Sustainable Architecture_Literature Study.pdf

Innovative Educational Centre – IIT Delhi
RAJIV GANDHI EDUCATION CITY- Kundli, Sonepat- Haryana
Literature
Study
Literature Study Presentation
Subject: Architectural Design Studio-1 (MARC 601)
Professor:
Ar. Ravi Vaish
Associate Professor.
Presented By:
Students, M.Arch 1st Semester, Batch 2015.

Literature
Study
 LEED : Leadership in Energy Efficient Design.
 GRIHA : Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment.
 NBC Part- 11 : National Building Code of India.
 DIFFERENCES : LEED AND GRIHA
Presented By:
Ar. Aveek Ghosh, Ar. Jasvinder Lal, Ar. Thomson C Samuel, Ar. Vidh Chauhan
M.Arch 1st Semester, Batch 2015.
Department of Architecture & Planning

Literature
Study
LEED
INDIA
L E E D I N D I A
Leadership in Energy Efficient Design
IGBC: INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL

Literature
Study
LEED
INDIA A Brief of LEED
 LEED stands for Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design, developed by
IGBC: Indian Green Building Council, based on the concepts of USGBC:
United States Green Building Council.
 The Rating system known as “LEED India Green Building Rating System” aims
at designing, building and operating buildings that deliver high performance
inside & outside.
 Rating is based on seven environmental categories namely:
- Sustainable Sites. - Water Efficiency.
- Energy & Atmosphere. - Materials & Resources.
- Indoor Environmental Quality. - Innovation in Design.
- Regional Priority.
 Credits are earned for satisfying criterion designed to address specific
environmental impacts inherent in design and construction.
LEED
01
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16

Literature
Study
LEED
INDIA LEED Aims at:
 To reduce or eliminate negative environmental impacts and improve
existing unsustainable design, construction and operational practices.
 To reduce operating costs, enhance building marketability, increase worker
productivity and reduce potential liability resulting from indoor air quality
problems.
LEED
02
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16

Literature
Study
LEED
INDIA LEED Credit points:
LEED 2011 for India Certification Levels:
 Certified: 40-49 points.
 Silver: 50-59 points.
 Gold: 60-79 points.
 Platinum: 80 points and above.
LEED
03
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA
LEED
04
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Sustainable Sites
Emphasises on selecting project site that can:
 Reduce the need for private automobile use and reduce urban sprawl, and
implementing common parking systems..
Example: Nehru Place Multi- Level Parking, New Delhi.
LEED
05
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16

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Study
LEED
 Developing Brownfield Sites OR non- Greenfield sites.
Example: Chatrapati Shivaji International Airpot, Mumbai.
LEED
06
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16

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Study
LEED
 Minimize project impacts on the surrounding areas after building is
occupied.
Example: Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
LEED
07
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Water Efficiency
Emphasises on:
 Optimum use of water, and cost reduction methods (refer attached table).
 Re-cycled use of water (Recycled Flushing Water System).
 Example: Use of STP waste water.
LEED
08
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16

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Study
LEED
 Rain Water Harvesting System.
LEED
09
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16

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Study
LEED
 Using Sensor Based Technology for controlled use of water (Sensor Fixtures).
LEED
10
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Energy & Atmosphere
Emphasises on:
 Economical energy consumption practices.
 Improving Energy Performance of buildings to achieve lower operational
costs, pollution reduction generated by power plants, comfort enhancement.
 Improvised glazing techniques, insulation, daylighting, use of passive solar
features, least use of HVAC Systems.
LEED
11
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Materials & Resources
Emphasises on:
 Rehabilitation of Existing Building shell and Non- Shell components, to
minimize habitat disturbance.
Example: Express Towers- Mumbai.
LEED
12
of
16

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Study
LEED
 Use of salvaged materials, for achieving cost effective construction.
LEED
13
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16

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Study
LEED
 Use of locally available materials for improving local economy and reduction
of impacts of transportation.
 Use of rapidly renewable materials and third- party certified wood, to
minimize impact of natural resource consumption.
LEED
14
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Indoor Environmental Quality
Emphasises on:
 Productivity of building users and usage.
 Specifying materials that release fewer or less harmful contaminants.
 Use of Automatic Sensors integrated with the ventilation system, to provide
optimal air quality to the building.
 Daylighting and lighting quality, thermal comfort, acoustics, occupant
control of building systems, etc.
Eg: Sensors based installations.
LEED
15
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16

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Study
LEED
INDIA Innovation in Design
Emphasises on:
 Recognize projects for innovative building features.
 Sustainable building knowledge.
Regional Priority
Emphasises on:
 Providing an incentive for the achievement of credits that address
geographically-specific environmental priorities.
 Determining and pursue the prioritized credits for the project location.
LEED
16
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16

Literature
Study
G R I H A
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
teri: The Energy and Resourse Institute
MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
Government Of India
GRIHA

Literature
Study
GRIHA A Brief of GRIHA
 GRIHA stands for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment, a Green
Buildings rating system developed by Teri: The Energy and Resources
Institute, New Delhi, under the directions of Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, Govt. of India.
 A national rating system for all kinds of buildings in different climatic zones of
the country, taking into account NBC-2005 & ECBC-2007. Rating is based on
eight main criteria's namely:
- Sustainable Site planning. - Water Management.
- Waste Management. - Energy Optimization.
- Sustainable Building Materials. - Health & Well Being.
- Building Operation & Maintenance. - Innovations.
GRIHA
01
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07

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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Aims at:
 Evaluating the Environmental Performance of a building holistically over its
entire life cycle.
 Reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, improving energy security, and
reducing the stress on natural resources.
 Use of Passive Solar Techniques for optimizing indoor visual and thermal
comfort.
 Optimization of building design to reduce Conventional Energy demand.
 Optimize Energy Performance of the building within specified comfort limits.
 Rating of Commercial, Institutional and Residential buildings in India
emphasizing national environmental concerns, regional climatic conditions,
and indigenous solutions.
GRIHA
02
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07

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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Process Flow:
GRIHA
03
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07

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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Process Flow:
GRIHA
04
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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Criteria Distribution:
GRIHA
05
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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Criteria Evaluation:
GRIHA
06
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Study
GRIHA GRIHA Criteria Evaluation:
GRIHA
07
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07

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Study
N B C Part-11
National Building Code of India
B I S : Bureau of Indian Standards
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
A Brief of NBC- Part-11
Emphasizes on:
 Encouraging and harnessing building materials out of agricultural, industrial
and bio-wastes, which has an enormous scope.
 Encouraging indigenous environment-friendly and acceptable cost-effective
technologies and practices in identifying and pursuing sustainable
developments.
 Identifying and encouraging appropriate technologies more adaptable to
climatic zones of India and also execution-able to achieve the basic
provisions for sustainable development.
 Encouraging use of traditional technologies and local vernacular design and
construction practices, which may be
blended with the modern technology
applications.
 Strategies for mitigating Disaster Impacts.
NBC
01
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
Project Aspects Covered
 Sitting, Form & Design.
 External Development and Landscape.
 Envelope Optimization.
 Materials.
 Water and Waste management.
 Building Services Optimization.
 Constructional Practices.
 Commissioning, Operation, Maintenance
and Building Performance Tracking.
NBC
02
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
Site Design and Development
Highlights:
 Site Assessment Prior to Design.
 Building Orientation and Shading.
 Thermal Massing.
 Reduced Building Footprint in Multi-Storeyed Building Designs.
 Reduced Building Volume.
 Building Form Development Plan.
 Natural Ventilation and Cooling.
 Optimal Daylighting.
 Define Building Service Life in Terms of Minimum Component Service Life.
 Life Cycle Assessment.
NBC
03
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

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Study
External Development and Landscape
Highlights:
 Landscape Design: Microclimatic conditions, Barrier free external landscape,
External noise reduction/mitigation practices, Building shadow
considerations on landscape.
 Hard Landscape Design: Pervious paving design, Heat island effect and
parking design, Post-occupancy maintenance.
NBC
04
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
 Soft Landscape Design: Preserving top soil, Ecological design/conserving bio-
diversity, Landscape design for controlling solar gain, Vertical landscaping and
roof gardens, Urban agricultural practices/social forestry.
NBC
05
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
 Rainwater Harvesting – Surface Runoff
 Water Elements and Irrigation Practices: Design and Post Occupancy
Maintenance of Water Features, Water Conservation and Irrigation Practices.
 External Access Design: Reduced Environmental Impacts from Parking
Facilities, Long term Public and Private Transportation Plan, Bicycle Lanes and
Pedestrian Access – Safety and Comfort, Off Street Parking, Discouraging
Subsidized Parking in Public Realm.
NBC
06
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
Providing Neighbourhood Connectivity, Walkability and Safety, Ecology of
Streets.
 External Lighting Design: Landscape Lighting Design – Allowable Lighting
Power Density, External Signage Design, Light Trespass Allowance.
NBC
07
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
Envelope Optimization
Highlights:
 Building Envelope
- Walls: Enhancement of thermal performance of walls.
- Roofs: Over-deck insulation, Green roof system.
- Fenestrations: Window size and placement, Glazing, Frame, Shading
devices, Design for windows in air-conditioned and non air- conditioned
spaces.
 Envelope Optimization Methods for Energy Efficiency: Prescriptive method,
Trade-off method, Whole building analysis method.
 Renewable Energy Integration in Envelope: Integration of Solar Thermal
Technologies, Integration of Photo-Voltaic Technologies.
NBC
08
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18
NBC
Part
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11

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Study
Materials
Highlights:
 General:
- Environmental Concerns and Human Health and Safety Aspects related to
Building Materials.
- Minimizing Green House Gas (GHG) Emission.
- Building Material.
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Building Materials.
 Materials and Recommended Sustainable Alternatives:
- Structural Materials.
- Burnt clay bricks and tiles.
- Traditional efficient building materials.
- Surface Materials.
- Building Fenestration and Detailing.
- Climatic Materials.
- Moisture and air regulating materials.
- Water proofing materials.
 Construction Phase Material Storage and Handling.
 Construction Waste Management.
NBC
09
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NBC
Part
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11

Literature
Study
Water & Waste Management.
Highlights:
 General: Conceptualization,
planning and design stage,
Construction stage, Performance
during use and corrective action.
 Planning and Design of Water Management System: Planning and Design of
Water Supply System, Water Sourcing, Hot Water Systems Planning and Design
Approach, Strategies for Water Efficiency, Strategies for Water Conservation,
Sustainable Design Detailing of Water Supply System Components.
 Planning and Design of Waste Water System: Treated Waste Water Use for
Landscape and Irrigation.
 Water and Waste Management During Construction: Water Use During
Construction, Control and Use of De-watering Output, Management of Waste
Water, Waste Management During Construction.
 Process Water Requirement and Effluent Treatment.
NBC
10
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NBC
Part
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11

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Study
 Planning and Design of Solid Waste Management System:
Documentation of Nature of Waste and Quantification, Identification of
Strategies for Solid Waste Management, Solid Waste System Planning,
Design Detailing of Solid Waste System Elements.
 Integrated Approach to Water Supply, Water Waste and Solid Waste
Management.
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM INDICATING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
NBC
11
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18
NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
Building Services Optimization
Highlights:
 Concept Development: Solar Passive Techniques, Building Orientation,
Building Envelope, Harvest Site Energy, Design assumptions and internal
load assessment, Maximize Efficiency.
 Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Strategies: Stack effect, Wind-
induced pressure differences, Night purging, Wind towers.
NBC
12
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NBC
Part
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11

Literature
Study
 Passive Heating Techniques: Direct gain method, Indirect gain, Trombe
wall, Solar chimneys, Sunspaces/ Solaria.
 Passive Cooling Techniques: Nocturnal cooling, Roof pond with movable
insulation, Courtyards.
NBC
13
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NBC
Part
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11

Literature
Study
 Pre-Cooling of Ventilation Air: Demand controlled ventilation, Heat
Recovery, Economizer Cycles
 Low Energy Mechanical Cooling Techniques: Evaporative cooling,
Desiccant dehumidification/cooling systems, Geothermal heating and
cooling, Earth air tunnel system, Radiant cooling or thermally active
building systems.
NBC
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NBC
Part
-
11

Literature
Study
 HVAC System: Equipment Sizing, Unitary Equipment, Variable refrigerant
flow systems, Central Plants, Water Chilling Machines (chillers),
Refrigerants, Chilled water pumping systems, Thermal energy storage
(TES), Vapour absorption system, Air handling units, Server rooms/data
centre, Fans and blowers, Air distribution, ducting, Variable speed drives &
Controls.
 Electrical System
- Minimizing losses in the power distribution system.
- Reduction of losses and energy wastage in the utilization of electrical
power.
- Reduction of losses due to the associated power quality problems.
- Appropriate metering and energy monitoring facilities.
NBC
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NBC
Part
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11

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Study
 Lighting: Day-lighting and Controls, Artificial Lighting.
 Lifts, Escalators and Travelators.
 Renewable Energy: Solar energy utilization, Wind energy utilization, Waste
Utilization, Bio-Fuels, Hydropower, Other Renewable Energy Sources
NBC
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NBC
Part
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11

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Study
Constructional Practices
Highlights:
 Pre-construction pre-requisites.
 Planning for sustainable construction.
 Preparation of sustainable construction management plan.
 Planning, monitoring and control of environmental descriptors.
 Sustainable work execution procedures.
 Effective use of water.
 Construction waste management.
 Post-construction closeout.
 Construction methodology for heritage buildings.
 Alternative use, de-construction, dismantling, demolition.
NBC
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NBC
Part
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11

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Study
Commissioning, Operation, Maintenance and
Building Performance Tracking.
Highlights:
 Commissioning and Handover.
 Operation and Maintenance.
 Building Performance Tracking (Measurement and Verification).
 Operator Skills and Training.
 Control-System Maintenance.
NBC
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NBC
Part
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11

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Study
DIFFRENCE
B/W
LEED
&
GRIHA
DIFF
01
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03

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Study
Comaparative analysis of LEED & GRIHA rating system
DIFFRENCE
B/W
LEED
&
GRIHA
DIFF
02
OF
03

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Study
DIFFRENCE
B/W
LEED
&
GRIHA
DIFF
03
OF
03

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Study
CLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF NEW DELHI
Presented By:
Ar. Ishani Sharma
M.Arch 1st Semester, Batch 2015.
Department of Architecture & Planning

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Study
CONTENTS
• CLIMATE ZONE
• CLIMATE DATA
• ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
• PSYCHOMETRIC CHART
• WIND DIRECTION
• SUN PATH

Literature
Study
CLIMATIC
ZONE
HOT AND DRY
WARM AND HUMID
COMPOSITE
TEMPERATE
COLD
NEW
DELHI
•New Delhi has a composite climate.
•It has a very hot and dry summer,
followed by a humid season with
monsoon rains.
•With the departure of the monsoon
it gradually becomes comfortable in
autumn, followed by a short winter
with the cloudy and wet as well as
sunny periods.
•Before the summer returns there is
a comfortable but short spring
season.
LOCATION NEW DELHI
LATITUDE N 28° 34’
LONGITUDE E 77° 11’
ALTITUDE 216m ABOVE SEA LVL

Literature
Study
DATA
COLLETION
www.energyplus.gov
CLICK WEATHER DATA
CLICK ASIA
CLICK INDIA
CLICK NEW
DELHI (ISHRAE)
DOWNLOAD
ZIP FILE
OPEN STAT FILE
IN MS EXCEL

Literature
Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
• ARCHITECT should consider some aspects of climate which affect human
comfort and the use of building.
• They include
• AVERAGES
• CHANGES AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE
• THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE B/W NIGHT AND DAY (DIURNAL
RANGE)
• HUMIDITY
• VAPOUR PRESSURE
• PRECIPITATION
• SKY CONDITIONS
• SOLAR RADIATION
• INCOMING AND OUTGOING RADIATION
• RAINFALL
• AIR MOVEMENT
• WIND DIRECTION / DATA
• VEGETATION

Literature
Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE DATA:
• MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES CAN BE GIVEN FOR EACH OF 12 MONTHS.
• THE AVERAGE IS TAKEN BETWEEN EACH DAY’S MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM
AND THEN THE AVERAGE OF THE 30 DAYS AVERAGE IS FOUND.
• TO GIVE AN INDICATION OF DIURNAL VARIATIONS, THIS CAN BE
SUPPLEMENTED BY MONTHLY MEAN MAXIMA AND MINIMA. THIS WILL
ESTABLISH THE MONTHLY MEAN RANGE OF TEMPERATURES.
• IT MAY BE USEFUL TO INDICATE THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST TEMPERATURES
EVER RECORDED FOR EACH MONTH, i.e. THE MONTHLY EXTREME MAXIMA
AND MINIMA, TO ESTABLISH THE MONTHLY EXTREME RANGE OF
TEMPERATURE.
SUMMER MIDDAY - 32°C - 43°C
SUMMER NIGHT - 27°C - 32°C
WINTER MIDDAY - 10°C - 25°C
WINTER NIGHT - 4°C - 10°C
DIURINAL VARIAIONS - 35°C - 22°C

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE DATA:
CALCULATE THE MEAN OF ALL THE MONTHS REF. :-www.energyplus.gov

Comfort zone
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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE DATA:

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
RELATIVE HUMIDITY:
• HUMIDITY OF AIR CAN BE DESCRIBED AS ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY (AH) i.e. THE
AMOUNT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ACTUALLY PRESENT IN UNIT MASS OR UNIT
VOLUME OF AIR,(g/kg) OR (g/m3).
• THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE THE AIR CAN HOLD IS DEFINED AS SATURATION
POINT HUMIDITY (SH).
• THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH) IS THE RATIO OF THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF
MOISTURE PERCENT, TO THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE THE AIR COULD HOLD AT
THE GIVEN TEMPERATURE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGE :
RH= (AH / SH) X100 (%)
IN DRY PERIODS – 20-55% IN WET PERIODS – 55-95%

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
HUMIDITY:
CALCULATE THE
MEAN OF ALL THE
MONTHS
REF. :-www.energyplus.gov

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
VAPOUR PRESSURE:
• THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF WATER VAPOUR PRESENT IN THE AIR.
P= Ps+Pv
WHERE,
P = atmospheric pressure
Ps = partial pressure of dry air
Pv = vapour pressure
Pvs = saturated vapour pressure at same time
RH= (AH / SH) X100 (%)
= (Pv / Pvs) X100 (%)
• MEASURED IN N/m²

Literature
Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
• RELATION OF ALL QUANTITIES, I.E.
DRY BULB TEMP ,WET BULB TEMP,
ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AND VAPOUR PRESSURE IS SHOWN
BY PSYCHROMETRIC CHART.

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE
Max. sunshine – October
Min. sunshine - Febrary
MEAN SUNSHINE
VEGETATION:
• IT CAN TURN WITH INFLUENCE OF LOCAL AND SITE CLIMATE
• SHOULD USE NATIVE PLANTS AND TREES – THEIR SHAPE AND COLOR ALSO
PREFERRED ORIENTATION AND SITUATION.
• EXTREMELY VARIABLE LANDSCAPES, WITH RAPID SEASONAL CHANGES IN
VEGETATION
• IT CAN BE CALCULATED BY ADDING ALL THE MEAN VALUES OF MONTH AND
MULTIPLY THA VALUE BY No. OF DAYS IN THE MONTH.

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Study
SUNPATH
DIAGRAM SOLAR RADIATION:
• A SIMPLE SUNSHINE RECORDER WILL REGISTER THE DURATION OF SUNSHINE
, WHICH CAN BE EXPRESSED IN NO. OF HOURS PER DAY, AS AN AVERAGE FOR
EACH MONTH.
• AVERAGE DAILY MONTHS OF SOLAR RADIATION (MJ/M² DAY) FOR EACH
MONTH OF THE YEAR WOULD GIVE A FAIR INDICATION OF CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS, INCLUDING SEASONAL VARIATIONS.
• INTENSE IN SUMMERS AND WINTERS WITH LOW % OF DIFFUSE RADIATION.
DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
Max. – April
Min. - August
DIFFUSED SOLAR RADIATION
Max. – August
Min. - Dec

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Study
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE PRECIPITATION:
• COLLECTIVE TERM USED FOR RAIN. SNOW, HAIL, DEW, AND FROST.
• MEASURED BY RAIN-GAUGE.
• VARIABLE BETWEEN 500 and 1300mm PER YEAR, DURING MONSOON
REACHING 250mm IN WETTEST MONTH.
• LITTLE OR NO RAIN IN DRY SEASON
SKY CONDITIONS:
• IT IS USUALLY DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CLOUDS.
• ON AVERAGE , TWO OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE PER DAY , WHEN THE PROPORTION
OF SKY COVERED BY CLOUD IS EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE.
• VARYING,OVECAST AND DULL IN THE MONSOON
• CLEAR DURING SUMMERS AND WINTERS
• OCCASIONAL DUST HAZE DURING THE SUMMER PERIOD.

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Study
WINDS:
• HOT AND DUSTY DURING SUMMERS.
• STRONG WINDS IN MONSOON FROM SOUTH-EAST
• DRY, COLD WINDS IN WINTER FROM NORTH-EAST
WINTER WINDS
MONSOON WINDS
EAST
NORTH
WEST
SOUTH
ELEMENTS
OF
CLIMATE

SUN
PATH
DIAGRAM
SUN PATH
Daily Hours of Daylight and Twilight
The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The
shortest day is December 21 with 10:19 hours of daylight; the longest day is
June 20 with 13:58 hours of daylight.

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Study
SUNPATH
DIAGRAM

SUNPATH
DIAGRAM

PLANNING AND DESIGN
PASSIVE STRATEGIES
FOR
SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN
PRESENTED BY:-
DEEPIKA VERMA
M.ARCH (1ST SEM)

INTRODUCTION
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative
environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of
materials, energy, and development space.
Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological
conservation in the design of the built environment.
The importance of the subject is increasing everyday; while the world
population is increasing and the overall quantity of natural resources is
decreasing . The conflict of this century is an increase in peoples’ life quality
while a decrease in the overall consumption of natural resources. Ecological
and green design ideologies are significant titles that are directly related in
within the concept of sustainability in the built environments.
The idea of sustainability,
or ecological design, is to
ensure that our actions
and decisions today do
not inhibit the
opportunities of future
generations.

Some common design elements that directly or indirectly affects
thermal comfort conditions and thereby the energy consumption
in a building are:-
 Site Planning
 Plan /form of building
 Building envelope and fenestration
 Landscaping
DESIGN ELEMENTS

SITE PLANNING
A sustainably planned site needs to have the following features :-
 Proper orientation of the building as per sun direction and wind
movement.
 High quality day lighting
 Storm water runoff
 Protect open space
 Reduce the risk of soil erosion
 Reduce the hard paved areas
 Retain the mature trees
 Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling
 Reduce vehicular use for circulation from one building block
to another.

ORIENTATION
Orientation is the positioning of a building in relation to seasonal
variations in the sun’s path as well as prevailing wind patterns. Good
orientation can increase the energy efficiency of your home, making it
more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run.
In sustainable design features, orientation is a major design consideration,
mainly with regard to:-
 Solar Radiation
 Daylight
 Wind

Daylighting is the controlled admission of
natural lightmdash;direct sunlight and
diffuse skylight—into a building to reduce
electric lighting and saving energy. By
providing a direct link to the dynamic and
perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor
illumination, daylighting helps create a
visually stimulating and productive
environment for building occupants, while
reducing as much as one-third of total
building energy costs.
BUILDING DESIGN AND DAYLIGHT
Total solar radiation incident =
total direct+total diffuse+ground reflected
It can be very difficult to get consistent
daylight and control glare from east and
west windows. However, the side of the
building facing the sun's path (the equator-
facing side) can generally be easily shaded
with overhangs, light shelves, or louvers,
and the side of the building facing away
from the sun's path gets little or no glare.

 High quality day lighting
 Protect open space
 Reduce the hard paved areas
 Retain the mature trees
 Use of low energy or passive heating or cooling
 Reduce vehicular use for circulation from one building block
to another.

Building form can affect solar access and wind exposure as well as the rate
of heat loss or heat gain through the external envelope.
The volume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled
and its relationship with the area of the envelope enclosing the volume
affect the thermal performance of the building.
The general design objectives are:-
• Use sheltering and buffering
• Contain the exposure of external elements by means of compact
building envelope and careful consideration of the treatment of
different elevations
Sheltering or self-shading:
• Built form, which is designed such that it is self-shaded through massing
or articulation results in sheltered built forms, and cuts off a large
amount of direct solar radiation.
• In composite climate, the envelope should be designed so that it
remains shaded for the greater part of the day; the external walls should
be so planned that they shade each other.
BUILDING FORM

Compactness:
• The building form also determines the air flow pattern around the building
directly affecting its ventilation.
• The compactness of the building is measured using the ratio of surface area to
volume (S/V).
• The depth of a building also determines the requirement for artificial lighting.
The greater the depth, higher is the need for artificial lighting.
• The circular geometry has the lowest S/+ ratio thus the conduction gains from
the building envelope as well as solar gains from windows are least, in circular
geometry in comparison to other building geometries which is most energy
efficient in composite climate.

WIND EFFECTS
Natural ventilation and air change effectiveness is an important concept in the
interior architecture. The cross ventilation system proposed relies on cooled filtered
air being provided by surrounding vegetation and landscaping. This cooled and
filtered area is then drawn through the apartments via convection. The facade
openings would be small, top-hung and set low in sets of two or three to draw in the
low lying cooler air. Purpose designed vents, high level louvers, or ventilating
skylights can be used to exhaust warm air at the top of the spaces, creating outlets
for the thermal flues that are formed by the stairwells, thermal chimneys or
centralised ducts. Surrounding vegetation would improve the effect of natural
ventilation especially during summer time

Design Strategies in Composite Climate
 Plan the building around the courtyard.
 Reduce heat gain in the building through building envelope
 Plan water bodies
 Cavity walls, terrace gardens, light shelves.

BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATION
A) Building Skin Effect : Single Skin Effect

TROMBE WALL
 Vent added to outside at the top can drive warm air out in the
summer and bring cooler air from a north vent
 Trombe wall can be used as part of a south-facing greenhouse
 Trombe wall concept may be retrofitted to existing houses with
brick or stone construction.

TROMBE WALL VENTING IN SUMMER
Sun hitting the bottom drives the hot air up to the open vent

THERMAL STORAGE WALLS OR TROMBE WALLS
Advantages:
 Eliminates glare
 Lowers temperature swings in room
 Vents allow partition of energy into daytime and
nighttime heating
 Sun hits entire mass
Precautions:
 More expensive and less efficient than DG
 More difficult to reduce nighttime losses
 Best for sunnier climates
 Occupies valuable space in building

BENEFITS OF DAYLIGHTING
Day lighting requires an integrated design approach to be successful, because
it can involve decisions about the building form, siting, climate, building
components (such as windows and skylights), lighting controls, and lighting
design criteria.
1. Improved Life‐Cycle Cost
2. Increased User Productivity
3. Reduced Emissions
4. Reduced Operating Costs
Section showing the 2.5 rule of thumb which assumes
that adequate daylight for office tasks will penetrate to a
depth of 2 5 2.5 x the height of the window head above
the workplane. (After Robbins, 1986)
Increase perimeter daylight zones—extend the
perimeter footprint to maximize the usable
daylighting area.

WING WALLS
Wing walls project outward next to a window, so that even a slight breeze
against the wall creates a high pressure zone on one side and low on the other.
The pressure differential draws outdoor air in through one open window and
out the adjacent one. Wing walls are especially effective on sites with low
outdoor air velocity and variable wind directions.

Applicable up to the depth of 6 M Applicable up to the depth of 10-12 M
SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION CROSS VENTILATION
STRATEGIES

STACK VENTILATION COOLING/WIND TOWER
EARTH AIR TUNNEL
NIGHT VENTILATION OF THE THERMAL
MASS

PASSIVE DOWNNDRAUGHT COOLING :
In this system, wind catchers guide outside air over water-filled pots, inducing
evaporation and causing a significant drop in temperature before the air enters
the interior. Such wind cathers become primary elements of the architectural
form also.

LANDSCAPE
Landscaping is an important element in altering the micro-climate of a place.
Proper landscaping reduced direct sun from striking and heating up building
surfaces. It is the best way to provide a buffer for heat, sun, noise, traffic,
and airflow or for diverting airflow or exchanging heat in a solar-passive
design. It prevents reflected light carrying heat into a building from the
ground or other surfaces. Additionally, the shade created by trees, reduces air
temperature of the micro climate around the building through evapo-
transpiration. Properly designed roof gardens help to reduce heat loads in a
building.
Planting of deciduous trees on the southern side of a building to cut direct sunlight in summer.
Location of landscape to cut direct sunlight and shade buildings

Sustainable landscape architecture
is a category of sustainable
design concerned with the planning
and design of outdoor space.
This can include ecological,
politically correct, social and
economic aspects of sustainability.
For example, the design of
a sustainable urban drainage
system can: improve habitats
for fauna and flora; improve
recreational facilities, because
people love to be beside water; save
money, because building culverts is
expensive and floods cause severe
financial harm.
The design of a green roof or a roof
garden can also contribute to the
sustainability of a landscape
architecture project. The roof will
help manage surface water, provide
for wildlife and provide for
recreation.
Location of trees to protect from winds
Natural cooling without air-conditioning
can be enhanced by locating trees to
channel south-easterly summer breezes in
tropical climates like India. Cooling
breezes will be able to pass through the
trunks of trees placed for shading. Shade
can also be created by using a combination
of landscape features, such as shrubs and
vines on arbors or trellises. Trees also
provide visual relief and a psychological
barrier from traffic and thus reduce
pollution on the site.

Energy-efficient landscaping is a type of landscaping designed for the purpose
of conserving energy. There is a distinction between the embedded energy of
materials and constructing the landscape, and the energy consumed by the
maintenance and operations of a landscape.
Design techniques include:
 Planting trees for the purpose of providing shade, which reduces cooling costs.
 Planting or building windbreaks to slow winds near buildings, which reduces heat
loss.
 Wall sheltering, where shrubbery or vines are used to create a windbreak directly
against a wall.
 Earth sheltering and positioning buildings to take advantage of natural landforms
as windbreaks.
 Green roofs that cool buildings with extra thermal mass and evapotranspiration.
 Reducing the heat island effect with pervious paving, high albedo paving, shade,
and minimizing paved areas.
 Site lighting with full cut off fixtures, light level sensors, and high efficiency
fixtures.
Energy-efficient landscaping techniques include using local materials, on-site
composting and chipping to reduce greenwaste hauling, hand tools instead of
gasoline-powered, and also may involve using drought-resistant plantings in arid
areas, buying stock from local growers to avoid energy in transportation, and similar
techniques.

Dense tree planting deflects
breeze through building.

The roof garden of the Rockefeller Center
in Manhattan

SUSTAINABLE FABRICS (MATERIALS)

SUSTAINABLE
LANDSCAPES
SUSTAINABLE
MATERIALS
FOR
EXTERIOR
SUSTAINABLE
MATERIALS
FOR
INTERIOR

WHY SUSTAINABLE LANDSCAPES ???

Sustainable landscaping solutions
Some of the solutions being developed are:
• Reduction of storm water run-off through the use of bio-swales, rain
gardens and green roofs and walls.
• Reduction of water use in landscapes through xeriscaping.
• Landscape irrigation using water from showers and sinks, known as gray water.
• Selection of shade trees and creation of wind breaks.
• Use of sustainably harvested wood, composite wood products for hardscaping.
• Recycling of things, such as glass, rubber from tires and other materials to
create landscape products such as paving stones, mulch and other materials.
• Solar-powered landscape lighting.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
EXTERIOR
• BRICKS
• INSULATION
• GLAZING
INTERIOR
• LIGHTING- CFLs,
LEDs
• FINISHES AND
FIXTURES

GREEN INTERIORS: LIGHTING
 CFLs- screw is like conventional bulbs but consume up to one fourth of the
electricity used by incandescent bulbs to produce an equivalent amount of
light. Compact fluorescent bulbs are a profitable investment, saving several
times their purchase price through reduced electricity bills and fewer
replacement bulbs because they last eight times longer
 LEDs- 1. Long Life
 2. Energy Efficiency
 3. Ecologically Friendly
 4. Durable
 5. Zero UV Emissions
 6. Design Flexibility
 Environmentally friendly

GREEN INTERIORS: FINISHES and
FIXTURES
Reduce the water use by the help of fixtures
• Reduce the total water consumption in the building (by 25% or more)
by using low-flow fixtures. These can help in reduction in water
consumption by 25%. and water-use reduction by 50%.
Recycled-Content Steel Studs for Interior Framing
• Steel studs can be either standalone or provide a “c” channel over
wood stud pieces. Steel contains up to 95% recycled-content. Steel
contains high recycled-content, which typically increases in
proportion to the steel’s thickness. Steel reduces the need for wood
and provides strong interior walls.
Flooring: CERTIFIED WOOD
Finishes: Low VOC Paints

 Fly Ash
Fly ash is a fine, glass-like powder recovered from gases created by coal-
fired electric power generation. Power plants produce millions of tons
of fly ash annually, which is usually dumped in landfills.
 Fly ash consists mostly of silica, alumina and iron.
 Adding fly ash to concrete reduces the energy needed in processing
Portland cement and reduces the impact of fly ash disposal. In addition,
fly ash cement requires less water, is somewhat easier to use in cold
weather and is less likely to crack. Fly ash is reported to have greater
workability, permits greater pumping distances and has greater
strength.
 One reported drawback of fly ash concrete is that it takes longer to set
up to full strength.
GREEN EXTERIORS:

AAC: Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC),
autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC), autoclaved concrete, cellular concrete, porous
concrete.
 AAC is well suited for urban areas with high rise buildings and those with high temperature
variations. Due to lower density, high rise buildings constructed using AAC require less steel
and concrete for structural members.
Better thermal efficiency of AAC makes it suitable for use in areas with extreme
temperature as it eliminates need for separate materials for construction and insulation
leading to faster construction and savings
 Fire Resistant / Non-Combustible
Superior Thermal Insulation
Excellent Acoustic Performance
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Lighter Product Reduces Shipping Costs
 Design Versatility & Flexibility
 Termite & Pest Resistant
 Reduced Time & Labor Costs
 Superior Durability
 Environmentally Friendly

Porotherm is Wiesenberger's unique clay block walling system; precision engineered
and specifically designed to deliver outstanding results in the UK construction market.
Displaying the full range of blocks on offer, providing a clear ‘how to’ explanation of
how the system functions in practice, and providing a selection of stunning cases
studies, this section will provide all you need to know about Wiesenberger's innovative
Porotherm clay block walling system. 9” porotherm block = R-10 (2inch insulation)
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626
628
630
632
634
636
R-2 R-5 R-10 R-15 R-20 R-30
Annual
consumption
(Mwh)
External wall construction
OPTIMIZATION OF BUILDING ENVELOPE:
 The higher the R-value of a material the better an insulator it is, but
this usually also implies higher costs. In this case u need to choose the
optimum R-value.
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Insulation is a quality of a substance to 'resist' transferring heat (or cold, basically
energy) through it.
 In building construction insulation is used to allow the internal environment
temperature to maintain constant independently of external temperature changes.
 This not only makes the inside a more 'pleasant' place to live, it helps reduce heating
and cooling costs by making it easier to keep at the same temperature; which in turn
means your home is more ecologically friendly, as you are consuming less environmental
resources.
 The higher the R-value of a material the better an insulator it is, but this usually also
implies higher costs. In this case u need to choose the optimum R-value.
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ENVELPE
LOADS
–
56%
BUILDING LOADS INCLUDES

 Foam board or liquid foam insulation core .
 APPLICABLE: Unfinished walls, ceilings, floors, and roofs for new
construction.
STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS (SIPS)

 APPLICABLE: Enclosed existing wall; •Open new wall cavities; •Unfinished
attic floors
 Applied using small spray containers or in larger quantities as a pressure
sprayed (foamed-in-place) product.
 Good for adding insulation to existing finished areas, irregularly shaped
areas, and around obstructions
SPRAYED FOAM AND FOAMED-IN-PLACE

 Fiberglass; •Mineral (rock or slag) wool
 APPLICABLE: Ducts in unconditioned spaces; •Other places requiring
insulation that can withstand high temperatures; NOISE CONTROL
 HVAC contractors fabricate the insulation into ducts either at their shops or
at the job sites.
 Withstand high temperatures.
FIBER INSULATION

GREEN EXTERIORS: GLAZING
 Fenestration is any opening in the building envelope. When that opening is covered with a
translucent or transparent surface (like windows or skylights), that’s called GLAZING.
 Three of the most important properties of the materials, coatings, and constructions that make
up windows, skylights, translucent panels, or other products used to let sunlight into a building
include
 1. Thermal conductance (U-value)
 2. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)
 3. Visible Light Transmittance
Low Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) Window Film on Single-Glazing
 Low solar heat gain coefficient window film reduces solar heat gain through glass
(particularly during late afternoon and evening hours) while still transmitting light and
visibility. Reflective film should only be used on single-glazed windows.
 Low SHGC window film reduces overheating, improves comfort and can significantly
lower the need for additional cooling.

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PASSIVE
STARTEGIES
ACTIVE
STATEGIES
MECHANICAL
TECHNLOGIES
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 GREEN ROOF
 GREEN WALL
 LIGHT PIPE/LIGHT TUBES
 LIGHT SHELVES
 INSULATED GLASS
 BUILDING INTEGRATED PV CELLS
 EFFICIENT LIGHTING/LIGHTING CONTROLS
 SOLAR PANELS
 SOLAR WATER HEATING
 SOLAR THERMAL AC
 WIND POWER
 EARTH AIR TUNEL
 WIND TOWER

MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGIES
 CHILLED BEAM COOLING SYSTEM
 UFAD (UNDERA FLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION)
 VAV(VARIABLE AIR VOLUME)
 VRV(VARIABLE REFERIGERENT VOLUME)
 HEAT RECOVERY WHEEL
 ECONOMIZER
 PREMIUM EFFICIENCY PUMPS
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The R-value of a Material is, its direct measure of its resistance to transferring
energy or heat; R Values are expressed using the metric units (m2.K/W). Basically the
higher the figure the better it is at resisting energy transfer, so the easier it is to
maintain a difference in temperatures across it for a longer time.
The U-value is the inverse of the R-Value; i.e. you divide 1 by either the R or U value
to convert to the other unit. So as the R-Value goes up the U-Value goes down and as
the R-Value goes down the U-Value goes up. So the U-Value is a measure of how well
a material transmits heat.
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Shading coefficient, is a value that determines one type of thermal performance of
a glass unit (panel or window) in a building.
 Essentially, it is the ratio of solar gain (due to direct sunlight) passing through a
glass unit to the solar energy which passes through 3mm Clear Float Glass.
 The value of the SC is between 0.98~0.10.
The lower the rating, the less solar heat is transmitted through the glass, and the
greater its shading ability.
Visual Light Transmission: It is the percentage of light transmitted through the glass
in the visible light spectrum (380-720 nanometer). Higher the number higher the
percentage of light transmission through winow.

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GREEN ROOF/COOL ROOF
Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater,
providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, decreasing stress of the people
around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to
lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect.
 Reduction in energy use is an important property of green roofing.
 By improving the thermal performance of a roof, green roofing allows buildings to
better retain their heat during the cooler winter months while reflecting and absorbing
solar radiation during the hotter summer months, allowing buildings to remain cooler.
 Reduce building temperatures and reduce energy needs for air- conditioning by 25%
to 80%.

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Green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with vegetation that includes a
growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water
delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls or vertical gardens.
 It is useful to distinguish green walls from green facades. Green walls have
growing media supported on the face of the wall, while green facades have soil only
at the base of the wall (in a container or in ground) and support climbing plants on
the face of the wall to create the green, or vegetated, facade.
Green walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to an existing
wall, and come in a great variety of sizes.
Many Iconic green walls have been constructed by Institutions and in public places
such as Airports and are now becoming common, to improve the aesthetics.example:
Chhattrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai, India).

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LIGHT PIPES/TUBES
Light tubes or light pipes are physical structures used for transporting or distributing
natural or artificial light for the purpose of illumination, and are examples of optical
waveguides. In their application to daylighting, they are also often called tubular
daylighting devices, sun pipes, sun scopes, or daylight pipes. Light pipes may be divided
into two broad categories: hollow structures that contain the light with a reflective
lining, and transparent solids that contain the light by total internal reflection.
Generally speaking, a light pipe or light tube may refer to:
 a tube or pipe for transport of light to another location, minimizing the loss of light.
 a transparent tube or pipe for distribution of light over its length, either for
equidistribution along the entire length or for controlled light leakage.

A light shelf is a horizontal surface that reflects daylight deep into a building. Light
shelves are placed above eye-level and have high-reflectance upper surfaces, which
reflect daylight onto the ceiling and deeper into the space.
Light shelves are typically used in high-rise and low-rise office buildings, as well as
institutional buildings. This design is generally used on the equator-facing side of
the building, which is where maximum sunlight is found, and as a result is most
effective.
 Not only do light shelves allow light to penetrate through the building, they are
also designed to shade near the windows, due to the overhang of the shelf, and help
reduce window glare.
 Exterior shelves are generally more effective shading devices than interior
shelves. A combination of exterior and interior shelves will work best in providing an
even illumination gradient.
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Insulated glazing (IG), more commonly known as double glazing (or double-pane,
and increasingly triple glazing/pane) is double or triple glass window panes
separated by a vacuum or other gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a
part of the building envelope.
It’s this ability to retain heat that makes double glazing so energy efficient
compared to single pane windows , Around 60% of heat loss in the home occurs
through standard, single pane windows. Double glazing substantially stops heat loss.
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SKYLIGHTS
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Polycarbonate Sheet (generic) General-Purpose Glazing Grade offers superior
durability, unmatched design flexibility and structural integrity that easily surpasses
laminated glass and acrylic alternatives. Polycarbonate sheet will transmit 86% of
light. This product is UV stabilized, has a heat deflection temperature of 270°F at 264
PSI, and has a smoke density rating less than 75. A better insulator than glass,
polycarbonate sheet contributes to lower energy costs.
• Dream Mall‐ Bhandup
• Raghuleela Mall – Kandiwali
• Bhaktipark‐ Wadala
• Kakade Magnum Mall‐ Puna

Energy efficiency is "using less energy to provide the same service".
Lighting controls turn lights on and off as needed, preventing energy waste. The most
familiar is the light switch, or toggle switch, with it's ON/OFF positioning. This switch
is still the standard means of lighting control in commercial buildings, meaning the
potential energy and cost savings are substantial if your facility installs lighting
controls.
Occupancy Sensors
Occupancy sensors work off of sound or motion control – they automatically dim or
switch lights off when an area has not been occupied for a specified amount of time
and switch lights back on when motion is detected. This can result in 35-45 percent
energy savings
Dimmers
Dimmers allow the user to adjust the level of lighting from very bright to near dark.
Light sources use less energy when dimmed and can automatically save 4-9 percent in
electricity usage over a standard toggle switch.
Daylighting
Effective daylighting uses natural light to offset electrical lighting loads. When
designed and implemented correctly, daylighting lowers energy consumption and
reduces operating and investment costs.
Time Scheduling
Scheduling with time clock controls turns lights on and off, sets lighting levels for
different times of day and changes the lighting profile for after-hours mode. More
sophisticated systems also respond to signals sent from external control devices such
as sensors or switches.
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BUILDING-INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS (BIPV)
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Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to
replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the
roof, skylights, or facades.They are increasingly being incorporated into the
construction of new buildings as a principal or ancillary source of electrical power,
although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology.
 The advantage of integrated photovoltaics over more common non-integrated
systems is that the initial cost can be offset by reducing the amount spent on building
materials and labor that would normally be used to construct the part of the building
that the BIPV modules replace. These advantages make BIPV one of the fastest growing
segments of the photovoltaic industry.

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Shadoglass is an external fixed or moveable glass louvered solar shading system,
designed to reduce heat gains and glare whilst maximizing the use of natural daylight.
Shadoglass may be installed either vertically or horizontally in front of the façade or on
the roof. It can be either fixed or moveable. It is also suitable as a primary or
secondary facade element to provide ventilation.
Features and benefits
A wide range of louvres – Shadoglass louvres are available in various colors, surface
finishes and coatings to meet specific design requirements. Depending on the chosen
type of glass, frit or film, the desired transmission of light and/or heat radiation can be
accurately achieved for every specific application. The louver spans depends on
structural considerations and the kind of louver blade selected. Click the options tab
above to find out more.
Flexible controls - Shadoglass shading systems can be operated by linear actuators
that have the capability to operate complete facades. A series of louvers are attached
to a system of levers and push rods which link them to a control system. The louvres
may be fixed at any angle and can rotate under motorized control within a range of up
to 90⁰.

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Photovoltaics, also called solar cells, are electronic devices that convert sunlight directly into
electricity. PV is one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies and it is expected
that it will play a major role in the future global electricity generation mix. Solar PV systems are
also one of the most “democratic” renewable technologies, in that their modular size means that
they are within the reach of individuals, co-operatives and small-businesses who want to access
their own generation and lock-in electricity prices.
PV technology offers a number of significant benefits, including:
 Solar power is a renewable resource that is available everywhere in the world.
 Solar PV technologies are small and highly modular and can be used virtually anywhere,
unlike many other electricity generation technologies.
 Unlike conventional power plants using coal, nuclear, oil and gas; solar PV has no fuel costs
and relatively low operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. PV can therefore offer a price hedge
against volatile fossil fuel prices.
 PV, although variable, has a high coincidence with peak electricity demand driven by cooling
in summer and year round in hot countries.

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Solar water heating (SWH) is the conversion of sunlight into renewable energy for
water heating using a solar thermal collector. Solar water heating systems comprise
various technologies that are used worldwide increasingly.
In a "close-coupled" SWH system the storage tank is horizontally mounted
immediately above the solar collectors on the roof. No pumping is required as the
hot water naturally rises into the tank through thermosiphone flow. In a "pump-
circulated" system the storage tank is ground- or floor-mounted and is below the
level of the collectors; a circulating pump moves water or heat transfer fluid
between the tank and the collectors.
SWH systems are designed to deliver hot water for most of the year. However, in
winter there sometimes may not be sufficient solar heat gain to deliver sufficient hot
water. In this case a gas or electric booster is used to heat the water.

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Although, this technique is essentially used for cooling the air in Hot and dry
climates, it can also be used for winter heating. Earth- air tunnels may be considered
as special types of wind towers connected to an underground tunnel.
 The cooling process is based on the fact that the temperature a few meters below
the ground is almost constant throughout the year. A wind tower is connected to the
underground tunnel, which runs from the bottom of the wind tower to the basement
of the building.
 The wind tower catches the wind which is forced down the tower into the tunnel.
The temperature of the tunnel, being lower than that of the ambient temperature,
cools the air before it is circulated into the living space. In winter, the temperature
of the air tunnel is higher than the ambient temperature and hence warms the air
passing through it.
 Sensible cooling can b aided by evaporative cooling. To reduce the underground
temperature, the ground can be shaded using vegetation and can be wetted by
sprinkling water. This water seeps through and dampens the tunnel walls.
Consequently, air from the tunnel is evaporatively cooled as it passes through the
tunnel. Another variation possible is to use buried pipes instead in place of tunnel.

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Rainwater Harvesting
 RWH technology consists of
simple systems to collect, convey,
and store rainwater. Rainwater
capture is accomplished primarily
from roof-top, surface runoff, and
other surfaces.
 RWH either captures stored
rainwater for direct use
(irrigation, production, washing,
drinking water, etc.) or is
recharged into the local ground
water and is call artificial
recharge.
Multiple Benefits
1. Improvement in the quality of ground
water
2. Rise in the water levels in wells and
bore wells that are drying up
3. Mitigation of the effects of drought.
4. Attainment of drought proofing
5. An ideal solution to water problems in
areas having inadequate water
resources
6. Reduction in the soil erosion as the
surface runoff is reduced
7. Decrease in the choking of storm water
drains and flooding of roads
8. Saving of energy, to lift ground water.
(One-meter rise in
water level saves 0.40-kilowatt hour of
electricity)
STORAGE OF RAINWATER ON
SURFACE FOR FUTURE USE
RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER
Techniques of Water Recharge

Raw water
tank or
Aquifer
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
1 Roof
2 Screen
3 Discharge of water
4 Pre-filter
5 Storage tank
6 Flow meter
7 Storm water discharge
Rain Water as Source Water Design Considerations
SYSTEM OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND GREY WATER ARE COMBINED TO
ACHIEVE THE FOLLOWING:
• 25% OF POTABLE WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION
• 100% OF POTABLE WATER PROVIDED BY RAIN
• 50% REDUCTION OF SEWER QUANTITIES

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
A sewage treatment plant aims to achieve, through physical, chemical and biological, clean
water from black or mixed.
PRIMARY TREATMENT
 It consists of a decantation process for removing particles, smaller than a certain
size (suspended solids) are unable to be removed in the pretreatment. This process is
known as primary settlement.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
 It consists of a biological process. Bacteria are placed in large tanks, there they eat
the organic matter, then the water passes to a second decantation.
TERTIARY TREATMENT
 Chemical treatments are designed to refine some characteristics of effluent water
treatment plant. The most common is that of sanitation, to eliminate the presence of
virus and germs. The resulting water can be used for watering gardens.
SLUDGE
 The sludge from the decantation receive a special treatment until they
are incinerated, or after other treatments such as composting, reuse as fertilizer in
agriculture or other uses.

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology WIND POWER
Wind power is produced by using wind generators to harness the kinetic energy of
wind. It is gaining worldwide popularity as a large scale energy source, although it
still only provides less than one percent of global energy consumption. The articles
listed below explore wind power and its usage around the world

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology WIND TOWER
Known alternately as wind chimneys, cooling towers, wind towers, and even solar
chimneys, windcatchers are just as the name suggests – architectural towers that
“catch” the wind to create natural air flow inside buildings, windcatchers function
in one or more of three ways:
 Wind enters the chimney directly through a tall, capped tower with an opening to
the prevailing wind, creating a downward flow of air.
 Dense hot air escapes out of the tunnel, while cool air from below fills the void,
creating a natural indoor breeziness.
 Hot air is pulled in through a qanat tunnel, which is then cooled in an underground
space (sometimes with the use of water), which forces air in an upward motion
through the tower.
 All three methods could easily be adapted for residential designs

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large
buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either
integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance
from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes
denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below,
causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room.
.
CHILLED BEAM

UFAD systems rely on air handling units to filter and condition air to the appropriate
supply conditions so it can be delivered to the occupied zone. While overhead
systems typically use ducts to distribute the air, UFAD systems use the underfloor
plenum formed by installation of a raised floor. The plenum generally sits 0.3 and
0.46 meters (12 and 18 in) above the structural concrete slab, although lower heights
are possible. Specially designed floor diffusers are used as the supply outlets. The
most common UFAD configuration consists of a central air handling unit delivering air
through a pressurized plenum and into the space through floor diffusers.
Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
UNDER FLOOR AIR DISTRIBUTION

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
The Heat Recovery Wheel, coated with a desiccant material, is rotated between
the incoming fresh air and the exhaust air. Heat and moisture are given up to the
wheel. When the space is in the heating mode, the heat and desirable humidity is
used to pre-condition the incoming, cold, dry air. In the cooling mode, the
incoming air is pre-cooled and dehumidified.
HEAT RECOVERY WHEEL

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
Variable Air Volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air-
conditioning (HVAC) system. Unlike constant air volume (CAV) systems, which
supply a constant airflow at a variable temperature, VAV systems vary the airflow
at a constant temperature. The advantages of VAV systems over constant-volume
systems include more precise temperature control, reduced compressor wear,
lower energy consumption by system fans, less fan noise, and additional passive
dehumidification
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME

Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
This refrigerant is conditioned by a single outdoor condensing unit, and is
circulated within the building to multiple fan-coil units (FCUs). This also results
in greater control of the building's interior temperature by the building's
occupants.
VARIABLE REFERIGERENT VOLUME

Air-side economizers HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) can save
energy in buildings by using cool outside air as a means of cooling the indoor space.
When the temperature of the outside air is less than the temperature of the
recirculated air, conditioning the outside air is more energy efficient than
conditioning recirculated air. When the outside air is both sufficiently cool and
sufficiently dry (depending on the climate) the amount of enthalpy in the air is
acceptable and no additional conditioning of it is needed; this portion of the air-side
economizer control scheme is called free cooling.
Literature
Study
Materials
and
technology
AIR-SIDE ECONOMIZERS

Literature
Study
Presented By:
Vaishali, Niharika, Rahul, Himanshi,
M.Arch 1st Semester, Batch 2015
•The Energy Research Institute, Bangalore
•Indian Institute Of Technology, Kanpur

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
KANPUR

IIT-Kanpur is located on the Grand Trunk Road, 15 km
west of Kanpur City and measures close to 420
hectares. This land was gifted by the Government
of Uttar Pradesh in 1960 and by March 1963 the Institute
had moved to its current location.
City: Kanpur
Climate: Composite (The weather at Kanpur can
be quite hot in summers and very cold in
winters. July, August and September are quite
rainy.)
Type: Educational
Operational schedule – Day time, 6 working days
in a week

• The IITK campus occupies a 1055 acre area.
• The Academic Complex is located centrally at the site and free from traffic noise.
• Academic buildings: 13 departments, PK Kelkar Library, Computer Centres faculty offices, laboratories and
administrative buildings
• Around 7000 students, 390 faculty, and 1000 staff members (and their families) reside on campus
• No. of buildings: 108
• 10 boys hostel and 2 girls hostel
• With Sports complex, Housing for faculty
• The site is flat with the canal on one side and transportation route on the other side.
• Pedestrian and vehicular traffic are completely segregated.
FEATURES

CONCEPT AND IDEOLOGY
• The residential campus is planned and landscaped with a hope for environmental freedom.
• Halls of residence, faculty and staff houses and community buildings surround the central academic area to
provide flexibility in movement and communication.
• Core Pedestrian island which consist of lecture halls surrounded by landscaping and water body forming the
main focus of the campus.
• The academic area is well connected by a long corridor which links all the major buildings
• The academic area is set up in vicinity of Hostels to provide quick accessibility to students
• Conventional type of buildings were designed as isolated islands of departments
• Activities which students and faculties share are designed to encourage meeting and interaction
Institute's Academic Area comprises academic buildings and
facilities including the PK Kelkar Library, Computer Centre,
National Wind Tunnel Facility and SIDBI Innovation and
Incubation Centre. It also houses faculty offices, laboratories
and administrative buildings. The academic area is
connected by a long corridor which links all the major
buildings.
SIDBI INNOVATION & INCUBATION CENTRE
ACADEMIC AREA

P.K. KELKAR LIBRARY
• Established in 1960 as Central Library. „
Renamed as P.K. Kelkar Library in 2001. „
• Four-storied building (covered area: 5730 sq. m.)
• Basement - 700 sq m
• Ground floor - 700 sq m
• First floor -1630 sq m
• Second floor - 2700 sq m
• Staff strength – 40
• Exposed brickwork:
reduces maintenance
costs and enhances
aesthetic appeal
 The library forms an important part of the whole
complex.
 It is a framed structure based on grid.
 The whole building is built in R.C.C with a brick
facade.

Connecting corridors
Structural design
Of library

RESIDENTIAL AREA / HOSTEL
• The residential campus is planned and
landscaped with a hope for environmental
freedom.
• Halls of residence, faculty and staff houses and
community buildings surround the central
academic area to provide flexibility in
movement and communication.
• Taking into consideration the reality that
research work in the present time is a
collaborative work of varied disciplines,
curriculum of studies is worked out, with that
goal in mind.

THE NATIONAL WIND TUNNEL FACILITY(NWTF) established in
1999 at IITK to meet the national needs in areas of
aeronautical and non -aeronautical R and D activities,
houses the most versatile and effective wind tunnel in
India. It has various simulation and measurement systems,
interchange able test sections and is capable of testing at
wind speed up to 80 m/s
• Minimize the walking distance, improving
connectivity
• Create spatial expansion
• Give the impression of one large space hence space
is used as a tool
• Elevated pedestrian walkway
• Sheltered and yet openness
• Protection from hot sun yet allowing breezes

Centre for Environmental Sciences And Engineering Building
The building has incorporated many green features following TERI-GRIHA recommendations. Some special
features of this building are as follows:
• The building is fully complaint with the ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code).
• Sustainable site planning has been integrated to maintain favorable micro climate.
• The architectural design has been optimized as per climate and sun path analysis.
• Energy efficient artificial lighting design and daylight integration.
• Energy efficient air conditioning design with controls integrated to reduce annual energy consumption.
• Passive strategies such as an earth air tunnel incorporated in the HVAC design to reduce the cooling load.
The CESE (Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering) building is a research facility at the IIT (Indian
Institute of Technology), Kanpur on a plot area of 175 000 sq m (approximately 4.5 acres). The facility houses
laboratories, seminar rooms, and discussion rooms for various disciplines of environmental sciences. Given the
function of the building, it was decided that it should be designed in an environment friendly manner. The building
has completed its evaluation process and has achieved FIVE STAR TERI GRIHA rating. The evaluation committee
has awarded a final score of 93/100 to the building.
• Reveals the internal functions in a building as separate
masses.
• Arranged in ways that were functional from inside and
elegant from outside.
• Kanvinde strongly believed that the elevation of a
structure should be defined by the functions inside.

Energy Performance Index (EPI) of CESE building is predicted to be 45.43kWh/m2/annum, which is 41.3% less than
the TERI GRIHA benchmark. In comparison to a conventional building 59% energy savings are predicted in the CESE
building.
The Centre has attempted to conserve & utilize resources efficiently, recycle, reuse and recharge the systems at
every stage of design and construction of the building. It was a collaborative effort of all the consultants including
TERI which was Energy consultant, architects, and the client which enabled the building to achieve the FIVE
STAR TERI GRIHA rating.
Some examples of TERI Rating (points) features :
(a) Reduce air pollution during construction

(b) Reduction of Noise
• Planting trees on the periphery will reduce noise disturbance into the building
• Cushioning under floor finish to reduce sound transmission on the lower floors
• Sound absorptive panes in seminar and class rooms
(c) Design to include existing site features
The first floor of the building has been pushed inside to protect a tree outside.
• The width of the floor plate is
reduced for the same amount of floor
plate area thereby allowing natural
light to penetrate deep into the
interior spaces
• It ensures that part of the façade is
always shaded

• Total plinth area: 2240 Sq-m
• Total working area: 4240 Sq-m

PASSIVE STRATEGIES USED IN BUILDING
Existing landscape and vegetation are largely protected and preserved. Sustainable site planning to resources
and minimize disruption of natural ecosystem.
Integrating the water body with design for optimal microclimate.
Architectural design optimized as per climate and sun path analysis, achieving reduction in energy
consumption.
Optimization of building envelope by use of insulated cavity walls, insulation of roof, and surface finishing that
reflects a major part of solar heat.
Efficient glazing for openings which minimize solar gains in summer, heat loss in winter, and maximize natural
daylight.
It is estimated that after optimizing building envelope, thermal comfort conditions would be achieved for
more than 90% of the occupied hours in the non air-conditioned spaces.
Passive strategies such as Earth Air Tunnel and thermal storage provided to enable reduction in energy
consumption for conditioning the building.

Efficient HVAC system with controls adopted.
Reduction in water demand by selection of efficient fixtures.
Dedicated sewage treatment plant provided and the grey water used for horticulture.
Rain water from the building and surrounding area collected and routed through a sedimentation tank to
water body for AC cooling. Overflow is led to a groundwater recharge pit.
Efficient lighting design with controls and integrated day lighting.
30% of internal lighting demand met from renewable energy source through photovoltaic panels.
Outdoor lighting demand met by solar energy.
Hot water requirement is met by solar system.
The facility is fully ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) compliant.
The payback period is calculated to be approximately 5 years. An estimated net savings of 15% of total cost
in 15 years.
Roof shaded by bamboo trellis with green cover to cut direct heat gain.
Provision of an internal court shaded by louvers that allow free air movement.
Natural light and ventilation through skylights & ventilators in common spaces.
Use of indigenous and recycled materials with low embodied energy.

External Walls : Cavity wall with insulation
Roof : Insulated and shaded
Windows:
Double glazing window (6-12-6)
The glazing for the building has been designed to maximize the effect of natural light,
largely eliminating the need for artificial light during day time.
The high performance window glass, while allowing light inside, does not allow heat and also
keeps office cool from inside during the day decreasing the load on HVAC systems
Higher light Transmission Glass on North orientation for better day light Integration
Optimum WWR which is less than ECBC standard (40%) helps in reducing external solar heat
gain
Building Lighting
Efficient fixtures
Efficient lamps
Daylight integration

MATERIAL USED IN BUILDING
 In Kanpur, the local availability of high quality brick and the prevalent labour and construction practices made
Kanvinde go for reinforced concrete for structural frames and brick as infill's .
 Reinforced -concrete post-and-slab construction, with a series of flat slab-floors and a flat roof-slab carried
on concrete columns or posts

INTRODUCTION
 Established in 1974
 The Energy and Resources Institute, Bangalore is
among South India’s first energy efficient and
environmentally sustainable campuses
 It houses work spaces for the staff, conference rooms, a
library, a laboratory and a guest house.
 Dining and recreation facilities are shared between the
offices and the guest house.
 It has the potential to serve as a model for future
development in similar geographical and climatic
conditions.
 Concerned with effective utilization of energy,
sustainable uses of natural resources, large scale
adoption of renewable energy technology.
•Architect : Ar. Sanjay Mohe
•Completion year: 1990
•Built up area: 26,663 sq. ft.
•Total no. of floors: G+2
•Climate: temperate temperature
•Temperature:
mean max mean min
• summer
35*c 20*c
• winter
28*c 14*c

 Location:
 Located at domlur bus stop ( 3 kms from Bangalore airport rd),
amidst a residential area, park and temple.
 Site features:
 Long narrow site with roads on the eastern and northern sides
 Western side has an open ground
 Southern side has an open drain ( 9m wide)
 Site located adjacent to a foul smelling drain on south which
dictates design development as wind comes from south.
 Building details:
 The building has been divided into individual and common
areas
 75 intimate small spaces are provided for individual work
 Common areas refer to the atriums, courts, nodes and
corridors meant for wider interaction

ORIENTATION
 Building is oriented along NE-SW direction
 SW is the primary wind and light direction for Bangalore
 Entry to the building is from the road on the northern side,
which is less busy compared to the one on the east.
N

FLOOR PLANS •The office block is kept towards the east,
close to the main road for high visibility
and the guest house is located on the
quieter western side.
•All window openings are in this direction
•South wall is a double wall to provide
insulation from southern sun.

•Openings have been designed such that
requirement of artificial lighting is minimal
throughout the day when the building is under
maximum usage.
•Building opens on northern side to take
advantage of glare free light.
•Artificial lighting used only for work stations.
•By creating atrium spaces with skylights,
sections of the centre are designed in such a
way that natural daylight enters into the
heart of the building, considerably reducing
the dependence on artificial lighting. this is
supplemented by a skylight roof and energy-
efficient artificial lighting.
•Use of double glazed windows with coating

•Photo voltaic cells are used to capture the sun
energy thus generating electrical energy for the
various stations. These photovoltaic cells have been
arranged in line with the primary orbit of the sun
the panel are integrated with dynamic truss to
optimize the generation of energy.
•The sun energy is further used in the form of solar
heaters which is used to generate all the hot water
in the guest house.
•The thermal comfort levels are maintained by the
use of filler slabs which provides insulation
between the inside and the outside of the building.
•Filler slabs are designed with alternate panel of
concrete and hollow blocks.
•The hollow blocks help in reducing the
transmission of heat from outside to inside of the
building

UNHYGENIC FOUL BREEZE FLOWING
FROM SOUHT
COOL BREEZE DOWN IN BY
CONVECTIONALCURRENT SYSTEM TO
EQUALISE
PRESSURE
•Primary wind direction along sw.
•A long SW façade is a foul smelling drain.
•Wall towards south is blank allowing the breeze to flow
over the building which in turn creates negative pressure
and pulls in fresh air from the north.
•South wall is a double wall so as to heat up the void
between the two walls creating negative pressure thereby
enhancing convection currents.
•Ventilation is enhanced by the use of solar chimneys and
vents.
•Starts pulling fresh air flow at body level to provide
thermal comfort.
•Hot air rises towards the top on southern façade.

•The sun’s rays heat the black south wall
increasing the temperature of the immediate
environment around.
•This causes the air in the cavity to rise upwards
naturally. These convectional currents are blown
away by the winds blowing south to north.
•This creates a vacuum at the at the top core
structure. To fill this vacuum, air from inside is
drawn up.
•This system of hot air rising and drawing in of
cool fresh air is a continuous process.
Hence reverse wind circulation is established
by bringing in the fresh air from the north
open face of the building, and drawing it
through the entire section of the structure
and removing it by convectional means up
through solar wind vents.

Earth berm is
created to retain
the heat
•The various level of terraces also have been
landscaped which reduces the heat exchanges
and heat flow between the structure and the
outside environment hence act as good
insulation device. having this ground cover on
the roof further reduces the impact on the
environment through photosynthesis

•The central court which connects the office
complex and the guest house section plays an
important role as a space generator.
•The central court houses an amphitheater that
acts as an informal gathering. but more importantly
it holds within it the rainwater harvesting sump for
the whole complex.
•An efficient rainwater harvesting system
preserves water to the maximum possible extent.
Water run-off from the roof and from the paved
area is collected and stored in a collection sump
below the Amphitheatre.
•This water is used for landscaping & in toilet

Materials efficiency:
•As use of local materials reduces the energy consumed in their
transportation
•Filler slabs are designed with alternate panel of concrete and hollow
blocks, the hollow blocks help in reducing the transmission of heat from
outside to inside of the building.
•Use of double glazed windows with coating
•Use of cavity wall construction with CADAPPA STONE which is a heat
retentive material
•Terrace garden helps in insulation , reducing radiation as well as
moderating temperature fluctuations
•Roof consists of a hollow loft space which reduces conduction of heat
to work areas.
•Plants are being used in the interior common connecting spaces for
refreshment and air Circulation
•Mixed use of vegetation is been used to make the campus green and
fresh

CONCLUSION
 Sets a new standard of energy efficient, environmentally
conscious space.
 Building conveys skillful interplay of natural elements with
the building form to reduce energy demand

Sustainable Architecture_Literature Study.pdf

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