 1: ……
break;
.
.
default:.....
break ;
}
Expression switch
switch marks{
case 90: grade==’A’
case 50,60,70:grade==’C .
default: fmt.Println(“Invalid”)
}
Type switch
var x interface{}
switch x.(type){
case int:
fmt.Println(“x is int”)
default:
fmt.Println(“I don’t know”)
}
Syntax

6. C Java Go
For loop for(i=1;i<5;i++){
……...
}
for(i=1;i<5;i++){
…………..
}
for i:=0;i<5;i++{
………..
}
for key,val:=range
numbers{
…………..
}
While Loop while(i<10){
i++;
}
while(i<10){
i++;
}
for sum<100{
sum+=sum
}
Syntax

7. C Java Go
Function Declaration
int sum(int,int)
int sum(int x,int y){
……………
return
}
Calling
int add;
add=sum(10,20)
-Supports pass by
value and reference
Define method
public int sum(int
a,int b){
…………..
return
}
-Only pass by value
func sum(no int)
(int){
……
return ..
}
-Both pass by value
and reference
Function
Overloading
No Yes No
Syntax

8. C Java Go
Variadic Functions No printMax(10,20,30)
public static void
printMax(double…
numbers){
……...
}
func sum(num
...int) int{
…..
….
}
Ex. Println() is
implemented in
“fmt”
package
func Println(a
...interface{})(n
int,err error)
String char greet[6]={
‘h’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’,’0’
}
String s=new
String(“Hello”)
var
greeting=”Hello”
Syntax

9. C Java Go
String Functions strcpy(str1, str2)
strcat(str1,str2)
strlen(s1)............
str.length()
str.concat(str2)
str.compareTo(str2
)
String is made up
of runes. Rune is
UTF Format (A-
’65’,a-’97’)
len(str)
strings.join(str1,str
2)
Arrays Fixed size data
structure
Declaration
int array[10];
Accessing Elements
int value=array[10]
Declaration
int[ ] numbers
Creation
numbers=new
int[10]
Declaration
var number [10]int
Initialization
Var bal=[10]
int{...............}
Syntax

10. C Java Go
Slice There is no growable
data structure
java.util.Collection
package provides
dynamic growable
array. E.g List,Set,Map
etc
Growable data
structure
Declaration
var numbers []int
Creation
numbers=make([
]int,5,5)
5 len, 5 is capacity
append(),copy()
Default value - nil
Map There is no map data
structure in C
Key, Value pair
Map m=new
HashMap()
Map[key] value
Default value is nil
Syntax

11. C Java Go
Map - m.put(“Zero”,1)
put( )
get( )
ForEach to iterate
over collection and
array
var dictionary=map
[string] int
dictionary[“Zero”]=1
Create using make
var dict=make(map
[string] int)
Range -> to iterate over
slice,map
for key,val:=range values
{
……...
}
Syntax

12. C Java Go
Struct / Class Collection of fields and
methods
struct book{
int id;
char name[50];
char author[50];
}book;
//Access members
struct book book1;
strcpy(book1.id,400)
Java does not have
struct but have
class
class Books{
int id;
String name;
String author;
void display(){
…………...
}
}
Books b=new
Book();
b.name=”Vision”
Go have struct to
hold data in
variables.
type struct Book{
id int;
name string;
}
func(book3 *Book)
display() {
…………..
}
book1:=new(Book)
var book2 Book;
book2.name=”Go”
Syntax

13. C Java Go
Embedding It is like inheritance
in Java
class A {
….
}
Class B extends A
{
...
}
type Person struct{
Name string
}
func (per *Person)
speak(){
……..
}
type Mobile struct{
Person
Model String
}
Mob:=new(Mobile)
mob.Person.speak(
)
Syntax

14. C Java Go
Pointer Direct address of
memory location
int *a
a=&b;
NULL pointer
Always assign null
value to pointer
variable when you
don’t know exact
address to assign
int *a=NULL;
Java does not
support pointer
var a *int
var fp *float32
a=&p
NIL pointer
var *p int=nil
Syntax

15. C Java Go
Interface C does not have
interface concept
-Collection of only abstract
methods (from java 8 it
supports static methods
also)
-Classes implements
interface
public interface Animal{
public void eat();
public void sleep();
}
public class Monkey extends
Animal{
………..
}
-Provides method
signatures
type Shape
interface {
area() float64
}
type square struct{
side float64
}
func(sq Square)area( )
float64 {
return sq.side*sq.side
}
Same method signature
is implemented
Syntax

16. C Java Go
Go has empty interface which is like
object class in java. An empty
interface can hold any type of
value.
fmt.Println(a ...interface{ })
Type Casting Convert variable from
one to another data type
(type) expression
int sum=5,count=2;
Double d=(double)
sum/count
Widening
byte->short->int->float->
long->double
float=10
Narrowing
double->float->long->int-
>short->byte
int a=(float)10.40
var i int=10
var f float64=6.44
fmt.Println(float64(i))
fmt.Println(int(f))
Syntax

17. C Java Go
Error Handling -No direct support for error
handling
But it returns error no.
perror() and strerror() used to
display text message associated
with error no
int dividend=20;
int divisor=0;
int quotient;
if(divisor==0){
fprintf(stderr,”Divide by zero”);
exit(-1);
}
Exception Handling
-Exception is problem
arises during program
execution.
Checked/Unchecked Ex.
try{
……
}
catch(Exception ex){
……..
}
finally{
……..
}
No try/catch mechanism.
Instead it is having
defer,panic,recover
concepts.
-Provides error interface
type error interface{
Error() string
}
Normally function
returns error as last
return value. Use
errors.New() for
specifying error msg.
Syntax

18. C Java Go
Concurrency /
Multithreading
Doesn’t have
support.
Java have multithreading
concept for simultaneous
execution of different
tasks at same time.
We need to extends
Thread class or Runnable
interface and then
implement run( ) and write
your code
start(),run(),join(),sleep(),...
Here, we use
goroutines for
concurrent
execution.
To make function
as goroutine just
append go in front
of your function.
Two goroutines are
communicating
using channel
concept
Syntax

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