Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
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surgicalmxofotosclerosis-191105164030.pptx
1. ⢠Dr. SANJAY MAHARJAN
⢠PG, ENT â HNS
⢠MCOMS, Pokhara.
Surgical treatment of
otosclerosis
2. History :
⢠Surgery for otosclerosis has developed through three
distinct eras:
1) The mobilization era
2) The fenestration era
3) The stapedectomy era
3. ⢠THE MOBILIZATION ERA:
ďIn 1842, Prosper Meneire first reported mobilization of
stapes
ďIn late 1800s, Kessel attempted stapes mobilization without
ossicular reconstruction
ďIn 1891, Jack left oval window open after removing stapes
ďSeveral french otolaryngologists performed mobilization of
stapes, including Boucheron And Miot
ďAdam Politzer, Siebenmann And Moure, declared that stapes
surgery was useless, dangerous and unethical at 6th
international Otology Congress in London
4. ⢠THE FENESTRATION ERA :
ďIn 1897, Passov suggested promontory fenestration
ďIn 1899, Floderus suggested opening of vestibular labyrinth
ďIn 1913, Jenkins in London described this as fenestration of
lateral semicircular canal
ďIn 1920s, Nylen in Sweden was first to use microscope for ear
surgery
ďIn 1923, With advent of operating microscope, fenestration
era began
5. ďGunnar Holmgren (Father of fenestration surgery); created
fistula in lateral semicircular canal and sealed it immediately
with periosteum
ďPopularized during 1930âs by Sourdille in France (developed
three stage technique)
ďJulius Lempert in New York developed One-stage technique
for horizontal semicircular canal fenestration
6. ⢠THE STAPEDECTOMY ERA:
ďStarted prior to end of fenestration era
ďIn 1952, Samuel Rosen from New York, tested mobility of
stapes using transcanal approach before semicircular canal
fenestration
ďOn 1st May 1956 John Shea Jr., in collaboration with Treace,
an engineer, created stapes prosthesis made of Teflon & used
it for first time
ďIn 1960s, Plester suggested technique of partial
stapedectomy in which only posterior third of foot plate was
removed
7. ďIn 1961, the piston concept was introduced in which a cup or
piston prosthesis was used with connective tissue graft of
vein to seal oval window
ďIn 1962, Shea et al and Marquet and Martin made small
opening in middle of footplate into which prosthesis piston
fitted exactly
ďThis initiated era of âstapedotomyâ which has continued till
present time
ďReverse Stapedotomy was popularized by Fisch and involved
insertion of a prosthesis before removal of suprastructure of
stapes
8. INDICATIONS :
⢠An air-bone gap of 25 dB or more at frequencies of 250 Hz to
1 kHz and a negative Rinne at 512 Hz are considered to be
good indicators
⢠In cases of bilateral involvement, worse hearing ear is usually
operated first
9. CONTRAINDICATIONS:
⢠ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. Only hearing ear
2. Active middle ear or external ear
infections
3. When otosclerotic patient presents
with symptoms of hydrops and has
vertigo and tinnitus
4. Severe middle ear atelectasis
10. ⢠RELATIVE CONTRAINDICATIONS:
1. Unfit for GA
2. When patient presents positive Schwartz sign
3. Pregnancy
4. Whose professional activities put them at risk, such as
boxers, professional wrestlers, and those who indulge in
severe physical strain
11. PREOPERATIVE COUNSELING :
⢠Should be informed about
amplification as alternative
mode for improved hearing
⢠Informed consent must
include description of
procedure and discussion of
all potential risks:
12. a) Failure of procedure to correct conductive component of
hearing loss
b) Partial or complete SNHL (occurs in approximately 1% )
c) Vestibular disturbances
d) Perforation of tympanic membrane
e) Facial nerve injury
f) Development of Perilymphatic fistula (PLF)
g) Delayed failure after initial good result
h) Disturbance of taste
13. OPERATIVE NOTE :
⢠The operative note must include:
1. Shape and mobility of incus and malleus
2. Presence of otosclerosis, fixation of stapes, patency of
round window
3. Location of and bone covering facial nerve
4. Status of chorda tympani at end of procedure
5. Unusual perilymphatic flow
6. Type and size of prosthesis
14. ANESTHESIA :
⢠Choice of anesthesia depends on patient's and surgeon's
preferences and nature of surgery planned
A. Local anesthesia; saves time
⢠Intraoperative patient reports of vestibular stimulation may
be used as safety measure to prevent excessive inner ear
irritation
B. General anesthesia;
⢠provides assurance against pain and head movement
17. ⢠Transcanal approach
⢠Dotted line represents canal
incision of tympanomeatal
flap
⢠Flap is longer superiorly to
cover scutectomy defect
⢠For flap to properly fold on
itself exposing posterior
superior quadrant it is best
to carry incision slightly
beyond malleus
18. ⢠Using twisting motion
incision is created with
circular knife
⢠Tunnel is created under the
âvascular strip,â
19. ⢠Flap is raised to the level of
tympanic annulus
⢠To avoid disturbance to
ossicles middle ear is first
entered inferiorly
⢠Bony prominence is often
encountered slightly lateral
to tympanic membrane level
20. ⢠Continuous pressure with
knife against bony canal
should be maintained
⢠Tympanic mucosa is lysed
with a curved needle
21. ⢠Using back of annulus elevator, flap pushed against anterior
canal wall where surface tension will adhere it
22. ⢠Elevation of annulus
superiorly done with curved
needle
⢠chorda tympani nerve
identified and dissected free
⢠Elevation needs to be carried
superiorly until flap is free
from notch of Rivinus
23. ⢠Scutum has to be removed
to provide full access to oval
window
⢠Done with either a curette
or microdrill or combination
24. ⢠Curette is firmly braced
against speculum to create a
fulcrum effect
⢠Motion is rotational and
outward, inward leads to
incus dislocation
⢠Considerable force is needed
to fracture pieces of bone
25. ⢠Curetting is complete
when facial nerve is in
full view superiorly and
junction of stapes
tendon and pyramid are
visible posteriorly
26. ⢠It is important to have
sufficient room to bring
instruments into action from
superior, posterior, and
inferior directions
28. ⢠For sizing of prosthesis,
measuring done from lateral
aspect of incus to footplate
⢠To achieve proper angle,
instrument shaft has to lean
on anterior wall of speculum
⢠Correct measurement is
between center and
posterior third of footplate
⢠4.5 mm in majority of cases
29.
30. ⢠Slight outward pressure on incus
with incudostapedial joint knife
demonstrates thin gray line of
joint
⢠Joint is cut with gentle
âwormingâ motion in anterior
direction
⢠gentle outward lifting of incus is
best while strictly avoiding
downward pressure on stapes
capitulum
34. ⢠Removal of stapes
superstructure through down
fracture toward promontory
⢠Should always be conducted
away from facial nerve
⢠Curved needle should contact
both crura, but preferentially
apply force to anterior crus
⢠Excessive pressure on posterior
crus will potentially lead to
transverse footplate fracture
35.
36. ⢠Creation of small fenestra
stapedotomy with diamond
burr
⢠Slightly larger than intended
prosthesis (eg: 0.7 mm for 0.6-
mm piston)
⢠Quick, subtle inward drilling
motion with goal of having burr
penetrate to its meridian (ie:
widest point) and not beyond
37.
38. ⢠Optimal position of fenestra
is in posterior central region
of footplate as vestibule is
deepest in this region
⢠Contact with footplate
should be brief
⢠This procedure is delicate
and potentially dangerous, a
mere extra 1 mm of
penetration can kill the ear
39. ⢠Using smooth alligator
prosthesis is seated in
position
⢠It is important to have both
shepherdâs crook engage
incus as well as the piston
the fenestra
⢠If wire misses incus, piston
can penetrate vestibule too
deeply
40.
41. ⢠Crimper must be stabilized
on the wall of speculum
⢠Must be aligned perfectly
with the wire
42.
43.
44.
45. ⢠Once prosthesis is seated
and crimped, its mobility is
tested both by gently
moving either incus or
malleus handle
⢠Shallowly placed prosthesis
will pop out when subjected
to stress
⢠If this occurs, prosthesis is
replaced with one 0.25 mm
longer
46. TOTAL STAPEDECTOMY:
⢠In certain situations, stapedotomy is not possible and
stapedectomy is performed
ďFloating footplate
ďComminuted fracture of footplate
ďFootplate inadvertently removed during suprastructure
dislocation through anterior crus attachment
ďSome revision surgeries
ďWhen instruments required to create small fenestra are
lacking
47. ⢠Gap between prosthesis and oval window opening to
vestibule must be sealed with tissue graft, such as fat
50. LASERS IN OTOSCLEROSIS :
ďźOffer precision
ďźAvoids use of manual mechanical force
ďźOffer excellent hemostasis
⢠These qualities are desirable for:
1. Fenestrating thin footplate with reduced risk of resultant
floating footplate
2. Having the ability to fenestrate mobile footplate
3. Creating fenestra with minimal movement of footplate or
perilymph
51. ⢠TYPES OF LASERS:
⢠Visible green light lasers (argon or potassium titanyl
phosphate [ktp-532])
⢠Invisible or infrared light lasers (Carbon Dioxide, CO2)
52. ⢠ADVANTAGES OF VISIBLE LASERS:
1. Convenience of handheld probe for use of lasers during
surgery
2. Spot size can be chosen accurately
⢠DISADVANTAGES:
1. The visible light lasers depend on char formation
2. Char absorbs laser energy and creates heat
3. The laser energy can pass through either directly or by
scatter and injure neural tissue of utricle or saccule
53. ⢠ADVANTAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE LASERS:
⢠Not absorbed in perilymph, thus potentially reducing risk to
structures within vestibule
⢠DISADVANTAGES:
⢠Need for separate aiming beam
⢠Requirement of microscope-attached delivery system
ďśRecently, special flexible cable developed by OmniGuide
allows CO2 laser beam to be precisely delivered through
handheld probe
58. TYPES OF PROSTHESIS :
1. Robinson prosthesis:
⢠Metal stem prosthesis designed to
fit under lenticular process of incus
⢠Advantage ď does not require
crimping, relatively easy to insert
⢠Self-centering
⢠A narrow stem prosthesis is also
available that can be used for
posterior half footplate removal
59. 2. Causse prosthesis:
⢠Made of teflon and is designed to
attach to long process of incus.
⢠Teflon ring is spread open and
prosthesis is snapped onto incus
⢠Teflon has a long memory and does
not require crimping
⢠Can be adjusted easily
⢠Can be used in small fenestra
stapedectomy
60. 3. Fisch/McGee-type piston prosthesis:
⢠Consists of malleable ribbon-like crook
connected to metal or teflon stem
⢠Crook is attached to long process of
incus and must be crimped into
position.
⢠Distal end of prosthesis is scored ď
checking exact length of prosthesis
that is required easy
⢠Can be used in small fenestra
stapedectomy.
61. 4. House wire prosthesis:
⢠One end is shepherd crook-like
arrangement
⢠At other end is a loop
⢠Crook is attached and crimped to
long process of the incus
⢠Technically more difficult to attach
than other prostheses
⢠Used in total stapedectomy
62. POSTOPERATIVE CARE :
⢠Patients are instructed
ďto keep their ears dry
ďto avoid strenuous physical activities (eg, heavy lifting,
Valsalva maneuvers)
ďto avoid nose blowing, and to sneeze with an open mouth
ďAir travel is permissible a couple of days after operation
ďOral antibiotics are continued for a week
ďAudiometric evaluation is performed after 6 to 8 weeks
64. ⢠Repaired by placement of
tragal perichondrium or
fascia graft
⢠Underlay technique
⢠Small tears in vicinity of
annulus ď closed with piece
of Gelfoam
⢠Small linear tears in canal
skin flap ď typically need no
repair
65. B: SUBLUXATION OF THE INCUS:
⢠During curettage of bony annulus
⢠Separation of incudo-stapedial joint
⢠Manipulation around oval window
⢠Crimping
⢠If disarticulation or complete disruption of joint ď best to
remove incus and use malleus attachment prosthesis
66. C: OVERHANGING FACIAL NERVE:
⢠Can be dehiscent of its covering bone, but usually does not
extend significantly out of fallopian canal
⢠If prolapsed nerve abuts the promontory inferior to oval
window, surgery should not be completed
⢠Drilling small fenestra that includes the inferior aspect of the
annular ligament
⢠Prosthesis must be longer than usual to accommodate
bending inferiorly to avoid the nerve
70. ⢠Fenestration made by saucerizing the obliterated niche and
thinning the obstructing bone
⢠After blue lining the vestibule, with a 0.7-mm diamond burr
72. ⢠It cannot be safely coagulated with bipolar cautery or laser
⢠Often occupies only anterior half of footplate and
fenestration can be completed in the posterior half
73. F. PERILYMPH GUSHERS AND OOZERS:
⢠Incidence ď 0.03%
⢠Flow of cerebrospinal fluid
⢠Oozers ď steady trickle of fluid, associated with persistent
cochlear aqueduct
⢠Gusher ď strong and forceful flow originating from defect
in cribrose area of fundus of internal auditory canal
⢠Rapid drainage of inner ears fluids can threaten
sensorineural hearing
74. ⢠Fenestra is packed with
tissue graft or a cotton
pledget
⢠Placing lumbar drain can be
useful
75. G. FLOATING OR DEPRESSED FOOTPLATE:
⢠Footplate that is irretrievably depressed into vestibule will
almost certainly cause vertigo
⢠Fenestration by laser reduces chances of footplate
disarticulation
⢠Assessing movement of footplate before completing
fracturing and disengaging suprastructure
76. H. OTOSCLEROSIS INVOLVING THE ROUND WINDOW:
⢠Attempts at removing this obstruction have resulted in SNHL
⢠Hence contraindicated
77. POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS:
1. PERILYMPH FISTULA: PLF
⢠Most common single complication of stapedectomy
⢠Potentially dangerous d/to risk of meningitis
⢠May give rise to dysequilibrium and hearing loss
⢠Types:
⢠Primary or early PLF
⢠Secondary or aquired PLF
78. A. PRIMARY OR EARLY PLF :
⢠Occurs when fistula created at time of surgery persists and
fails to seal off vestibule
⢠Use of gelatin sponge (gelfoam) as a seal for oval window
fenestra is associated with high incidence
(1) It may be resorbed before neomembrane has formed
(2) Gelatin sponge will get softened by perilymph and
prosthesis will penetrate through it
(3) Neomembrane that forms with gelatin sponge is very thin
⢠Vein graft shows less incidence
79. ⢠SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
ďVary with size of leak
ďLarge fistulas ď rapid hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo
ďIn early PLF when leak is small ď hearing loss may initially
appear as CdHL and then has sensorineural component and
then progresses to total SnHL
ďMinute fistula ď failure of good closure of an airâbone gap,
mild fluctuation in hearing, and small decrease in speech
discrimination scores
80. B. SECONDARY OR AQUIRED FISTULA :
⢠Usually due to barotrauma, (flying, mountaineering, lifting
heavy objects, coughing, sneezing, and head injury) which
breaks fragile seal
⢠Characteristics symptom ď change of hearing after
successful operation; as/w fullness, tinnitus and
dysequilibrium
⢠Can occur anytime after surgery
81. ⢠MANAGEMENT OF A PERILYMPH FISTULA:
ďSurgical closure of fistula is treatment of choice
ďFistulous track is excised and prosthesis removed with great
care
ďMucosa over footplate is elevated completely
ďFresh soft tissue seal is placed over adequately created
fenestra
ďNew adequate prosthesis is placed over seal
ďPatient is advised total rest in bed for 48 hours
82. 2. CHORDA TYMPANI DYSFUNCTION:
⢠Injury to nerve may result in
a. Hypogeusia and dysgeusia
b. Atrophy of fungiform papillae in denervated area
c. Temporary symptoms, which will improve in course of 3 to
6 months
83. 3. FACIAL PALSY:
⢠Immediate facial paralysis is related to local anesthesia or
intraoperative trauma to the nerve
⢠Can be damaged by
a. Bone curette or drill during removal of bony annulus
b. By fracturing stapes toward nerve rather than toward
promontory
c. By injuring anomalous nerve
84. 4. VERTIGO:
⢠Vertigo may appear during surgery, immediately following it,
or in a delayed manner
⢠During surgery ď insult to membranous labyrinth or may be
result of air entering vestibule
⢠Pneumolabyrinth generally resolves in 24 to 48 h
⢠Blood causes chemical irritation and resolves in days
⢠Vertigo extending beyond that time suggests more serious
insult to inner ear and is often associated with SNHL
⢠Delayed vertigo can be result of BPPV or PLF
85. 5. REPARATIVE GRANULOMA:
⢠Mass of exuberant granulation tissue developing in reaction
to surgery, foreign body or to perilymph
⢠Manifests in 5th to 15th POD
⢠Symptoms and signs of labyrinthitis appear after an early
period of hearing gain
⢠Otoscopy reveals edema, thickening, and hyperemia of skin
flaps and tympanic membrane
⢠Immediate reexploration; granulation tissue and prosthesis
are removed, and fenestra is sealed with tissue graft
⢠Steroids may be useful
86. 6. SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS:
⢠Slight transient SnHL immediately ď common occurrence
and d/to mild serous labyrinthitis
⢠Permanent SNHL can occur immediately following surgery or
appear weeks or months after
⢠Early loss, especially at high tones ď surgical trauma
⢠Delayed SNHL ď PLF
⢠Delayed fluctuating low-frequency loss ď post-traumatic
hydrops
⢠Up to 1% of patients suffer partial or even complete SNHL
87. 7. CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS:
⢠Can appear immediately or more commonly delayed after
initial good result
⢠Common reasons for immediate conductive loss:
(1) Malfunctioning prosthesis, eg: one that is too short
(2) Unrecognized malleus fixation
(3) Unrecognized round window obliteration
(4) Middle ear effusion, and
(5) Presence of unrecognized SSCD
88. ⢠CdHL after good initial closure
or reduction of airbone gap
1. Erosion of incus at site of
prosthesis attachment (64%)
2. Malpositioned prosthesis
(41%)
3. Bony (14%) or fibrous
regrowth at oval window
area
4. Round window obliteration
(23 %)
89. SUMMARY:
⢠Surgery for otosclerosis requires specific acquired skills
⢠Most common procedure to correct stapedial fixation is
small fenestra stapedotomy with incus attachment
prosthesis
⢠Successful surgery reduces air-bone gaps to less than 10 db
and is achieved in 90% of patients
⢠Noteworthy complications include SNHL(1%), chorda tympani
nerve dysfunction, and vestibular injury
⢠Revision surgery associated with lower success rates and
slightly higher complication rates
90. REFERENCES:
⢠Shambaugh - Ear surgery 6th edn
⢠Scott â Browns otolaryngology 6th edn
⢠De Souza â Otosclerosis
⢠Evolution of Stapes Surgery, P Karthikeyan, D Thomas