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Supporting your ideas
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- 3. Examples An example isa specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, and experiences.
- 4. Brief examples Also called specific instances Maybe referred to in passing May be piled one upon the other for effect
- 5. Extended examples A story, narrativeor anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
- 6. Hypothetical examples An example that describesan imaginary or fictitious situation. Usually are brief stories that relate a general principle.
- 7. Tips for using examples To clarifyyour ideas To reinforce your ideas To personalize your ideas
- 8. More tips Make yourexamples vivid and richly textured. Practice delivery to enhance your examples.
- 9. Statistics “When youcan measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it. But when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is . . . Meager and unsatisfactory.” Lord Kelvin 19th-century physicist
- 10. Statistics Often cited inpassing like brief examples Can show the magnitude or seriousness of an issue
- 11. Understanding statistics Numbers don’tlie – but they can be distorted and manipulated. The cheetah, clocked at 70 miles per hour, is the fastest animal in the world. The pronghorn antelope, clocked at 61 miles per hours, is the fastest animal in the world.
- 12. Understanding statistics While both statisticsin the slide you just read are accurate, neither animal is the fastest. The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest bird, and also the fastest animal in the world, capable of reaching speeds of 200 miles per hour.
- 13. Money matters 1940 In 1940, President FranklinD. Roosevelt earned a salary of $75,000. 1972 In 1972, President Richard Nixon earned a salary of $200,000 2014 In 2014, President BarackObama earned a salary of $400,000 • Which president was paid the most money?
- 14. Consumer Price Index Inorder to compare dollars, the Consumer Price Index lets us gauge the value of the dollar in any given year versus the purchasing power in 1972.
- 15. Consumer Price Index applied In1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt earned a salary of $192,000 In 1972, President Richard Nixon earned a salary of $200,000 In 2014, President Barack Obama earned a salary of $78,000.
- 16. Are the statistics representative Thebigger the same size, the more representative the statistic. Make sure your statistics are representative of what they claim to measure.
- 17. Statistical measures Mean: the averagevalue of a group of numbers. Median:The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest. Mode:The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
- 18. Tips for using statistics To quantifyyour ideas Use them sparingly – they can put an audience to sleep Identify the sources of your statistics Explain your statistics
- 19. Visual aids Toclarify your statistics, use visual aids Consider whether a visual aid will enhance the clarity and impact of the statistics. Charts and graphs are the most common visual aids for presenting statistics.
- 20. Testimony Quotations ofparaphrases used to support an idea. Expert testimony – recognized experts in their fields. Peer testimony – ordinary people with firsthand experience on insight on a topic.
- 21. Expert testimony In most cases,you will rely on expert testimony. It’s even more important if the subject of the speech is controversial. Used when the audience is skeptical of the speaker’s point of view.
- 22. Peer testimony Using ordinarypeople with firsthand experience gives a more personal viewpoint on issues than can be gained from expert testimony.
- 23. Quoting vs. paraphrasing Direct quotation– testimony that is presented word for word. Paraphrase – to relate or summarize a source’s ideas in one’s own words.
- 24. Quotations Most effective whenbrief and they convey your meaning better than you can. When they are particularly eloquent, witty or compelling.
- 25. Paraphrasing Better thanquotations in two instances: 1.When the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome. 2.When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences.
- 26. Tips for using testimony Quote or paraphrase accurately 1 Usetestimony from qualified sources 2 Use testimony from unbiased sources 3 Identify the people you quote or paraphrase 4
- 27. Citing sources orally While your bibliographyin your speech outline will list your sources, you audience doesn’t have your bibliography in front of them. Unlike written bibliographies, oral source citations do not follow a standard format.
- 28. What to identify? The book,magazine, newspaper orWeb document you are citing. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. The authors qualifications with regard to the topic. The date on which the document was published, posted or updated.