This document discusses various sociological research methods and concepts. It covers reliability, validity, generalizability, representativeness, and different sampling techniques. It then discusses ethics in research and provides an example of the unethical Tuskegee syphilis experiment. Additional sections cover planning research, key terms, types of experiments, questionnaires/surveys, interviews, observations, secondary research sources, official statistics, and the differences between interpretivism and positivism approaches.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods in sociological research. It discusses how sociologists study social influences on human behavior and interactions. It emphasizes that sociological findings must be empirically tested rather than assumed as common sense. The document also outlines various research methods used in sociology like surveys, experiments, participant observation, and secondary data analysis. It discusses important considerations like research ethics, validity, reliability, and the relationship between theory and methods in sociological research.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociological research methods. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, sources of primary and secondary data, sampling techniques, and issues of validity, reliability and generalizability. It also covers theoretical frameworks in sociology and how they relate to research topic selection and methodology. Examples are given of early sociological studies like Durkheim's work on suicide rates. Ethical considerations in research involving human subjects are also outlined.
The document discusses various sociological research methods used to study education such as experiments, surveys, interviews, observations and the analysis of official statistics and documents. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection techniques including quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary sources. Factors that influence the choice of research methods are also covered such as practical issues, ethical considerations and theoretical perspectives.
This document discusses primary and secondary data, as well as quantitative and qualitative data in sociological research. It provides definitions and examples of each type of data. It also examines advantages and disadvantages of different data types, including issues of reliability, validity, representativeness, and generalizability. Key considerations in evaluating data are discussed such as methodology, control, and bias. The document is intended as a revision guide for sociological methods.
Sociology Unit 2 Research Methods (AQA)jimmctavish
This document discusses different research methods and concepts in social research. It covers the differences between qualitative and quantitative data, as well as primary and secondary data. Different sampling techniques are described such as random, stratified, snowball, and opportunity sampling. Various data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and observation are outlined. The document also discusses issues of research design, ethics, reliability, and validity.
Sociologists conduct research to improve their studies, test hypotheses, and gain objective knowledge on various topics. There are different types of research methods, both primary like questionnaires, interviews, observations, and secondary sources. It is important for research to be valid, reliable, and generalizable. Researchers consider representativeness, sampling techniques, and use both quantitative and qualitative data collection. The most effective research utilizes multiple methods through triangulation to provide a well-rounded understanding of the issue being examined.
Unit 1a experiments surveys interviews Unit 1 CIE syllabussamandmocha
Here are definitions for the key terms:
Interview bias: When the interviewer may lead, distort or present data in a biased way by influencing the interviewee's answers through characteristics like ethnicity, age or gender.
Sample: A smaller group that is representative of the larger population being studied.
Pilot study: A small preliminary test of a research method or instrument like a questionnaire to identify problems before full research begins.
Respondent: The person participating in and responding to a research study, such as by answering survey questions.
Open-ended questions: Questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words without restricting them to fixed choices.
Self-completion questionnaire: A questionnaire that respondents complete themselves without
This document provides guidance on preparing for exam questions on research methods in sociology. It notes that exams often ask about the strengths or limitations of particular methods. It lists examples of past exam questions focusing on various research methods. The document advises reviewing both primary and secondary data collection methods. It provides a template for outlining the advantages and disadvantages of specific methods to address in exam responses. Finally, it includes a sample essay plan for organizing an answer around an introduction, examples, and discussion of strengths/limitations from different perspectives.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and methods in sociological research. It discusses how sociologists study social influences on human behavior and interactions. It emphasizes that sociological findings must be empirically tested rather than assumed as common sense. The document also outlines various research methods used in sociology like surveys, experiments, participant observation, and secondary data analysis. It discusses important considerations like research ethics, validity, reliability, and the relationship between theory and methods in sociological research.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociological research methods. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, sources of primary and secondary data, sampling techniques, and issues of validity, reliability and generalizability. It also covers theoretical frameworks in sociology and how they relate to research topic selection and methodology. Examples are given of early sociological studies like Durkheim's work on suicide rates. Ethical considerations in research involving human subjects are also outlined.
The document discusses various sociological research methods used to study education such as experiments, surveys, interviews, observations and the analysis of official statistics and documents. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of different data collection techniques including quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary sources. Factors that influence the choice of research methods are also covered such as practical issues, ethical considerations and theoretical perspectives.
This document discusses primary and secondary data, as well as quantitative and qualitative data in sociological research. It provides definitions and examples of each type of data. It also examines advantages and disadvantages of different data types, including issues of reliability, validity, representativeness, and generalizability. Key considerations in evaluating data are discussed such as methodology, control, and bias. The document is intended as a revision guide for sociological methods.
Sociology Unit 2 Research Methods (AQA)jimmctavish
This document discusses different research methods and concepts in social research. It covers the differences between qualitative and quantitative data, as well as primary and secondary data. Different sampling techniques are described such as random, stratified, snowball, and opportunity sampling. Various data collection methods like surveys, interviews, and observation are outlined. The document also discusses issues of research design, ethics, reliability, and validity.
Sociologists conduct research to improve their studies, test hypotheses, and gain objective knowledge on various topics. There are different types of research methods, both primary like questionnaires, interviews, observations, and secondary sources. It is important for research to be valid, reliable, and generalizable. Researchers consider representativeness, sampling techniques, and use both quantitative and qualitative data collection. The most effective research utilizes multiple methods through triangulation to provide a well-rounded understanding of the issue being examined.
Unit 1a experiments surveys interviews Unit 1 CIE syllabussamandmocha
Here are definitions for the key terms:
Interview bias: When the interviewer may lead, distort or present data in a biased way by influencing the interviewee's answers through characteristics like ethnicity, age or gender.
Sample: A smaller group that is representative of the larger population being studied.
Pilot study: A small preliminary test of a research method or instrument like a questionnaire to identify problems before full research begins.
Respondent: The person participating in and responding to a research study, such as by answering survey questions.
Open-ended questions: Questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words without restricting them to fixed choices.
Self-completion questionnaire: A questionnaire that respondents complete themselves without
This document provides guidance on preparing for exam questions on research methods in sociology. It notes that exams often ask about the strengths or limitations of particular methods. It lists examples of past exam questions focusing on various research methods. The document advises reviewing both primary and secondary data collection methods. It provides a template for outlining the advantages and disadvantages of specific methods to address in exam responses. Finally, it includes a sample essay plan for organizing an answer around an introduction, examples, and discussion of strengths/limitations from different perspectives.
The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.
This document outlines different methods that sociologists use to conduct research, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods involve gathering measurable data through surveys and experiments, while qualitative methods involve field research approaches like participant observation, ethnographic studies, and case studies. The goal of sociological research is to investigate how human societies function using empirical evidence and the scientific method or interpretive frameworks. Researchers aim to design studies that are reliable, valid, and value neutral in disclosing results.
Surveys are used to assess health conditions and guide health programs. There are three main types of health surveys: health surveys assess overall health issues, morbidity surveys focus on a specific condition, and utilization surveys examine health service use. Effective surveys require thorough planning, appropriate tools like questionnaires, and obtaining permissions. Observation and interviews are commonly used for data collection, with each method having advantages and disadvantages. Structured techniques help ensure reliability and validity.
This document outlines various sociological research methods including the scientific method, ethnography, interviews, surveys, and experiments. It discusses how each method is used to study social phenomena, their advantages and disadvantages, and issues in sociological research related to objectivity, reactivity, and separating facts from values. The scientific method provides a structured approach using hypotheses, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. Ethnography involves observing people in their natural environments while interviews and surveys collect self-reported data through conversation or questionnaires. Experiments aim to isolate variables and test causal relationships through manipulation of conditions.
The document discusses different types of surveys including cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys. It provides information on the key steps to conducting a survey such as identifying the purpose and respondents, choosing the appropriate type of survey, developing the questionnaire, and analyzing and reporting the data. The document also discusses the types of survey questions, the purposes of conducting surveys, and the pros and cons of using surveys to collect information.
This document provides an overview of sociological research methods. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative approaches and covers topics such as the research process, concepts and variables, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis, and research ethics. The basic steps of the scientific method are outlined as theory, hypothesis, observation, and conclusion. Quantitative and qualitative data collection tools are also summarized.
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
The document discusses various tools and methods used for data collection in research. It describes primary and secondary sources of data and some common methods for collecting data like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and various scales. Specific tools are discussed for each method - for interviews these include interview schedules and opinionnaires, questionnaires use tools like attitude scales and Likert scales, and observation uses tools like rating scales and checklists. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and uses of different types of scales are also provided.
The document outlines a presentation on survey methodology and ethical issues given at Wuhan University in summer 2012. It covers topics such as what a survey is, survey design, quality, and ethical considerations. The presentation includes sections on defining a survey, key elements of survey research design like research questions, sampling, and constructs and measurements, and addressing ethical issues in using surveys.
The sociological research process involves both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative research aims for scientific objectivity by measuring variables numerically, while qualitative research provides interpretive descriptions through analysis of social relationships. Both approaches involve defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Common research methods include surveys, experiments, document analysis, and participant observation. Ethical considerations are also important throughout the sociological research process.
This document discusses survey research methodology. It defines surveys as collecting data directly from a population or sample using a set of questions. The main types of surveys are described as cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, trend, and panel studies. The key steps in survey research are planning, sampling, constructing the instrument, conducting the survey, and processing the data. Validity and reliability are also addressed, along with limitations, ethics, and tools used in survey research.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document discusses different types of research methods, with a focus on survey methods. It provides information on the key characteristics and types of surveys, including:
- Surveys can be descriptive or causal in nature, and involve collecting primary data through verbal or written communication with a sample of individuals.
- Common types of surveys include cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend, cohort, and panel studies. Cross-sectional surveys examine variables at a single point in time, while longitudinal surveys collect data over a period of time.
- Methods of conducting surveys include census/complete enumeration, sampling, and newer methods like fax and internet/email surveys which can reduce costs. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of different survey methods
251109 rm-m.r.-data collection methods in quantitative research-an overviewVivek Vasan
The document discusses different methods for collecting quantitative data in research, including structured questionnaires, interviews, observation, and biophysiologic measures. It describes key dimensions to consider like structure, quantifiability, researcher obtrusiveness, and objectivity. The major sections explain self-reports, observation techniques, and collecting biophysiologic data like vital signs measurements.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and disadvantages. For interviews, it explains the different types of interview structures and how to effectively conduct interviews. For questionnaires, it outlines best practices for developing questions, administration, and improving response rates. The document also covers analyzing records, developing tools and techniques for data collection, and selecting appropriate methods based on the nature of the study.
Introduction To Survey Research 1204374176684974 5 (1)kwing
1. The document discusses survey research methods in psychology, outlining three types of research (experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental) and how surveys are used in each. It also covers the purposes and goals of survey research.
2. Survey research is characterized by systematic sampling procedures to obtain representative data. It can be used for information gathering or theory testing/building. Common goals include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or predictive.
3. Pros of survey research include ecological validity and efficiency, while cons relate to lack of control over variables and reliance on self-reported data.
This document discusses data collection and measurement. It defines different levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. It explains the data collection process and questions to consider like what, how, who, where and when to collect data. Common data collection methods are identified like surveys, interviews and physiological measures. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection instrument are discussed like practicality, reliability and validity. The document provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses different types of surveys and how to conduct them. It describes descriptive surveys, which attempt to document current conditions or attitudes, and analytical surveys, which attempt to describe and explain why certain situations exist. Other survey types mentioned include factual, opinion, and interpretative surveys. The stages of conducting a survey are then outlined, including defining objectives, deciding the type of survey, formulating questions, deciding issues and needed information, sampling, instrumentation, data collection and analysis, and reporting results. Potential problems with surveys like poor sampling, question design, and non-response are also noted. Finally, three common survey methods are described: mailed questionnaires, personal interviews, and telephone interviews.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
The document discusses various types of research instruments and methods for developing and administering instruments. It defines an instrument as a measurement device used in research like a survey, test, or questionnaire. It distinguishes instruments from instrumentation, which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument. Common types of instruments discussed include questionnaires, interviews, and tests with closed-ended and open-ended questions. Methods of administering questionnaires like postal surveys and structured interviews are also outlined.
The document discusses various qualitative research methods including interviews, observation, and focus group discussions. It provides details on the different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured interviews. It also outlines the key elements and considerations for conducting effective interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. These methods are explained as approaches for obtaining direct information from research participants and exploring their perspectives in an in-depth manner.
This document outlines different methods that sociologists use to conduct research, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative methods involve gathering measurable data through surveys and experiments, while qualitative methods involve field research approaches like participant observation, ethnographic studies, and case studies. The goal of sociological research is to investigate how human societies function using empirical evidence and the scientific method or interpretive frameworks. Researchers aim to design studies that are reliable, valid, and value neutral in disclosing results.
Surveys are used to assess health conditions and guide health programs. There are three main types of health surveys: health surveys assess overall health issues, morbidity surveys focus on a specific condition, and utilization surveys examine health service use. Effective surveys require thorough planning, appropriate tools like questionnaires, and obtaining permissions. Observation and interviews are commonly used for data collection, with each method having advantages and disadvantages. Structured techniques help ensure reliability and validity.
This document outlines various sociological research methods including the scientific method, ethnography, interviews, surveys, and experiments. It discusses how each method is used to study social phenomena, their advantages and disadvantages, and issues in sociological research related to objectivity, reactivity, and separating facts from values. The scientific method provides a structured approach using hypotheses, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. Ethnography involves observing people in their natural environments while interviews and surveys collect self-reported data through conversation or questionnaires. Experiments aim to isolate variables and test causal relationships through manipulation of conditions.
The document discusses different types of surveys including cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys. It provides information on the key steps to conducting a survey such as identifying the purpose and respondents, choosing the appropriate type of survey, developing the questionnaire, and analyzing and reporting the data. The document also discusses the types of survey questions, the purposes of conducting surveys, and the pros and cons of using surveys to collect information.
This document provides an overview of sociological research methods. It discusses both quantitative and qualitative approaches and covers topics such as the research process, concepts and variables, sampling techniques, data collection and analysis, and research ethics. The basic steps of the scientific method are outlined as theory, hypothesis, observation, and conclusion. Quantitative and qualitative data collection tools are also summarized.
This document discusses research surveys. It defines what a survey is, provides examples of group members conducting a survey, and describes the main purposes and types of surveys. The types of surveys discussed include personal interviews, telephone interviews, mail surveys, and internet surveys. The document also outlines the key steps in conducting survey research and lists the main advantages and disadvantages of using surveys.
This document discusses survey research and provides definitions and classifications of different types of research. It defines survey research as collecting data to test hypotheses or answer questions about people's opinions. There are two main types of survey designs: cross-sectional surveys, which collect data from individuals at a single point in time, and longitudinal surveys, which collect data over multiple times. Conducting a survey involves sampling from a population and collecting data through questionnaires or interviews. The document outlines best practices for designing and administering questionnaires and interviews for survey research.
The document discusses various tools and methods used for data collection in research. It describes primary and secondary sources of data and some common methods for collecting data like interviews, questionnaires, observation, and various scales. Specific tools are discussed for each method - for interviews these include interview schedules and opinionnaires, questionnaires use tools like attitude scales and Likert scales, and observation uses tools like rating scales and checklists. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and uses of different types of scales are also provided.
The document outlines a presentation on survey methodology and ethical issues given at Wuhan University in summer 2012. It covers topics such as what a survey is, survey design, quality, and ethical considerations. The presentation includes sections on defining a survey, key elements of survey research design like research questions, sampling, and constructs and measurements, and addressing ethical issues in using surveys.
The sociological research process involves both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative research aims for scientific objectivity by measuring variables numerically, while qualitative research provides interpretive descriptions through analysis of social relationships. Both approaches involve defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Common research methods include surveys, experiments, document analysis, and participant observation. Ethical considerations are also important throughout the sociological research process.
This document discusses survey research methodology. It defines surveys as collecting data directly from a population or sample using a set of questions. The main types of surveys are described as cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, trend, and panel studies. The key steps in survey research are planning, sampling, constructing the instrument, conducting the survey, and processing the data. Validity and reliability are also addressed, along with limitations, ethics, and tools used in survey research.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document discusses different types of research methods, with a focus on survey methods. It provides information on the key characteristics and types of surveys, including:
- Surveys can be descriptive or causal in nature, and involve collecting primary data through verbal or written communication with a sample of individuals.
- Common types of surveys include cross-sectional, longitudinal, trend, cohort, and panel studies. Cross-sectional surveys examine variables at a single point in time, while longitudinal surveys collect data over a period of time.
- Methods of conducting surveys include census/complete enumeration, sampling, and newer methods like fax and internet/email surveys which can reduce costs. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of different survey methods
251109 rm-m.r.-data collection methods in quantitative research-an overviewVivek Vasan
The document discusses different methods for collecting quantitative data in research, including structured questionnaires, interviews, observation, and biophysiologic measures. It describes key dimensions to consider like structure, quantifiability, researcher obtrusiveness, and objectivity. The major sections explain self-reports, observation techniques, and collecting biophysiologic data like vital signs measurements.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, and record analysis. It provides details on each method, such as advantages and disadvantages. For interviews, it explains the different types of interview structures and how to effectively conduct interviews. For questionnaires, it outlines best practices for developing questions, administration, and improving response rates. The document also covers analyzing records, developing tools and techniques for data collection, and selecting appropriate methods based on the nature of the study.
Introduction To Survey Research 1204374176684974 5 (1)kwing
1. The document discusses survey research methods in psychology, outlining three types of research (experimental, quasi-experimental, non-experimental) and how surveys are used in each. It also covers the purposes and goals of survey research.
2. Survey research is characterized by systematic sampling procedures to obtain representative data. It can be used for information gathering or theory testing/building. Common goals include exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or predictive.
3. Pros of survey research include ecological validity and efficiency, while cons relate to lack of control over variables and reliance on self-reported data.
This document discusses data collection and measurement. It defines different levels of measurement including nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. It explains the data collection process and questions to consider like what, how, who, where and when to collect data. Common data collection methods are identified like surveys, interviews and physiological measures. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection instrument are discussed like practicality, reliability and validity. The document provides examples to illustrate key concepts.
This document discusses different types of surveys and how to conduct them. It describes descriptive surveys, which attempt to document current conditions or attitudes, and analytical surveys, which attempt to describe and explain why certain situations exist. Other survey types mentioned include factual, opinion, and interpretative surveys. The stages of conducting a survey are then outlined, including defining objectives, deciding the type of survey, formulating questions, deciding issues and needed information, sampling, instrumentation, data collection and analysis, and reporting results. Potential problems with surveys like poor sampling, question design, and non-response are also noted. Finally, three common survey methods are described: mailed questionnaires, personal interviews, and telephone interviews.
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe different types of data collection techniques
Demonstrate dimensions , type of observations and how to prepare and conduct observation
Understand the practical communication skills for interviews to ask good questions , probe and follow up questions .
Able to prepare for interview
Understand the characteristics and uses of focus group discussions
Conduct focus group discussions
The document discusses various types of research instruments and methods for developing and administering instruments. It defines an instrument as a measurement device used in research like a survey, test, or questionnaire. It distinguishes instruments from instrumentation, which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument. Common types of instruments discussed include questionnaires, interviews, and tests with closed-ended and open-ended questions. Methods of administering questionnaires like postal surveys and structured interviews are also outlined.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of dynamic visual noise on younger and older adults' visual working memory as measured by a Visual Patterns Test. The study found that older adults performed worse than younger adults on the test, supporting previous research showing working memory capacity declines with age. The dynamic visual noise did not significantly impact performance, though it may have had a greater effect on younger adults who tended to use a visual strategy while older adults used less sensitive spatial or verbal strategies. The document provides background on models of working memory and discusses research on visual and visuo-spatial memory.
This document contains a sample cover letter and consent form for a study examining mental health court participants' perceptions of the mental health court experience. The 3-sentence summary is:
The cover letter introduces a questionnaire seeking participants' experiences and evaluations of the mental health court program, assures confidentiality, and requests the participant's consent and completed questionnaire. The consent form describes the study purpose and procedures, confidentiality protections, potential risks and benefits, and voluntary nature of participation. Participants are asked to sign confirming their understanding and consent to participate in a phone interview or paper questionnaire.
This research is based on my educational background and professional experience, it determines the work life conflict and its effect on employee performance. The technique used for data collection is structural interviews from the survey respondents residing and employed in Jeddah. The response rate is optimum due to the accessible participants. Jeddah is selected to have survey as its the prime location in KSA. Methodology adopted to find the work life issues of the people of Jeddah and the effect on the employees working in different organizations at Jeddah. Most important is that Jeddah is a part of Muslim State and mostly people are believers of Islam and national language is Arabic. Public awareness was created by the researchers regarding the problem prevailing in the country on how some organizations are getting the benefits of social support work and some don’t and found out that out of many reasons one of them is the lack of specificity and adequateness of general-ability. In this research qualitative method is used which consists of primary as well as secondary approach for gathering information and relevant data. Interview questionnaires were used in order to gather the primary data. Moreover, critical evaluation and analyzing of the data was done by finding the reliability of collected and used data which were mainly gathered from the participants or the people of Jeddah who were employed in different organizations and were facing such kind of problems relating to work life and performance drawbacks. This research provides enough information about work life conflicts and its effects on the employee performance and contribution to alter attitudes of skills. One of the illustrations of organizations in Jeddah is Arabian Gulf manufactures LTD. Co having 24 hours production who require to expand a high stage of flexibility and openness to all humans including their leaders, workers or clients. Very few organizations have an affinity to grip the ethnocentric means for company decisions to establish and for their development. Research has originate that now organizations in Saudi Arabia give more concentration to cultural know how in global business to improve more developments and betterments of their employees.
The students from AMA Computer Learning Center College of Mandaue are requesting permission to conduct a 2-hour research study and documentary video at the company. The study will focus on the company's network design, security, and how the application of networks are used. Any data collected will remain confidential and only be used for educational purposes. Approval from the HR Section Head is requested to allow the research study to be conducted.
Sociological Research Methods- Qualitative and quantitativeSameena Siddique
This detailed presentation includes different research methods involved in social sciences. It gives a wonderful account of the difference between qualitative and quantitative methods.
Merton's Strain theory - theory and methods A2 Sociologymillieprice1
Robert Merton developed strain theory to explain deviance. He argued that societal pressures to achieve culturally emphasized goals like wealth can strain individuals and lead them toward deviant behaviors if legitimate means are blocked. Merton outlined five modes of adaptation: conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism, and rebellion. Innovators accept wealth goals but use illegitimate means like crime. Retreatists reject both goals and means. Merton's theory helps explain patterns in crime statistics and links to white-collar crime.
This document discusses the nature and types of scientific research. It defines scientific research as a systematic, objective, and empirical process of collecting and analyzing data to uncover facts and relationships. Scientific research follows the principles of being empirical, objective, systematic, public, replicable, and cumulative. The document outlines three main types of research: descriptive research which observes what people say, quantitative research which measures quantities and compares data, and qualitative research which does not express observations numerically. It also discusses five other types of research: basic research conducted in universities, applied research which aims to solve real problems, co-relational research which examines relationships between variables, and evaluative and action research.
This document discusses secondary and primary data collection methods for research. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each. Secondary data involves using existing published information from other sources, while primary data involves direct collection of new data for the specific research purpose. Common primary methods include surveys, experiments, observations and case studies. The document also lists sources of secondary data for the leisure and travel industry and has groups do tasks to collect secondary data from the internet or library.
Observation Method of Research by Niranjan Mohapatra, MLIS, IGNOU- 142389253NIRANJAN MOHAPATRA
This document discusses the observation method for collecting primary research data. It defines observation as watching phenomena systematically for research purposes. The objectives are to understand how to plan, conduct, record, and analyze observations. Observation involves using the senses to gather accurate data in natural settings without manipulation. It can be used to study user behavior and needs in libraries to help improve services. While time-consuming, observation provides realistic insights when combined with other data collection methods.
This document provides guidance on writing observation essays based on direct investigation through the five senses. It discusses choosing a topic that is new to readers, focusing on specific details to help readers visualize the topic, and using showing rather than telling to convey meaning. The key is to gather detailed notes through observing with all five senses, then select vivid details to paint a picture for the reader rather than summarizing. The goal is to engage and intrigue readers through showing techniques.
This document discusses different types of observation methods used in social research, including their key features and advantages/disadvantages. It covers participant observation, non-participant observation, structured observation, naturalistic observation, and covert/overt behavior observation. The document also discusses observation schedules, coding schemes, and provides examples of how different observation methods could be used to study topics like literacy rates.
The document discusses positivism and quantitative methodology in sociology research. It explains key aspects of positivism including viewing society objectively, collecting statistical data, looking for correlations, searching for causal connections, and attempting to discover laws of human behavior. It provides Durkheim as an example who studied suicide rates. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of official statistics and experiments as quantitative methods. Finally, it introduces anti-positivism and qualitative methodology based on interpretation and understanding meaning.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
This document provides an overview of ethical issues in medical research. It discusses the history of unethical human experimentation including the Nazi experiments and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. It outlines key documents that established ethical research standards like the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The Belmont Report identified three core ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. It also discusses the role of institutional review boards in protecting research participants and reviewing research proposals to ensure compliance with ethical standards.
Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity.
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with morality. It is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and nonvirtuous characteristics of people-The American Dictionary of Cultural Literacy(2005).
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with morality. It is concerned with distinguishing between good and evil in the world, between right and wrong human actions, and between virtuous and non-virtuous characteristics of people— The American Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (2005).
This document provides an overview of ethics in research. It defines ethics and discusses key historical events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nazi experiments and the Nuremberg Code. The three primary ethical principles of beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice are examined. Informed consent, risks/benefits analysis, and the role of institutional review boards in ensuring ethical research are covered. Challenges in vulnerable populations and qualitative/mixed methods research are also summarized.
This document discusses the importance of ethics in research. It begins by defining ethics and explaining that research ethics govern how scientific research is performed and disseminated at research institutions. The document then provides several reasons why research ethics are important, including ensuring accuracy and truth in research findings, accountability of researchers, and protecting social values like doing no harm. Examples of unethical research failures, like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee syphilis study, are given to show how ethics violations can harm participants. Key principles of ethical research are outlined, including honesty, informed consent, confidentiality, and protecting human subjects. The document concludes by discussing the Nuremberg Code and the role of ethics committees in reviewing research proposals.
Intro Research Ethics 20th April Prof Dr Sanjev Dave.pptxSanjeevDavey1
This document provides an overview of health research ethics training. It begins with learning objectives around key values, theories, and principles that guide health research. It then discusses the definition and goals of ethics. Several key points are covered, including: the history of research ethics and important documents/events that shaped guidelines; principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice; roles and responsibilities of ethics committees and researchers; and issues like scientific misconduct, informed consent, and protecting participants. The document emphasizes applying fundamental ethical principles to ensure research is planned and conducted properly.
This document summarizes and analyzes three cases of ethical controversy in research studies: Stanley Milgram's obedience study, Laud Humphrey's tearoom study, and Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment. It discusses how each of these studies violated ethical principles like informed consent, risks of harm, privacy, and allowing subjects to withdraw. The document also outlines guidelines for addressing ethical issues in research processes, sites, data collection, and ensuring respect, beneficence and justice for participants.
This document discusses ethics in clinical research and provides a historical perspective. It summarizes key events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nuremberg trials, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. The core ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are explained. Challenges in clinical research in India like ensuring proper informed consent and oversight by ethics committees are also covered.
This document discusses ethical considerations for designing research. It defines ethics and outlines several codes of ethics like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki that guide ethical research. The three main ethical principles discussed are beneficence, justice, and respect for human dignity. Topics like informed consent, vulnerable subjects, and research misconduct are also examined. Guidelines are provided for ensuring research respects participants' rights and well-being.
Unit 8. Ethical Considerations in Reseaerch.pptxshakirRahman10
Ethical Consideration in Research:
Objectives:
1. Define the terms related to ethics in research
2. Discuss historical events of ethical mischiefs and evolution of ethics as protecting human rights
3. Discuss the ethical principles, declaration of Helsinki and research code of ethics
4. Describe different types of informed consent, i.e. verbal, written, individual and institutional consent.
5. Produce a meaningful informed consent form.
6. Identify role and importance of ethical considerations in research.
Ethical Considerations in Research:
Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide the research designs and practices.
Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.
The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways.
What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.
Ethical considerations work to:
Protect the rights of research participants
Enhance research validity
Maintain scientific or academic integrity.
History of Research Ethics:
Nuremberg Code
Dec. 9, 1946, when an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Among the charges were that German physicians conducted medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent. Most of the subjects of these experiments died or were permanently crippled as a result.
As a direct result of the trial, the Nuremberg Code was established in 1948, stating that “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential,” making it clear that subjects should give consent and that the benefits of research must outweigh the risks.
Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
Thalidomide
In the late 1950s, thalidomide was approved as a sedative in Europe; it was not approved in the United States by the FDA.
The drug was prescribed to control sleep and nausea throughout pregnancy, but it was soon found that taking this drug during pregnancy caused severe deformities in the fetus.
Many patients did not know they were taking a drug that was not approved for use by the FDA, nor did they give informed consent. Some 12,000 babies were born with severe deformities due to thalidomide.
U.S. Senate hearings followed and in 1962 the so-called “Kefauver Amendments” to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were passed into law to ensure drug efficacy and greater drug safety.
For the first time, drug manufacturers were required to prove to the FDA the effectiveness of their products before marketing them.
Ethical Issues in Medical Research_12 Jan 2017_Fortis Mulund.pptRitaLakhani2
This document discusses various ethical issues related to medical research. It begins with defining ethics and medical research. It then discusses older codes of medical ethics as well as seminal cases that shaped modern research ethics like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki. Core ethical principles like autonomy, beneficence and justice are explained. Issues like informed consent, vulnerable populations, conflicts of interest and misconduct are analyzed in depth. The document emphasizes protecting research participants while also promoting scientific progress.
2016 introduction to sociological research16Soma Dam
Sociological research uses scientific techniques including experiments, surveys, and analysis of social statistics. There are four main research methods: 1) field methods like observation and interviews to understand people's natural behaviors; 2) experiments to isolate causal effects but some argue they lack validity; 3) surveys using questionnaires or interviews to gather self-reported data from samples; and 4) analysis of existing documents and official statistics to learn about populations. However, all methods have limitations and filter reality through researchers' biases, so method triangulation is important to validate findings.
The document discusses ethical issues in research. It defines key concepts like ethics, ethical issues, and research ethics. It outlines important ethical principles like non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. It examines major ethical issues such as informed consent, risks and benefits, confidentiality, vulnerable groups, and communicating results. It analyzes historical examples that violated ethics like the Nazi experiments and Tuskegee syphilis study. In summary, the document outlines the importance of addressing ethical considerations in research to protect participants and build trust.
The document discusses ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human participants as outlined by the Indian Council of Medical Research. It covers the history of ethical codes emerging from inhumane experiments, key principles of informed consent, protecting vulnerable populations, and preventing therapeutic misconception. Guidelines address general research principles, review procedures, clinical trials, and other specialized research areas. The importance of ethics committee oversight and obtaining valid informed consent is emphasized throughout.
Doing sociological research involves applying the sociological perspective, being curious and asking questions objectively. There are different types of truths and ways of knowing, including scientific knowledge based on empirical evidence. Sociological research methods include positivist, interpretive, and critical sociology. Key aspects of research are concepts, variables, measurement, validity, reliability, and the relationship between variables. The scientific method involves collecting data through observation and experimentation. Common data collection methods are participant observation, interviews, surveys, existing sources, and experiments. It is important for sociological research to be objective and consider how factors like gender can influence results. Ethical standards help ensure research protects participants.
This document provides an overview of clinical trials, including their purpose, classifications, terminology, design, phases, ethics, and protections for participants. Some key points:
- Clinical trials test interventions like drugs or procedures and compare them to standard practices or placebos. They progress through phases to test safety and effectiveness.
- There are three main types of research studies: observational studies that compare groups, analytic studies that test therapies, and clinical trials which are considered the "gold standard" experimental study.
- Protections like informed consent and institutional review boards ensure ethical treatment of human subjects and that risks are reasonable compared to potential benefits. Oversight protects participants' rights and welfare.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. Reliability
Whether results are consistent over time and
accurate in terms of the population being
studied. If research is reliable it will produce
similar results if the same mythology is used
by others.
3. Validity
This is the extent to which a research project
meets its aims and can be trusted to be an
accurate measure of what the researcher
aimed to discover.
• Internal: if the researcher answers what is
supposed to be answered.
• External: can be applied to wider society.
4. Generalizability
The extent to which set of conclusions about a
population sample can be said to be true of
the entire target population.
5. Representativeness
Does a sample have exactly the same
characteristics as everyone else in the target
population so that findings of the small group
studied would be true of everyone else in that
population?
6. Sampling
The selection of a small study group. The sample should
have similar characteristics to the wider target population.
Types of sampling:
• Convenience : Researcher uses anyone who is available and willing to take part.
• Systematic: Selection of a population within an ordered sampling frame. Every
nth name.
• Stratified: A sample that is drawn from a number of separate strata of the
population, rather than at random from the whole population.
• Cluster: The total population is divided into groups, then a random sample of the
groups is selected.
• Random: a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance
of being selected
• Snowball: where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their
acquaintances. (friend of a friends)
• Quota: A sample taken from a stratified population by sampling until a pre-assigned
quota in each stratum is represented.
• Purposive: (Judgemental sample) Population selected based on their knowledge
being purposeful. Selected because of a certain characteristic.
7. Ethics
this is the extent to
which a research study
can be said to protect
everyone involved in a
projects; participants,
researchers and
institutions from any
source of potential
harm.
o Ethical issue examples
psychologist Milgram, &
The Tuskegee
experiment
8. E.g.. Ethical issues within an experiment
The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment, (1932-1972):
The Tuskegee experiment was a study by the United States public health service, to
study the natural progression of untreated syphilis (a chronic bacterial disease that is contracted
chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse) for 6-9 months and then follow the treatment
phase in a group of black men.
The study used rural African American men, who believed they were receiving free
health care from the United States government. The study began in 1932, when investigators
sought 600 disadvantaged sharecroppers (tenant farmers who give part of their yield as rent)
from Macon County in Alabama. 399 of the men had contracted syphilis before the study, and
201 did not have the disease. The benefits for participating were free medical care, meals and
free burial insurance (funeral cost).
The men were told they were being treated for ‘bad blood’ which was a local term
used to explain illnesses such as anaemia, fatigue and syphilis. However were never told exactly
what they had, and were never treated for the syphilis.
By 1947 penicillin became the standard treatment for syphilis, nevertheless
investigators continued with the study without treating the participants, or informing them of
the drug. The study finally came to a standstill when a leak to the press eventually resulted in its
termination. The study resulted in death of some participants; wives contracted the disease and
children therefore born with congenital syphilis.
Doctors of the time were fixated on African American sexuality and their willingness to
continue sexual relations with those infected, and so blamed the individual. The doctors found
ways to help the innocent infants born with the disease, blinded by the need to place blame.
9. Ethical issues:
• To begin mutual respect and confidence was breached, as any citizen should be able to trust a medical
practitioner, yet the practitioners were the enemy’s in the situation, causing the African American males to be
victimised.
• Generally the investigation was not considered from all standpoints; the experimenters caused unnecessary
deaths after the cure for syphilis was brought in, breaking ethical codes that say consequences must be
considered.
• Consent was not given fully. The participants were only informed that they would be receiving free medical
treatment for a disease type under the slang ‘bad blood’, so deception was breached.
• Debriefing: the participants should leave in the same state they arrived, with the period of 40 years; this could
not have been achieved. Some participants also died and harmed others outside the experiment.
• It is unclear to whether participants were able to withdraw from the study, but why would they if they received
free health care? They were debriefed and had no idea all their suffering could be cured, as far as they knew
they were being treated.
• Confidentiality: information of names, and notes from their progress were leaked into the media.
• Protection of participants was one of the biggest ethical issues, laws state participants should not take part in
the study if they have a medical condition which may be affected.
• Other problems:
• The study was racist to target Black African American men (The study made poor black people reluctant to seek
medical help). After the experiment there were rumours spread, saying the government introduced the virus of
AIDS/HIV into the Black community.
• After the introduction of penicillin to treat syphilis, the study continued for a further 25 years. Researchers
failed to treat patients appropriately.
• The study lead to changes in the United States laws and regulation, involving the protection of participants in
clinical studies, and studies now also require informed consent, communication and accurate reporting of test
results.
10. Ethical issue definition Why is it important to not
breach this ethical issue?
study's
deceit The action or practice of
deceiving someone by concealing
or misrepresenting the truth.
Fielding 1993: national front.
Covert participant observations.
He deceived the people he was
observing.
sensitivity A person's feelings which might
be easily offended or hurt
So people fell understood Humphreys: impersonal, sex in
toilets.
Invasion of privacy
No consent
bias Prejudice in favor of or against
one thing, person, or group
compared with another, usually
in a way considered to be unfair.
Will cause the results to be
inaccurate.
Barker: Moonies
She became bias of them
confidentiality the state of being secret; "you
must respect the confidentiality
of your client's communications
Can cause problems legally.
Invasion of
privacy
the wrongful intrusion by
individuals or the government
into private affairs with which the
public has no concern.
Informed
consent
by a patient to undergo a medical
or surgical treatment or to
participate in an experiment after
the patient understands
11. Planning research!
Choose a topic
Define research question
Design the study
Do the research
Sort results
Evaluate findings and methods
Write a report
Choose sample
Choose methodology
Look at secondary sources
• Plan for sociological research…
12. Stages of development before a
final research method is selected.
• Operationalising concepts: tuning the key idea into
something that can be measure in some way.
• Selecting a method: plan the research method carefully to
ensure validity, reliability generalisability and be sure it is
ethical. (a pilot study should be conducted before the final
study.)
• Accessing a population: arrangement of people to speak to,
observe, question. Some people may be reluctant to
participate. The population must be representative and
generalisable. A gatekeeper is a good way to introduce a
group of participants.
• Sampling: the technique used to select a group of people to
participate. Sampling ensures representativeness,
generalisability, reliability and validity.
13. Key terms
• Hypothesis: A prediction of the outcome of a study,
experiment, interview etc.
– Empirical: descriptive, explanatory, predictive. Its provable.
(quantitative)
– Conceptual: interpretive (qualitative)
• Primary research: new original, conducted solely by the
researcher.
• Secondary research: existing data, has to be trustworthy.
• Hawthorn effect: When people respond or act in a certain
way, because of their awareness of the experiment, study,
observation, interview etc.
• Objective: not letting personal opinions and prejudices to
enter into the research process.
• Subjective: personal and potentially biased.
14. Key terms
• False positive: a response that exaggerates the amount of behaviour that is
being studied.
• False negative: a response that undervalues the amount of behaviour that
is being studied.
• Quantitative: relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of
something rather than its quality.
• Qualitative: relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of
something rather than its quantity.
• Ethnographic study: the study of people.
• Longitudinal study: capturing data over a long period of time
• Methodological plurality: using more than one method to ensure both
reliability and validity
– Pluralism: use of more than one sociological method in a single study to
ensure reliability and validity.
– Triangulation: using more than one social research method so that there is
some form of check of one against the other.
– Pioting: to conduct a small scale version of the research you plan to conduct in
order to discover any unanticipated problems that may arise.
15. Experiments
Experiment: we manipulate the independent variable to test the
dependant variable whilst trying to control the extraneous variable.
– Independent variable: the changeable variable that can be manipulated.
– Dependant variable: measurable variable, stays the same.
– Extraneous variable: variable may not correlate for anything , variables
outside the ones being measured and tested.
Something is not an experiment if a variable cannot be manipulated.
Types of experiment:
• Laboratory- highest control level.
• Reaction times
• High internal validity
• Low external validity
• Field- in the natural environment
• Can be manipulated (independent variable)
• Natural- in the environment.
• Independent variable varies naturally (weather)
16. strengths weaknesses
Reliable- it can be repeated,
but results may not be exact
(laboratory)
Field experiment may not be
as reliable because social
settings change daily
can be generalised
17. Questionnaires & Surveys
• Contain open and closed questions written down and passed
around to a variety of people, or a target group of people to
gain feedback and statistics.
• Generally questionnaire data is from closed questions.
• They have high reliability.
• They are however less useful for collecting qualitative data.
• As a method it is seen as lower in validity, compared to
interviews or observations.
• Likert scale: a scale 1-5 or 1-10 on how strongly you feel
about a certain topic.
– These are good for numerical answers (quantitative data)
• Open ended questions: an answer that can be an opinion of a
topic.(qualitative data)
18. advantages disadvantages
You can collect both types of
data.
Its harder to collect in depth
quantitative data
It is reliable Answers and limited.
Ranking of questionnaires
reliability 4
validity 2
geralisability 4
representativeness 1
operationalization 2
objectivity 3
subjectivity 3
19. Interviews
• A method favoured by interpretive sociologists, because apart
from structured interviews they tend to yield qualitative data.
• Seen to generate highly valid data.
• Seen as a method, to be lower in reliability compared to
questionnaires.
Types of interview:
• Structured interview: similar to a questionnaire, no
diversions/ extra evaluation is considered.
– Every question is answered.
– Clarification can be given.
– Miss-understanding is minimised.
• Semi-structured interviews: an interview that starts from a
list of questions but then allows for diversity.
• Unstructured interviews: interviews that have a general
topic but have no structured questions to ask.
20. Type of Interview advantages disadvantages
Interviews in
• Opinionated answers
• Can be recorded for further
general
used
• Allows for a lot of
qualitative data.
• Not generalizable
• Note taking may miss vital
information.
Unstructured
interviews
• Allows for more
information and opinions
• Going off on tangents may
lead to you getting vital
information you didn’t
consider asking.
• Less valid
• Not all information you
may have needed to be
answered is.
• Hard to compare if
different questions are
asked.
Semi-structured
interviews
• Important questions wont
be forgotten.
• You may come across more
question to ask in further
interviews.
• Irrelevant data.
Structured
interviews
• You collect only the
information you require.
• The risk of the interviewee,
or even the interviewer is
minimised.
• More quantitative
• No as valid.
21. Observations
• Covert: undercover observations, the group doesn’t know
they are being observed.
• Overt: the group knows they are being observed.
• Participant: researchers involved in the observations.
• Non-participant: researchers not taking part.
Ranking of observations
reliability 3
validity 5
geralizability 3
representativeness 3
operationalization 4
objectivity 2
subjectivity 5
22. Type of observation advantages disadvantages
covert • Reliable
• valid
• unethical
overt • Its ethical • The researcher may
influence people to act
differently when they
know what they are
being observed for.
participant • Increases validity
• Allows researcher to
investigate deviant
groups
• Participants may be
influenced to act
differently.
Non-participant • Without the researcher
being involved the
participants wont act
any differently
• Less valid
• Less reliable
23. Secondary research
A document:
Personal:
• Letters
• Diaries
• Autobiographies
• Memories
• Suicide notes
Official:
• School records
• Social work records
Mass media:
• Newspapers broadsheets
• Tabloids
• News (TV)
• radio
1. Content analysis
• Systematically analysing communication
e.g. how many times someone used a
certain word in an interview and how
many articles in a newspaper are about
murder.
2. Qualitative interpretation
• Simply reading a persons documents to
create an idea of the persons life and
opinions.
Advantages Disadvantages
Documents give you a lot of
detail about a certain area.
If the documents are old they
may be hard to understand.
Cheaper and easier than
primary research.
Could be issues with fake
documents or letters.
A good place to start
research.
Over exaggeration of the
media.
Could be difficult to interpret
or compare qualitative data.
24. Official statistics
• Produced by local governments, central government and government
agencies such as the police.
Two types of statistics:
• HARD
• Can not manipulate
• Birth marriages etc..
• SOFT
• Can manipulate
• Poverty
• Crime
• unemployment
Examples:
• British crime survey
questionnaire.
• Census (fill in a form by law
every 10 years)
Non-official statistics:
• TV ratings
• Surveys set out by interest
groups.
• Surveys carried out by
sociologists.
25. Official statistics
advantages disadvantages
Easy to obtain Some people have ulterior motives, (e.g.
providing how bad gun crime is in the UK and
then only looking at poor areas.)
Hard stats are objective and easy to analyse Soft statistics can be manipulated to suit the
needs of the researcher.
Secondary data
advantages disadvantages
Quick and easy Exciting data might not be valid or reliable. You
are stuck with the way research was originally
done.
Can easily compare secondary data Documents may not be authentic.
Can compare past and present Official stats could be biased
Don’t have to worry about informed consent. Might not be able to find the information you
need in existing data
Your values can get in the way of how you
interpret that data.
26. Interpretivism & positivism
interpretivism positivism
take the view that since human beings
think and reflect, scientific methods are
inappropriate for the study of society
sociology can and should use the methods
of the natural sciences
human beings can change their behaviour
if they know they are being observed. So
interpretivists argue that if we want to
understand social action, we have to delve
into the reasons and meanings which that
action has for people.
believe that sociologists should use
quantitative methods and aim to identify
and measure social structures
e.g. crime statistics, unreliability.
interpretivist would argue that
sociologists need to understand what
people mean by crime, how they come to
categorize certain actions as ‘criminal’ and
then investigate who comes to be seen as
criminal in a particular society.
e.g.Durkheim’s study of suicide.
27. Content Analysis
• A mythology in the social sciences for studying
the content of communication.
Quantitative content analysis:
– Word frequencies
– Space measurements
– Time counts
– Key-word frequencies
– Time counts
– Keyword, frequencies
28. Content analysis test.
• Hypothesis: I predict that a tabloid (Daily
Express) will have more photographs, and that a
broadsheet (The Times) with have more Colum
inches.
• Sampling frame: The times and The Daily
Express, Friday 7th 2014 news's papers,
comparison. Number of photographs compared
to column inches.
The Daily Express (8 articles on crime)
Photographs Column inches
1 14
0 14
3 6
1 6
1 1.5
3 5
2 20
1 4.7
The Times(16 articles on crime)
Photographs Column
inches
3 31
3 38
1 12.5
2 14.5
0 9
3 4
0 9.5
1 8
1 12
1 7
2 18.5
2 41
1 33
1 29
1 10
1 30
29. Contrast of photographs compared to
column inches in The Daily Express
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
photo's
column inches
Contrast of photographs compared to
column inches in The Times
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
photo's
Column inches
1
2
DE
Photographs
Times 1
2
Times
DE
Column inches
30. Conclusions
• Overall my hypothesis was accurate, there were 0.1
more photographs on average in The Daily express, and
10.3 more column inches in The Times than the Daily
Express on average.
• If I were to repeat this content analysis I would
compare more than 1 broadsheet to more than 1
tabloid, and do it over a weeks worth of papers to
make my findings more accurate, reliable and valid.
• If I were to take out this new content analysis I would
expect to find still that tabloids have more photos but
by a more significant amount that 0.1 on average more
photographs.
32. Bernstein
• Bernstein made a significant contribution to the study of communication with his
sociolinguistic theory of language codes e.g. elaborated and restricted codes.
• Bernstein’s theory shows how the language people use in everyday conversation both
reflects and shapes the assumptions of a certain social group. Furthermore, relationships
established within the social group affect the way that group uses language, and the type of
speech that is used.
• As an educator, he was interested in accounting for the relatively poor performance of
working-class students in language-based subjects, when they were achieving scores as high
as their middle-class counterparts on mathematical topics. In his theory, Bernstein asserts a
direct relationship between societal class and language.
• The restricted code is suitable for insiders who share assumptions and understanding on the
topic, whereas the elaborated code does not assume that the listener shares these
assumptions or understandings, and thus elaborated code is more explicit, more thorough,
and does not require the listener to read between the lines.
• Restricted: Within the restricted code, speakers draw on background knowledge and shared
understanding. This type of code creates a sense of includedness, a feeling of belonging to a
certain group. Restricted codes can be found among friends and families and other
intimately knit groups.
• Elaborated: the elaborated code spells everything out, not because it is better, but because it
is necessary so that everyone can understand it. It has to elaborate because the
circumstances do not allow the speaker to condense.” The elaborated code works well in
situations where there is no prior or shared understanding and knowledge, where more
thorough explanation is required. If one is saying something new to someone they’ve never
met before, they would most certainly communicate in elaborated code.
33. Ruqaiya Hasan: (Bernstein's study repeated, with
variations)
• extended empirical examination of Bernstein's code theory. A
10 year project conducted at Macquarie University. He
collected data from every day contexts of interaction between
mothers and children from two socially separated locations.
1. families from higher autonomy professionals 2. lower
autonomy professionals. Hasan found significant differences
in the ways these families interacted, across social class lines
there were major differences in how mothers and young
children from working class vs middle class families framed
questions and answers, commands and requests, and grounds
and reasons in casual conversation in normal settings. And
second, it showed that the usual mode of teachers’ talk with
these children was if anything an exaggerated version of the
typical middle-class ways of meaning.
34. Our experiment plan
• Who? A mixed ability class of year 7 students.
• When? During the school day on Monday 17th March.
• Where? Away from other students, to observe and
record data separately per child, room 112 (Textiles).
• What? Observe and record data on how year 7
students explain things, whether they use elaborated
or restricted code to explain 2 photographs to
someone who has not seen the photograph and to
the experimenter who has seen the photo before.
• How? Observation, Recording and table to state
whether the child is an elaborated or resrticted
speaker.
35. Research Ethics Proposal Research Ethics Proposal
Researcher Name: Miss Zoe Dobson
Researcher’s Email: zoefrances1@yahoo.com
Tittle of Research/ Experiment: Restricted and elaborated codes amongst mixed ability children.
Supervisor Name/ Teacher: Mr P Shields
Rationale for Research: The Research is to experiment restricted and elaborated codes amongst a mixed ability group of year 7’s (11-12 in age). The research will repeat a
similar experiment to the Sociologist Bernstein however much more ethical, and valid as the group shall be much larger. The group will also be mixed ability to rule out any
common results amongst the top sets or low sets in a class. And the Study is not about class but about how children communicate.
Main Research Questions: children will be asked some background information first; this will not include their name so child’s name is not exploited.
Age
SATS Results
Then 2 photographs shall be shown to the child (all sensible everyday situations, nothing inappropriate e.g. NO violence of sexual references). There shall be 2 rounds. Round
1 the researcher will explain that they have seen the photograph before, and then the child is asked to describe what happened or is happening in the photograph to the
experimenter/ researcher. Round 2 the researcher hasn’t seen before and so the child is then asked to do the same and describe the photograph, to see if description type
changes. A tally will then be taken on whether the child describes to the researcher in a restricted or elaborated code.
Hypothesis: It’s expected that children of the age tested, 11-12, will more commonly use the restricted code in everyday conversations, but perhaps more elaborated whilst
communicating with teachers and elders they may not know that well. During the experiment my hypothesis is that children will more commonly use restricted code with the
researcher if the researcher explains they have seen the image before, however use a more elaborated vocabulary when they know the researcher hasn’t seen the picture.
This may not be the case and we may find that children do not use elaborated at all at such a youthful age.
Participants: Five male’s and five females of mixed ability, from a variety of English maths and science sets to make the research generalizable. They will be year 7 students
from Bitterne Park Secondary School ages 11-12.
Procedure: Student 1-1 with researcher.
Round 1: a general comic strip photograph/ drawing of an everyday situation/ scene of people the student will be told that researcher/ I will have seen the photograph.
Round 2: a general comic strip photograph/ drawing of an everyday situation/ scene of people I will have not seen this and the student will be made aware of that, to see if
description changes.
Date Analysis: Data will be taken and recorded in a table with notes attached for each student. The researcher will be observing as well as taking quantitative data. Notes and
recordings will be written on what the children say. The table will have criteria such as whether they use restricted or elaborated codes, whether they use pronouns and how
well overall they describe the. Elaborated students will describe in much detail, perhaps describing people clothing, exactly how many figures there are in the image as well
as what the people are actually doing in the image. Restricted code students will just explain the general image; use filling words such as ‘like’ and ‘you know what I mean’
and use many pronouns.
Sample: the sample of students is partly convenience sampling, being a group of year sevens that are available at the time, but it is also random because any mixed ability
group could have been chosen to demonstrate language codes among year seven students.
Disadvantages:
Because a consent form has been sent out we are restricted to who will return the consent form. People who accept and who do not may affect results as there may be a
correlation between language codes and organisation or opinion of research.
Completing the research on just 11-12 year old is not going to give a real generalizable and valid result. If the research was larger we could take a random sample from each
year group from play school age, when children are educated enough to explain an image to a researcher, up to 18 year olds, just before adulthood, this will give a more
generalizable population to represent language codes amongst children. However being a student it is not accessible to do this, it would be time consuming and there would
be a cost.
A disadvantage to children will be 5 minutes out of class, for something that is not advantaging them.
Debriefing: Students names will not be asked for or published during this research, also students will be notified on their right to withdraw from the 1-1 interview at any time
if they feel uncomfortable or no longer want to continue for any reason.
Consent forms: A consent form has been put together for parents/ carers and the student to sign and hand back to me at school/ college. The consent form has a brief
overview of the research and reassures parents that their children will not be exposed or revealed because of results. Parents will also be informed that a fully qualified CIB
checked teacher will be around observing at all times.
36. Consent form
Consent Form (A2 sociology Study participant)
Dear Sir or Madam,
Your Son or daughter has volunteered to participate in a year 13 A2 Sociology study. The study will be supervised by Mr
Shields (Sociology teacher). Your child will be required to describe a particular given situation to discover whether there are
any variations of description between each student. Each child has the right for withdrawal if they wish to discontinue with
the study. All transcripts from the study will remain anonymous and will be locked away after use. The study will last for
approximately 5 minutes within school time, during an art & Design lesson.
Sincerely Miss Zoe F Dobson & Miss Satveer K Rathore
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................
I give ………………………… permission to take part in the study
Parent signature………………………………………………………………………
Student signature…………………………………………………………………….
Students SATS results: (For data analysis purposes)
Maths……………………………………………… English………………………………………...
37. Protocol
• Where? 112 Textiles room, with teacher present, Mrs Earnsure. The room is
only down the hall from their class room. Teacher will send students by
consent form one at a time to the room.
• When? Period one Monday 17th March
• How? Take students out of lesson one by one and have a 1-1 with
researcher to ask the questions.
• When entering the room (Debrief): Students will be welcomed and made
to feel comfortable, and reminded that they have the right to leave at any
point during the 1-1, they will also be asked if they would mind us recording
there voice for a benefit, and that it will be deleted one report is finished.
• While in the room:
• Round one: Student will be asked kindly to describe both pictures and the
video to the researcher, and will be told that I the researcher has seen the
clips and pictures.
• Round two: Student will be asked kindly to describe both pictures and the
video to the researcher and will told that I the researcher has not seen
these pictures and clip before.
• When leaving: Say thank you for taking part, and let them make their way
back to class.
38. What we are showing students
Round 1: seen
Round 2 : have not seen
39. Student SATS
English
SATS Maths Round 1 notes Round 2 notes Restricted or
elaborated
1 3 3 R R R
2 4 5 R/E R R
3 4 4 R R R
4 5 5 R R R
5 6 6 R R R
6 5 6 R/E E E
7 6 5 E E E
8 5 4 R R R
9 5 5 R/E E E
10 3 4 R R R
40. Results:
• 3/10 students used elaborated code.
• 0/5 boys used elaborated code.
• 3/5 girls used elaborated code
• 3/10 students used a mixture of both codes in the
first round.
• within the sample girls got higher SATS results in
English compared to boys, perhaps this is why the
girls used elaborated code more than boys.
• Students that used elaborated codes got above a
level 5 in both English and maths.
• The highest achieving boy in the sample however,
with x2 level 6 used restricted code.
41. 8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Overall number of students
code.
restricted elaborated
number of
students
Overall, a majority of the
students used restricted
codes. One boy used a
mixture of elaborated and
restricted, but overall
restricted and 3 girls used
elaborated code. All 3 girls
who used elaborated codes
got at least a level 5 in there
SATS for both English and
maths.
My hypothesis was correct,
Students were less broad with
their explanations of the first
image, knowing we could see
it, however all students
improved in their language
codes in the second round.
42. Limitations
• To Improve this experiment/ Research I would use a large, random sample.
Using only 5 boys and 5 girls meant that results may not represent all 11-12 year
olds language codes.
• I do believe that comparing language codes between the genders in this
research is invalid because the sample is so small, I may just have boys of the
same attainment range or girls.
• Not all of the classes consent form were handed back so the study was based
conveniently and reliably on who has consent, this may affect the result because
perhaps a correlation could be made between the organised student who
remembered there slips/ were allowed consent.
Also to further my enquiry into language codes I would use a variety
of ages, from 5-18 to represent children and perhaps from 18-64 for
adults and then also to get a generational view of the evolution of
language code get a random sample of 65-90 year old to represent
the elderly.