Building systems using Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panels.
This presentation brief about the manufacturing, suitabllity and use of GFRG panels for various components of building.
Research Methods in Architecture posters - Spring 2014Galala University
Undergraduate research is becoming more important in higher education as evidence of what accumulating clear, inquiry-based learning, scholarship, and creative accomplishments can do to foster effective, high levels of student learning. This includes identifying a concrete investigative problem, carrying out the project, and sharing findings with peers. The following posters are the result of undergraduate research projects conducted by Research Methods in Architecture students at Qatar University, Spring 2014.
The document provides details about the Tokyo Sky Tree project, including:
- It is a 634m tall broadcasting tower and restaurant in Sumida, Tokyo, built over 4 years at a cost of $800 million.
- The soil at the site is silt, so a reinforced concrete wall pile foundation was used, with knuckle walls and piles driven 35m into the ground, to withstand earthquakes up to magnitude 7.3.
- Vibration control systems include two tuned mass dampers installed at 620m and 625m heights, as well as a core column with oil dampers above 375m, to suppress motions from wind.
Smart materials, also called Intelligent or responsive materials,
Designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields etc.
The document provides information about curtain walls from a lecture at Izmir University of Economics. It defines a curtain wall as a non-structural exterior wall supported by the building frame that carries only its own weight and wind loads. The document discusses the history of curtain walls, provides examples of curtain wall designs, and describes different curtain wall types and how they are constructed. It emphasizes that students will choose a curtain wall system and location for their building project.
O documento discute a eficiência energética da envolvente dos edifícios. Apresenta os componentes da envolvente, os mecanismos de transmissão de calor, e como o clima local e as características do corpo humano afetam o desempenho energético do edifício. Também descreve estratégias passivas para melhorar a eficiência, como a orientação, sombreamento, ventilação natural e isolamento térmico. Finalmente, fornece o exemplo do Edifício SolarXXI que otimizou sua en
This document summarizes how columns in reinforced concrete buildings resist earthquakes through the use of two types of steel reinforcement - longitudinal bars placed vertically along the column and transverse ties placed horizontally. The transverse ties help resist shear forces from earthquakes by carrying shear loads, holding the vertical bars in place to prevent excessive bending, and containing the concrete. Proper design includes selecting materials, sizing the cross-section, and using a skilled arrangement of reinforcement, including hooks on the ends of ties to prevent their opening.
Building systems using Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panels.
This presentation brief about the manufacturing, suitabllity and use of GFRG panels for various components of building.
Research Methods in Architecture posters - Spring 2014Galala University
Undergraduate research is becoming more important in higher education as evidence of what accumulating clear, inquiry-based learning, scholarship, and creative accomplishments can do to foster effective, high levels of student learning. This includes identifying a concrete investigative problem, carrying out the project, and sharing findings with peers. The following posters are the result of undergraduate research projects conducted by Research Methods in Architecture students at Qatar University, Spring 2014.
The document provides details about the Tokyo Sky Tree project, including:
- It is a 634m tall broadcasting tower and restaurant in Sumida, Tokyo, built over 4 years at a cost of $800 million.
- The soil at the site is silt, so a reinforced concrete wall pile foundation was used, with knuckle walls and piles driven 35m into the ground, to withstand earthquakes up to magnitude 7.3.
- Vibration control systems include two tuned mass dampers installed at 620m and 625m heights, as well as a core column with oil dampers above 375m, to suppress motions from wind.
Smart materials, also called Intelligent or responsive materials,
Designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields etc.
The document provides information about curtain walls from a lecture at Izmir University of Economics. It defines a curtain wall as a non-structural exterior wall supported by the building frame that carries only its own weight and wind loads. The document discusses the history of curtain walls, provides examples of curtain wall designs, and describes different curtain wall types and how they are constructed. It emphasizes that students will choose a curtain wall system and location for their building project.
O documento discute a eficiência energética da envolvente dos edifícios. Apresenta os componentes da envolvente, os mecanismos de transmissão de calor, e como o clima local e as características do corpo humano afetam o desempenho energético do edifício. Também descreve estratégias passivas para melhorar a eficiência, como a orientação, sombreamento, ventilação natural e isolamento térmico. Finalmente, fornece o exemplo do Edifício SolarXXI que otimizou sua en
This document summarizes how columns in reinforced concrete buildings resist earthquakes through the use of two types of steel reinforcement - longitudinal bars placed vertically along the column and transverse ties placed horizontally. The transverse ties help resist shear forces from earthquakes by carrying shear loads, holding the vertical bars in place to prevent excessive bending, and containing the concrete. Proper design includes selecting materials, sizing the cross-section, and using a skilled arrangement of reinforcement, including hooks on the ends of ties to prevent their opening.
This city in the 19th century was characterized by startling contrasts, with new affluent development occurring alongside horribly overcrowded slums where people lived in the worst conditions. The rapid population growth far exceeded the city's ability to provide basic services for its residents. The city's air was heavy and foul-smelling due to immense amounts of raw sewage being dumped straight into the river.
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
Thermal insulation materials and methods are used to reduce heat transfer between environments of different temperatures. Insulation works by inhibiting conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. Common insulating materials create air pockets that provide thermal resistance. Proper building insulation can significantly reduce heating and cooling costs by maintaining comfortable interior temperatures while preventing exterior temperature fluctuations. The R-value quantifies a material's thermal resistance and insulation effectiveness.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
This document provides an overview of finishing materials for interior spaces, including categories, characteristics, and selection considerations. It discusses floor, wall, ceiling, and sourcing materials. Floor finishes include stone, wood, and metal. Wall finishes range from cement textures to translucent paints to mosaics. Ceiling finishes are also discussed. Sourcing materials involves finding inspirational options from specialist suppliers that align with the design concept. Practical considerations must be balanced with aesthetic goals.
This document reviews the feasibility of using modular construction techniques for hotel, housing, and worker accommodation developments. Modular construction involves factory production of prefabricated rooms or units that are assembled on site. Key benefits include short construction time, high quality control, reliable timescales, and price certainty. Modular construction works best for repetitive building types, where scheduling is tight, and quality is important. It can provide durable buildings with acoustic and thermal insulation that meet building regulations.
This document summarizes a green building workshop hosted by HUD's Office of Native American Programs. It discusses how green building practices can increase energy and water efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and improve indoor air quality. Examples of green building strategies presented included energy-efficient appliances and building envelopes, renewable energy systems, sustainable building materials, water conservation, and construction waste management. Data showed that green building approaches can help control rising energy costs and address environmental hazards in existing housing. The workshop provided lessons on applying green development practices and next steps to promote these techniques in HUD programs.
A smart commercial building uses advanced IoT sensors to collect data from building functions and subsystems. This data is integrated into a Building Management System (BMS) that building operators can use to automate, control, and optimize building performance. Some key benefits of smart commercial buildings include improved energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and better tenant experiences through use cases like HVAC, lighting, security, and maintenance management. However, transforming older buildings and optimizing existing smart buildings presents challenges related to data integration across different systems and ensuring reliable connectivity.
Membrane Structure
spatial structures made out of tensioned membranes.
Membranes are also used as non-structural cladding
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
ANTICLASTIC AND SYNCLASTIC
FOR MOMENT STRESS:
ANTICLASTIC – A FORM IN WHICH
TWO DOMINANT AXES CURVE IN
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
SYNCLASTIC – TWO DOMINANT
CURVES BOTH MOVE IN THE SAME
DIRECTION
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
System Components Envelope
• They can be made up of different materials.
• Cannot be used as one continuous material.
• Material are seamed together by sealing, heatbonding or mechanical jointing.
System Components Cable System
• They act as the supporting system.
• They experience tension force due to the upwardforce of the air.
• Can be placed in one or two directions to create anetwork and for better stability.
• They do not fail since they are pulled tightenough to absorb the external loads.
System Components
Pumping Equipment
• It is used to supply and maintain internal pressure inside the structure.
• Fans, blowers or compressors are used for constant supply of air.
• The amount of air required depends on the weight of the material and the wind pressure.
System Components Entrance Doors
• Doors can be ordinary doors or airlocks.
•Airlock minimize the chances of having an unevenly pressurized environment.
System Components Foundations
•Pneumatic structures are secured to ground using heavy weights, ground anchors or attached to a foundation.
•Weight of the material and the wind loads are used to determine the most appropriate anchoring system.
1. Pneumatic Structure
2 Types of Structures
Air Supported Structures
-They have air higher than the atmospheric pressure supporting the envelope.
-Air locks or revolving doors help to maintain the internal pressure.
-These systems are provided with low pressure air; hence have to be provided with continuous supply of air. -They are either anchored to the ground or to a wall so that leakage is prevented.
-They have relative low cost and they can be installed easily.
1. Pneumatic Structure
Air Infalted Structures
-Supporting frames consis
ROOFING it is one of the important thing in the building and every building includes a type of roof. and the type of roof is being chooses according to several conditions
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
Green building - Introduction & general ideasSanjay Kashyap
This presentation gives you a brief introduction & general idea about green buildings. Though lot more issues could've been put in the show, I just didn't want to overload with contents... I'll refine this presentation in a few days time & a newer version of this presentation will be ready...
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
This document discusses site analysis for architectural design. It explains that interior and architectural designs require an understanding of the physical site or context. Site analysis involves both qualitative and quantitative study of the dimensions, climate, demographics, history, activities, colors, materials, construction details, furnishings, and services of a location. Proper site analysis is important for relating the design process to the specific characteristics and evolution of a place over time. The document concludes by outlining an assignment for students to conduct site analysis of a city and create a poster or DVD cover presenting their findings.
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Constructed of 603 glass rhombus and 70 triangular segments, the 20.6 meter tall pyramid and underground lobby were designed to better handle the museum's large visitor numbers. Visitors enter through the pyramid and descend into the spacious lobby before re-ascending into the Louvre buildings. The pyramid was constructed simultaneously with subterranean levels, presenting construction challenges. During building, abandoned rooms containing historical items were incorporated into the structure. The pyramid entrance opened in 1989 and has since become a Parisian landmark.
The document discusses various earth-based building materials and techniques. It provides details on analyzing soil composition through various tests. Mud construction materials like cob, rammed earth, adobe, and stabilized mud bricks are explained. Cob involves shaping mud into egg-shaped masses and stacking them without forms. Rammed earth uses a form to compress damp soil mixtures into solid walls. Adobe involves shaping soil-straw mixtures into bricks that are sun-dried. Indigenous stabilizers like straw and plant juices can be used to improve soil properties for construction.
This document discusses embodied energy of building materials. It defines embodied energy as the total energy required for a product's life cycle from extraction of raw materials through manufacturing, transportation, installation, use and disposal. It then examines how embodied energy is distributed in building construction sectors in the US. The document also describes an embodied energy calculator tool called Mbod-E and provides two case studies of its use in evaluating material selection for Cannon Design offices in Chicago and Washington D.C., allowing comparisons between the embodied energy of choices. It concludes that considering embodied energy alongside operational energy can help the building industry reduce its environmental impact.
Relazione Prove di Laboratorio Meccanica SperimentalePieroEro
RELAZIONI TECNICHE DI LABORATORIO:
- Analisi sollecitazioni e deformazioni di un sistema trave;
- Analisi tensione residue in uno stato tensionale piano;
- Valutazione difetti tramite tecniche termografiche.
This city in the 19th century was characterized by startling contrasts, with new affluent development occurring alongside horribly overcrowded slums where people lived in the worst conditions. The rapid population growth far exceeded the city's ability to provide basic services for its residents. The city's air was heavy and foul-smelling due to immense amounts of raw sewage being dumped straight into the river.
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
Thermal insulation materials and methods are used to reduce heat transfer between environments of different temperatures. Insulation works by inhibiting conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. Common insulating materials create air pockets that provide thermal resistance. Proper building insulation can significantly reduce heating and cooling costs by maintaining comfortable interior temperatures while preventing exterior temperature fluctuations. The R-value quantifies a material's thermal resistance and insulation effectiveness.
roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.
Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind.
This document provides an overview of finishing materials for interior spaces, including categories, characteristics, and selection considerations. It discusses floor, wall, ceiling, and sourcing materials. Floor finishes include stone, wood, and metal. Wall finishes range from cement textures to translucent paints to mosaics. Ceiling finishes are also discussed. Sourcing materials involves finding inspirational options from specialist suppliers that align with the design concept. Practical considerations must be balanced with aesthetic goals.
This document reviews the feasibility of using modular construction techniques for hotel, housing, and worker accommodation developments. Modular construction involves factory production of prefabricated rooms or units that are assembled on site. Key benefits include short construction time, high quality control, reliable timescales, and price certainty. Modular construction works best for repetitive building types, where scheduling is tight, and quality is important. It can provide durable buildings with acoustic and thermal insulation that meet building regulations.
This document summarizes a green building workshop hosted by HUD's Office of Native American Programs. It discusses how green building practices can increase energy and water efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and improve indoor air quality. Examples of green building strategies presented included energy-efficient appliances and building envelopes, renewable energy systems, sustainable building materials, water conservation, and construction waste management. Data showed that green building approaches can help control rising energy costs and address environmental hazards in existing housing. The workshop provided lessons on applying green development practices and next steps to promote these techniques in HUD programs.
A smart commercial building uses advanced IoT sensors to collect data from building functions and subsystems. This data is integrated into a Building Management System (BMS) that building operators can use to automate, control, and optimize building performance. Some key benefits of smart commercial buildings include improved energy efficiency, lower operating costs, and better tenant experiences through use cases like HVAC, lighting, security, and maintenance management. However, transforming older buildings and optimizing existing smart buildings presents challenges related to data integration across different systems and ensuring reliable connectivity.
Membrane Structure
spatial structures made out of tensioned membranes.
Membranes are also used as non-structural cladding
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
ANTICLASTIC AND SYNCLASTIC
FOR MOMENT STRESS:
ANTICLASTIC – A FORM IN WHICH
TWO DOMINANT AXES CURVE IN
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
SYNCLASTIC – TWO DOMINANT
CURVES BOTH MOVE IN THE SAME
DIRECTION
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
1. Pneumatic Structure
An air-supported (or air-inflated) structure is any building that derives its structural integrity from the use of internal pressurized air.
In practice, any inflated surface involves a double curvature.
Therefore, the most common shapes for air-supported structures are hemispheres, ovals, and half cylinders
Membrane can support both tension and compression and thus withstand bending moment.
System Components Envelope
• They can be made up of different materials.
• Cannot be used as one continuous material.
• Material are seamed together by sealing, heatbonding or mechanical jointing.
System Components Cable System
• They act as the supporting system.
• They experience tension force due to the upwardforce of the air.
• Can be placed in one or two directions to create anetwork and for better stability.
• They do not fail since they are pulled tightenough to absorb the external loads.
System Components
Pumping Equipment
• It is used to supply and maintain internal pressure inside the structure.
• Fans, blowers or compressors are used for constant supply of air.
• The amount of air required depends on the weight of the material and the wind pressure.
System Components Entrance Doors
• Doors can be ordinary doors or airlocks.
•Airlock minimize the chances of having an unevenly pressurized environment.
System Components Foundations
•Pneumatic structures are secured to ground using heavy weights, ground anchors or attached to a foundation.
•Weight of the material and the wind loads are used to determine the most appropriate anchoring system.
1. Pneumatic Structure
2 Types of Structures
Air Supported Structures
-They have air higher than the atmospheric pressure supporting the envelope.
-Air locks or revolving doors help to maintain the internal pressure.
-These systems are provided with low pressure air; hence have to be provided with continuous supply of air. -They are either anchored to the ground or to a wall so that leakage is prevented.
-They have relative low cost and they can be installed easily.
1. Pneumatic Structure
Air Infalted Structures
-Supporting frames consis
ROOFING it is one of the important thing in the building and every building includes a type of roof. and the type of roof is being chooses according to several conditions
This document provides a summary of a class lecture on masonry structures. It discusses the historical use of masonry in ancient civilizations and architectural styles. It also covers topics related to the properties and structural behavior of masonry, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the strength of unreinforced masonry bearing walls. Code specifications from the UBC and MSJC for determining masonry strength are presented.
Green building - Introduction & general ideasSanjay Kashyap
This presentation gives you a brief introduction & general idea about green buildings. Though lot more issues could've been put in the show, I just didn't want to overload with contents... I'll refine this presentation in a few days time & a newer version of this presentation will be ready...
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Basics of earthquake & structural and non structural guidelines for building ...Bhasker Vijaykumar Bhatt
The presentation covers the scenario post a hazard of Earthquake turned into a disaster. Further, it includes the basic terminology, dynamics of EQ event, and suggests remedial practices for structural and non-structural elements of a building. Purpose the compilation is to sensitize learners.
This document discusses site analysis for architectural design. It explains that interior and architectural designs require an understanding of the physical site or context. Site analysis involves both qualitative and quantitative study of the dimensions, climate, demographics, history, activities, colors, materials, construction details, furnishings, and services of a location. Proper site analysis is important for relating the design process to the specific characteristics and evolution of a place over time. The document concludes by outlining an assignment for students to conduct site analysis of a city and create a poster or DVD cover presenting their findings.
The Louvre Pyramid in Paris serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Constructed of 603 glass rhombus and 70 triangular segments, the 20.6 meter tall pyramid and underground lobby were designed to better handle the museum's large visitor numbers. Visitors enter through the pyramid and descend into the spacious lobby before re-ascending into the Louvre buildings. The pyramid was constructed simultaneously with subterranean levels, presenting construction challenges. During building, abandoned rooms containing historical items were incorporated into the structure. The pyramid entrance opened in 1989 and has since become a Parisian landmark.
The document discusses various earth-based building materials and techniques. It provides details on analyzing soil composition through various tests. Mud construction materials like cob, rammed earth, adobe, and stabilized mud bricks are explained. Cob involves shaping mud into egg-shaped masses and stacking them without forms. Rammed earth uses a form to compress damp soil mixtures into solid walls. Adobe involves shaping soil-straw mixtures into bricks that are sun-dried. Indigenous stabilizers like straw and plant juices can be used to improve soil properties for construction.
This document discusses embodied energy of building materials. It defines embodied energy as the total energy required for a product's life cycle from extraction of raw materials through manufacturing, transportation, installation, use and disposal. It then examines how embodied energy is distributed in building construction sectors in the US. The document also describes an embodied energy calculator tool called Mbod-E and provides two case studies of its use in evaluating material selection for Cannon Design offices in Chicago and Washington D.C., allowing comparisons between the embodied energy of choices. It concludes that considering embodied energy alongside operational energy can help the building industry reduce its environmental impact.
Relazione Prove di Laboratorio Meccanica SperimentalePieroEro
RELAZIONI TECNICHE DI LABORATORIO:
- Analisi sollecitazioni e deformazioni di un sistema trave;
- Analisi tensione residue in uno stato tensionale piano;
- Valutazione difetti tramite tecniche termografiche.
Validazione di sistemi di continuità per strutture prefabbricateFranco Bontempi
Il presente lavoro raccoglie parte degli studi sperimentali e numerici atti a validare il sistema di connessione sismo-resistente (“Connessione di Continuità RS”) brevettato da B.S. Italia. Tale sistema di connessione è stato progettato per il trasferimento diretto delle forze tra barre di armatura,
realizzando una perfetta emulazione di una struttura gettata in opera. La validazione ha coinvolto un’estesa campagna sperimentale sia per investigare il comportamento locale del sistema di connessione,
sia per riprodurre il comportamento globale dei manufatti collegati. Si è poi previsto che ogni analisi sperimentale abbia la sua interpretazione numerica, in modo da validare e anche di generalizzare il comportamento meccanico a casi non testati sperimentalmente. In questo lavoro, dopo una panoramica sul sistema costruttivo di B.S. Italia saranno evidenziate le analisi eseguite su di una colonna di
dimensioni 50 x 50 cm alta 5 m e su di un nodo di collegamento trave colonna.
Analisi tridimensionale di pile da ponte a doppia lama.Franco Bontempi
Giornate AICAP 2002
La pila da ponte a doppia lama è formata da due parti con caratteristiche geometriche e meccaniche molto diverse tra
loro. La prima parte è costituita da un cassone chiuso, molto rigido; la seconda, superiore, è composta da due lame
flessibili collegate rigidamente in sommità. Analizzando la struttura nella sua tridimensionalità, si vuole porre in rilievo
alcuni comportamenti che un’analisi più semplice non è in grado di cogliere.
I. Electronic properties of nanomaterials.
Physics of inorganic nanostructures: Band structure engineering, quantum confinement, quantum wells/wires/dots, electronic states, energy levels and density of states, selected experimental results on characterization (STS, WF mapping, optical spectroscopy) and applications (lasers, single photon sources, single electron transistors).
Physics of organic nanosystems: Carbon nanostructures (nanotubes, fullerenes and graphene: band structure, Dirac Points, electronic properties, Raman spectra, electronic transport, Klein tunneling and applications), charge transport in conductive polymers and organic semiconductors.
2. OUTLINE
1) Il luogo e il programma
2) I riferimenti
3) Le strutture tensegrity
4) Il processo di morfogenesi
5) Il progetto
6) Lo sviluppo strutturale finale
5. Programma Eurovelo
Ciclostrada da Cadice ad Atene e dal Nord Europa a Malta: incrocio a Piacenza
Studi di fattibilità propongono lo spostamento del tracciato che collega Lugano e Milano. Dalla
Brianza si scende verso Galliate, da qui si raggiunge Milano e sfruttando la rete del Canale
Cavour, si aggiunge il collegamento con Torino.
10. Rapporto con l’alveo
I temi del progetto
Il Sesia è un fiume a regime fortemente torrentizio,
soggetto a piene improvvise
11. Rapporto fra le Infrastrutture
Sito eccezionale nel suo genere, denso di infrastrutture. C’è
la necessità di aggiungere una quarta opera, che dovrà
arricchire il nodo e valorizzare il territorio, interagendo con
ciò che la circonda
12. Mobilità lenta a compensazione della mobilità
veloce
L’opera avrà un ruolo di compensazione e riappropriazione.
Ci si dovrà approcciare al progetto con una dignità pari a
quella delle altre opere
Il progetto dovrà permettere alla mobilità lenta di trovare
e riscoprire un territorio separato dai tracciati
infrastrutturali della mobilità veloce
Dignità Infrastruttura lenta
13. Il Percorso Protetto
Peace bridge, Santiago Calatrava, Calgary,
2012
Pedestrian bridge La Roche-sur-Yon, Bernard
Tschumi, La Roche-sur-Yon, 2010
Il tema sposta l’attenzione dallo sviluppo di una
superficie lineare verso una più complessa, che
permette la protezione dell’utente
23. Il tensegrity è un sistema discontinuo di
elementi compressi immersi in un
continuum teso, in condizione di
autoequilibrio stabile”
R. Motrò
Easy K, Kenneth Snelson, Arnhem, 1970
28. I puntoni non si toccano
mai tra di loro e restano
sospesi nel vuoto
I puntoni devono essere
vincolati nei nodi da non
meno di 3 cavi
Le funi hanno rigidezza
propria nulla
I puntoni hanno rigidezza
propria
La stabilità del sistema è
data dal pretensionamento
delle funi
30. Stato di auto-equilibrio significa che la struttura, prima ancora di essere
soggetta a qualsiasi carico esterno compreso il peso proprio, deve
venire pre-sollecitata per essere stabile e mantenere la sua forma.
Ricerca dello Stato di Autoequilibrio per via
Computazionale
Questa procedura è analoga alla ricerca dello “Stato 0” nelle Tensostrutture (V.
Majowiecki)
Per assumere una Configurazione Stabile (Auto-equilibrio) necessitano
di una Procedura di Form Finding per determinarne la presollecitazione
e la geometria finale.
31. Principali Procedure di Form Finding
- Force Density Method
- Metodo del Rilassamento Dinamico
- Metodo delle Coordinate Ridotte
- Metodao Energetico
Non c’è una Procedura consolidata
33. Force Density Method
Il metodo della densità di sforzo è stato introdotto
nel 1972 da Linkwitz e Schek
Il Force Density Method permette di risolvere il
Problema non lineare della ricerca dello stato di
autoequilibrio in modo semplificato grazie
all’utilizzo di un sistema di equazioni lineari
Determinazione dell’equilibrio nel nodo (i) tra
forze interne e forze esterne
N1, N2, N3 ed N4 rappresentano gli sforzi assiali, positivi se uscenti dal nodo
n1 , n2 , n3 , ed n4 rappresentano i versori
34. Force Density Method
Equazioni scalari ottenute proiettando l’equazione precedente
nel sistema di riferimento x, y e z
dove LI sono le lunghezze attuali dei tratti che collegano il nodo I agli altri nodi
mentre PI sono le componenti del carico P nel sistema di riferimento
Scrivendo le equazioni per tutti gli N nodi si ottiene un sistema di
3XN equazioni che definiscono le condizioni di equilibrio dell’intero
sistema.
le incognite sono:
- le coordinate dei nodi e la lunghezza delle aste
- i valori degli sforzi assiali nei diversi tratti di fune.
35. Force Density Method
L’idea di Linkwitz e Schek consiste nell’assumere costanti e noti i valori dei
rapporti qk = Nk /Lk, con Nk lo sforzo assiale e Lk la lunghezza del tratto di
fune k-esimo
pertanto il sistema precedente si può scrivere come:
Si ottiene così un sistema di 3XN equazioni lineari, risolvibile facilmente
per via numerica
Fattore di Densità qk = Nk /Lk
36. Algoritmo di Form Findaing con
Kangaroo(Grasshopper)
Grasshopper: plug-in per la programmazione grafica di algoritmi
interno a Rhinoceros
Kangaroo: simulatore fisico in tempo reale, interno a Grasshopper
Parametri
Forza gravità
Peso Proprio
Tensioni nei cavi
Geometria da
analizzare
Input Output
Geometria
analizzata
Motore di calcolo
Caratteristiche
Fisiche elementi
38. Modello prima dell’analisi
Modello analizzato
Risultato dell’analisi FEM
Definizione della
geometria iniziale
Assegnazione della
tipologia di elemento bar
Definizione dei vincoli
Assegnazione dello
stesso fattore di force
density a tuttu gli
elementi tesi
Ottenimento
dell’autoequilibrio
Esecuzione del Form
Finding
Motore di Form Finding di Oasys GSA basato sul FDM
39. Definizione della geometria
desiderata
Assegnazione della tipologia di
elemento bar e delle condizioni
di vincolo
Analisi statico-lineare,
applicando degli spostamenti
alla struttura
Dalle tensioni risultanti si ricava il
fattore di force density che è
diverso per ogni cavo
Ottenimento dell’autoequilibrio
con una forma vicina a quella
desiderata
Assegnazione della tipologia di
elemento bar
Assegnazione fattori di force
density ricavati dall’analisi statica
Definizione della geometria
desiderata
Esecuzione Form Finding
Modello prima dell’analisi
Ottenimento del fattore di densità
Modello dopo il form finding
44. Grazie ad un algoritmo basato sui principi base dei sistemi
tensegrity (creato con grasshopper) si è potuto digitalizzare la
struttura
PARTAMETRIZZAZIONE DEL
PROGETTO
54. Carichi Applicati alla Struttura
Sovraccarichi Permanenti Strutturali
Pretensione Necessaria all’auto-equilibrio
Carichi Variabili Dovuti alla Folla qfk
Sovraccarichi Permanenti non Strutturali
Secondo l’eurocodice il carico dovuto alla folla per luci maggiori a 10m viene
ridotto secondo la seguente formula
qfk = 5 kN/m2 Lsj è la luce della singola campata in m
Carichi Variabili orizzontali Dovuti alla Folla in movimento Qfk
Qfk=10% qfk
Campata a 117m - Campata b 78m
55. Stato Limite di Esercizio
Stato Limite Ultimo Combinazione 1
Stato Limite Ultimo Combinazione 2
Combinazioni di Carico agli Stati Limite
L’espressione per combinare le azioni di progetto è la seguente:
γG,j coefficiente moltiplicativo delle azioni permanenti
γG,j = 1,35 se l’azione permanente è sfavorevole
γG,j = 1,00 se l’azione permanente è favorevole
Gk,j valore caratteristico della j–esima azione
permanente.
γQ,i= coefficiente moltiplicativo delle azioni variabili
56. Stato Limite di Esercizio
Distribuzione degli Sforzi Assiali nelle Aste
Stato Limite Ultimo Combinazione 1
Stato Limite Ultimo Combinazione 2
Deformata dovuta allo Stato Limite di Esercizio
fa = 61,2 cm < 1/200 l
fb = 36,1 cm < 1/200 l
Gli abbasamenti della struttura
risultano essere accettabili, sono
inferiore al duecentesimo della luce
58. Il dimensionamento degli elementi
Funi in Acciaio ad Alta Resistenza
fy = 2.160 N/mm2
Modulo Elastico E = 210.000 N/
mm2
Ogni elemento è soggetto solamente a Sforzo Normale di
trazione
La Fune più sollecitata è soggetta ad
uno Sforzo Normale di
1.691 KN
γM0 = 1,05
D= 42 mm
d= 1,9 mm
A= 8,12 Kg/m
R= 1710 KN
I Cavi che compongono il ponte hanno
una sezione che varia dai 42mm ai
15mm. Abbiamo adottato sei diametri
differenti
59. Il dimensionamento degli elementi
Puntoni in Acciaio S450
Resistenza a Snervamento fy = 440 N/mm2
Modulo Elastico E = 210.000 N/mm2
Ogni elemento è soggetto solamente a Sforzo Normale di
Compressione
Il Puntone più sollecitata è soggetta ad
uno Sforzo Normale di -920,2 KN e
lungo 18,5m
γM0 = 1,05
D= 340 mm
s= 20 mm
A= 20.106 mm2
J= 258.364.580 mm4
I Puntoni che compongono la passerella
hanno una sezione che varia dai
340mm e spessore 20mm, a 180mm e
spessore 10mm
Negli elementi compressi è inoltre necessario
effettuare le veerifiche per il Carico di Punta
