Gaps in appplying food regulation and standards in bangladesh dr. sreekanta s...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document discusses food safety standards and regulations for international food trade. It covers several topics:
- The importance of food safety for public health and economies globally. Over 600 million people get sick from foodborne illness each year.
- Key global bodies that set food safety standards, including the Codex Alimentarius Commission run by the FAO and WHO. The standards help facilitate international food trade.
- Common food safety standards and regulations mentioned, including GMPs, HACCP, BRCGS, and FSSC 22000. Adhering to standards helps ensure food is safe along supply chains.
- Challenges some countries face in meeting all international standards for certain exports. Support is needed for
Techno-Economic Feasibility Study Report on IQF Plant for Manufacturing Froze...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document provides an overview of a proposed techno-economic feasibility study for an IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) plant for manufacturing frozen vegetables in Bangladesh. The summary includes:
1) The plant would have a production capacity of 2,400 MT per year and process vegetables into frozen products using IQF freezing technology to preserve taste, texture and nutrients.
2) Raw materials would be sourced through contract farming and the plant would aim to obtain certifications like ISO, GMP, HACCP and comply with relevant regulations.
3) The processed frozen vegetables would be sold domestically as well as exported internationally.
By Professor Park, Ki-Hwan, Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, presented at the Institute of Life Sciences Institute, 6th Asian Conference on Food and Nutrition Safety, November 2012
International Conference on Infrastructure Needs For a Food Control System: Roadmap For Regional Harmonization” - organised by International Life Sciences Institute - India Chapter, 9 & 10 December, 2014 in Hotel Royal Plaza, New Delhi.
The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement sets rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards in international trade. It aims to ensure measures are scientifically justified and based on risk assessment, while also allowing members to determine their appropriate level of protection. Key provisions include requiring SPS measures to be based on international standards from groups like Codex, OIE, and IPPC, and prioritizing harmonization. The SPS Agreement benefits consumers by ensuring access to safe food and benefits traders and importers by reducing unjustified barriers to trade.
Good agricultural-practices-GAPs by Md. Abdul Momin Sheikhmsheikh14
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are practices that
ensure environmental, economical & social
sustainability for on-farm practices (and post
production practices) resulting in safe and quality food
and non-food agricultural products. -FAO
The document discusses current regulatory perspectives on genetically modified (GM) food in Indonesia. It provides an overview of the global situation and regulations regarding GM foods. It then outlines Indonesia's policies, including that GM foods must undergo pre-market biosafety assessment and be labeled if they contain GM materials above a certain threshold. The key laws and regulations governing GM foods in Indonesia are also summarized. [END SUMMARY]
We live in a fast-moving, money-driven age and as various industries experience boom like never before, operations and supply chain networks become increasingly intricate. Such situation is bound to witness a proliferation of fraud (and fraudsters). The food industry is no exception. Complex supply chain network, lax regulation and inaccessibility of information to consumer, among other factors, have all but put food fraud on the rise. Hence, this presentation focuses on the totality of food fraud, including: its definition, a few cases, current efforts at preventing it, and what can still be done to remedy this menace.
Gaps in appplying food regulation and standards in bangladesh dr. sreekanta s...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document discusses food safety standards and regulations for international food trade. It covers several topics:
- The importance of food safety for public health and economies globally. Over 600 million people get sick from foodborne illness each year.
- Key global bodies that set food safety standards, including the Codex Alimentarius Commission run by the FAO and WHO. The standards help facilitate international food trade.
- Common food safety standards and regulations mentioned, including GMPs, HACCP, BRCGS, and FSSC 22000. Adhering to standards helps ensure food is safe along supply chains.
- Challenges some countries face in meeting all international standards for certain exports. Support is needed for
Techno-Economic Feasibility Study Report on IQF Plant for Manufacturing Froze...Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
This document provides an overview of a proposed techno-economic feasibility study for an IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) plant for manufacturing frozen vegetables in Bangladesh. The summary includes:
1) The plant would have a production capacity of 2,400 MT per year and process vegetables into frozen products using IQF freezing technology to preserve taste, texture and nutrients.
2) Raw materials would be sourced through contract farming and the plant would aim to obtain certifications like ISO, GMP, HACCP and comply with relevant regulations.
3) The processed frozen vegetables would be sold domestically as well as exported internationally.
By Professor Park, Ki-Hwan, Department of Food Science & Technology, Chung-Ang University, presented at the Institute of Life Sciences Institute, 6th Asian Conference on Food and Nutrition Safety, November 2012
International Conference on Infrastructure Needs For a Food Control System: Roadmap For Regional Harmonization” - organised by International Life Sciences Institute - India Chapter, 9 & 10 December, 2014 in Hotel Royal Plaza, New Delhi.
The Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement sets rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards in international trade. It aims to ensure measures are scientifically justified and based on risk assessment, while also allowing members to determine their appropriate level of protection. Key provisions include requiring SPS measures to be based on international standards from groups like Codex, OIE, and IPPC, and prioritizing harmonization. The SPS Agreement benefits consumers by ensuring access to safe food and benefits traders and importers by reducing unjustified barriers to trade.
Good agricultural-practices-GAPs by Md. Abdul Momin Sheikhmsheikh14
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) are practices that
ensure environmental, economical & social
sustainability for on-farm practices (and post
production practices) resulting in safe and quality food
and non-food agricultural products. -FAO
The document discusses current regulatory perspectives on genetically modified (GM) food in Indonesia. It provides an overview of the global situation and regulations regarding GM foods. It then outlines Indonesia's policies, including that GM foods must undergo pre-market biosafety assessment and be labeled if they contain GM materials above a certain threshold. The key laws and regulations governing GM foods in Indonesia are also summarized. [END SUMMARY]
We live in a fast-moving, money-driven age and as various industries experience boom like never before, operations and supply chain networks become increasingly intricate. Such situation is bound to witness a proliferation of fraud (and fraudsters). The food industry is no exception. Complex supply chain network, lax regulation and inaccessibility of information to consumer, among other factors, have all but put food fraud on the rise. Hence, this presentation focuses on the totality of food fraud, including: its definition, a few cases, current efforts at preventing it, and what can still be done to remedy this menace.
This document outlines a five-year vision for improving on-farm food safety in the Ontario crop sector. The objective is to promote existing and new food safety strategies, policies, and practices to ensure a safe and reliable crop production sector that meets consumer needs. Key issues include risk management, secure market access, consumer confidence in food safety and quality, and skill development. The plan focuses on increasing awareness of food safety hazards, implementing food safety standards, assessing risks at each stage of crop production from field to consumer, and establishing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems for individual crops. Progress will be verified through audits and regulatory oversight.
Thailand faces several challenges in ensuring food safety as the food supplier to the world. These include a growing population that will increase demand for food, uncertainty around food security, and energy and climate change issues. To address these, Thailand aims to strengthen its competitiveness in food and fuel production through developing human resources and technological skills. The country also seeks to improve food safety management systems and regulations to meet rising standards for food exported to other countries, especially with the upcoming ASEAN Economic Community.
China's Food Safety regulatory system: Achievements, Challenges and Suggestions by Prof. Jiehong Zhou, Zhejiang University, China. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The document discusses Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and its application in poultry production. Some key points:
- HACCP was developed in the 1960s by NASA and focuses on identifying specific hazards and measures to control them. It was first applied to food safety by Pillsbury in the 1970s.
- Poultry products can become contaminated with pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter, making them a cause of foodborne illness. HACCP provides a systematic approach to control food safety hazards during processing.
- A HACCP plan involves identifying hazards at each step, determining critical control points, establishing limits and monitoring procedures. This helps prevent or reduce
Kazal 3f the policy and institutional framework for food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses the policy and institutional framework for food security in Bangladesh. It outlines the national food policy's goals of ensuring dependable food security for all through a multi-sectoral approach involving several ministries and agencies. Key elements of the policy include increasing food availability through production, access through income and markets, and utilization through nutrition. The policy is implemented through various government bodies including the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee, Food Policy Working Group, Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, and Thematic Teams.
The future of food agriculture - FAO / United NationsTheFoodChallenge
FAO produced this extensive and precise documento appointing the main issues and challenges we have to face to supply enough food in the world by 2050.
The Economist Intelligence Unit gives their view about the future of food supply in the world. Food must be enough in quantity and quality to feed the future population.
This document discusses various aspects of food standards, food security, and food adulteration in India. It begins by defining food and different types of adulterants. It then discusses the impact of food adulteration, including past food regulations. It introduces the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and how it improved upon previous laws. Key features of FSSAI include risk-based standards, licensing requirements, and an adjudication process for penalties. The document also discusses concepts of food security, including the four dimensions of availability, access, utilization, and stability. It outlines India's approach to ensuring food security through programs like PDS, ICDS, MDMS, and the National Food Security Act.
EurepGAP provides a set of certification standards for global GAP certification that involve producers, retailers, and other agricultural stakeholders. It covers topics like traceability, site management, fertilizer use, worker health and safety, and environmental issues. The goals are to reassure consumers about food safety and sustainability and provide benefits to all partners in the food chain.
Food safety governance in nepal opportunity and challengesAutistic Brain
Krishna Prasad Acharya presented on food safety governance in Nepal. He discussed opportunities for improved food safety such as greater public demand, trade opportunities, and partnership potential. However, challenges include political instability, infrastructure issues, surveillance gaps, and lack of awareness. Key food safety issues in Nepal relate to antimicrobial overuse, unsafe water, pesticide misuse, and poor hygiene practices. Moving forward will require coordinated public-private partnerships, strengthened monitoring, and multidisciplinary collaboration to address foodborne illness in Nepal.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
This business model is intended to provide an online
platform connecting the general public customers with the
producers of groceries and food products such as fruits,
vegetables, meat and dairy products. The producers are selected
based on their production methods and their quality. The model
obtains the demand from the customers and the supply is found
from the producers. The prices of the products are fixed
according to the supply and demand. The customers' orders can
be classified into two different categories: 1. Bulk orders and 2.
Recipe based. The orders are obtained in a bulk quantity or for a
certain period of time and the products are delivered
periodically as per the customer's need. This model eliminates
the requirements of conventional storage units and also controls
the quality of the products using scientific devices. This model
reduces the wastage of resources as it enables the customer to
estimate their requirements using the help of recipe based
ordering system and also keeps the price constant for the bulk
orders.
Studies on the Common Preservatives and Additives and their Nutritional Value...YogeshIJTSRD
The study aims at the screening of selected preservatives and additives with respect to its nutritional values. For centuries man has treated food to prolong to its shelf life, and now a days both the natural syntactic preservatives and additives are used widely to ensure the satisfactory maintenance of the quality, quantity and safety of foods. The food preservatives and additives are selected based on the food industries and purchased and measured. Nutrition values i.e., energy, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre and sugar is analysed for the selective additives and preservatives. There continues to be lots of public concern about the use of food preservatives including additives leads from a perception that some of them may have undesirable effects on human body and their daily lifestyle. The absence of nutritional values in food additives and food preservatives are analysed by means of confirmatory tests. The results of these assays prove that there is no presence of nutrients in the additives and preservatives which are commonly used in south Indian food industries. Keziah Prabhu | G. Sangavi | Shaleesha A. Stanley "Studies on the Common Preservatives and Additives and their Nutritional Values used in the South Indian Food Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42328.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/42328/studies-on-the-common-preservatives-and-additives-and-their-nutritional-values-used-in-the-south-indian-food-industry/keziah-prabhu
This document discusses the current food safety regulatory system in Afghanistan and proposes establishing an independent food safety authority. The existing system is fragmented across different ministries and agencies, leading to duplication and gaps in oversight. Many developed countries have established single, independent authorities to regulate food safety along the entire production chain. The document recommends Afghanistan pass food safety legislation and consolidate responsibility under a new, independent National Food Safety Authority to improve coordination and effectiveness of food safety management.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Food safety Afghanistans context : Some basic thingssayednaim
The document discusses food safety standards in Afghanistan and compares them to international standards. It covers many topics related to food safety including common foodborne illnesses, important issues in Afghanistan's food system, approaches to prevent problems like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Afghanistan faces challenges in food safety from lack of laws, awareness, and education in food science. International organizations provide guidelines on standards but Afghanistan will need further capacity development in its regulatory system and food production practices to improve food safety.
The document summarizes a workshop on the future of global fresh produce safety for retail and foodservice. It discusses how produce-related foodborne outbreaks have increased in recent decades. It also outlines steps taken by the FDA and other groups to improve produce safety, such as guidance documents, action plans, and regulatory programs in states like California and Florida. The future of produce safety will require consistent standards and practices across the supply chain to prevent contamination and illness.
The National Food Security Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people. It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.
1. The document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) which are a set of principles for produce safety including using safe water sources, proper manure use and handling, worker health and hygiene, field and packing facility sanitation, transportation practices, and traceability.
2. Common produce items associated with foodborne illness outbreaks from 1998-2008 included leafy greens, tomatoes, and melons. Produce contamination can come from water, manure, soil, insects, equipment, and human handling.
3. The eight GAPs principles are outlined relating to water source, manure use, worker health, facilities, field sanitation, transportation, and traceability. Following GAPs enhances produce safety
Johan Swinnen
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
Virtual Event--Discussion on the Implications of the 2020 Global Food Policy Report for Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Westminster International University in Tashkent, the World Bank Group, and IFPRI
MAY 27, 2020 - 02:30 PM TO 04:00 PM MSK
This document outlines a five-year vision for improving on-farm food safety in the Ontario crop sector. The objective is to promote existing and new food safety strategies, policies, and practices to ensure a safe and reliable crop production sector that meets consumer needs. Key issues include risk management, secure market access, consumer confidence in food safety and quality, and skill development. The plan focuses on increasing awareness of food safety hazards, implementing food safety standards, assessing risks at each stage of crop production from field to consumer, and establishing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point systems for individual crops. Progress will be verified through audits and regulatory oversight.
Thailand faces several challenges in ensuring food safety as the food supplier to the world. These include a growing population that will increase demand for food, uncertainty around food security, and energy and climate change issues. To address these, Thailand aims to strengthen its competitiveness in food and fuel production through developing human resources and technological skills. The country also seeks to improve food safety management systems and regulations to meet rising standards for food exported to other countries, especially with the upcoming ASEAN Economic Community.
China's Food Safety regulatory system: Achievements, Challenges and Suggestions by Prof. Jiehong Zhou, Zhejiang University, China. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
The document discusses Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and its application in poultry production. Some key points:
- HACCP was developed in the 1960s by NASA and focuses on identifying specific hazards and measures to control them. It was first applied to food safety by Pillsbury in the 1970s.
- Poultry products can become contaminated with pathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter, making them a cause of foodborne illness. HACCP provides a systematic approach to control food safety hazards during processing.
- A HACCP plan involves identifying hazards at each step, determining critical control points, establishing limits and monitoring procedures. This helps prevent or reduce
Kazal 3f the policy and institutional framework for food securitySizwan Ahammed
The document discusses the policy and institutional framework for food security in Bangladesh. It outlines the national food policy's goals of ensuring dependable food security for all through a multi-sectoral approach involving several ministries and agencies. Key elements of the policy include increasing food availability through production, access through income and markets, and utilization through nutrition. The policy is implemented through various government bodies including the Food Planning and Monitoring Committee, Food Policy Working Group, Food Planning and Monitoring Unit, and Thematic Teams.
The future of food agriculture - FAO / United NationsTheFoodChallenge
FAO produced this extensive and precise documento appointing the main issues and challenges we have to face to supply enough food in the world by 2050.
The Economist Intelligence Unit gives their view about the future of food supply in the world. Food must be enough in quantity and quality to feed the future population.
This document discusses various aspects of food standards, food security, and food adulteration in India. It begins by defining food and different types of adulterants. It then discusses the impact of food adulteration, including past food regulations. It introduces the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and how it improved upon previous laws. Key features of FSSAI include risk-based standards, licensing requirements, and an adjudication process for penalties. The document also discusses concepts of food security, including the four dimensions of availability, access, utilization, and stability. It outlines India's approach to ensuring food security through programs like PDS, ICDS, MDMS, and the National Food Security Act.
EurepGAP provides a set of certification standards for global GAP certification that involve producers, retailers, and other agricultural stakeholders. It covers topics like traceability, site management, fertilizer use, worker health and safety, and environmental issues. The goals are to reassure consumers about food safety and sustainability and provide benefits to all partners in the food chain.
Food safety governance in nepal opportunity and challengesAutistic Brain
Krishna Prasad Acharya presented on food safety governance in Nepal. He discussed opportunities for improved food safety such as greater public demand, trade opportunities, and partnership potential. However, challenges include political instability, infrastructure issues, surveillance gaps, and lack of awareness. Key food safety issues in Nepal relate to antimicrobial overuse, unsafe water, pesticide misuse, and poor hygiene practices. Moving forward will require coordinated public-private partnerships, strengthened monitoring, and multidisciplinary collaboration to address foodborne illness in Nepal.
Compliance of Producers and Adoption of Consumers in the Case of Food Safety Practices: Cases from South Asia by Devesh Roy, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
This business model is intended to provide an online
platform connecting the general public customers with the
producers of groceries and food products such as fruits,
vegetables, meat and dairy products. The producers are selected
based on their production methods and their quality. The model
obtains the demand from the customers and the supply is found
from the producers. The prices of the products are fixed
according to the supply and demand. The customers' orders can
be classified into two different categories: 1. Bulk orders and 2.
Recipe based. The orders are obtained in a bulk quantity or for a
certain period of time and the products are delivered
periodically as per the customer's need. This model eliminates
the requirements of conventional storage units and also controls
the quality of the products using scientific devices. This model
reduces the wastage of resources as it enables the customer to
estimate their requirements using the help of recipe based
ordering system and also keeps the price constant for the bulk
orders.
Studies on the Common Preservatives and Additives and their Nutritional Value...YogeshIJTSRD
The study aims at the screening of selected preservatives and additives with respect to its nutritional values. For centuries man has treated food to prolong to its shelf life, and now a days both the natural syntactic preservatives and additives are used widely to ensure the satisfactory maintenance of the quality, quantity and safety of foods. The food preservatives and additives are selected based on the food industries and purchased and measured. Nutrition values i.e., energy, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre and sugar is analysed for the selective additives and preservatives. There continues to be lots of public concern about the use of food preservatives including additives leads from a perception that some of them may have undesirable effects on human body and their daily lifestyle. The absence of nutritional values in food additives and food preservatives are analysed by means of confirmatory tests. The results of these assays prove that there is no presence of nutrients in the additives and preservatives which are commonly used in south Indian food industries. Keziah Prabhu | G. Sangavi | Shaleesha A. Stanley "Studies on the Common Preservatives and Additives and their Nutritional Values used in the South Indian Food Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42328.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/42328/studies-on-the-common-preservatives-and-additives-and-their-nutritional-values-used-in-the-south-indian-food-industry/keziah-prabhu
This document discusses the current food safety regulatory system in Afghanistan and proposes establishing an independent food safety authority. The existing system is fragmented across different ministries and agencies, leading to duplication and gaps in oversight. Many developed countries have established single, independent authorities to regulate food safety along the entire production chain. The document recommends Afghanistan pass food safety legislation and consolidate responsibility under a new, independent National Food Safety Authority to improve coordination and effectiveness of food safety management.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Food safety Afghanistans context : Some basic thingssayednaim
The document discusses food safety standards in Afghanistan and compares them to international standards. It covers many topics related to food safety including common foodborne illnesses, important issues in Afghanistan's food system, approaches to prevent problems like Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Afghanistan faces challenges in food safety from lack of laws, awareness, and education in food science. International organizations provide guidelines on standards but Afghanistan will need further capacity development in its regulatory system and food production practices to improve food safety.
The document summarizes a workshop on the future of global fresh produce safety for retail and foodservice. It discusses how produce-related foodborne outbreaks have increased in recent decades. It also outlines steps taken by the FDA and other groups to improve produce safety, such as guidance documents, action plans, and regulatory programs in states like California and Florida. The future of produce safety will require consistent standards and practices across the supply chain to prevent contamination and illness.
The National Food Security Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people. It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.
1. The document discusses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) which are a set of principles for produce safety including using safe water sources, proper manure use and handling, worker health and hygiene, field and packing facility sanitation, transportation practices, and traceability.
2. Common produce items associated with foodborne illness outbreaks from 1998-2008 included leafy greens, tomatoes, and melons. Produce contamination can come from water, manure, soil, insects, equipment, and human handling.
3. The eight GAPs principles are outlined relating to water source, manure use, worker health, facilities, field sanitation, transportation, and traceability. Following GAPs enhances produce safety
Johan Swinnen
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
Virtual Event--Discussion on the Implications of the 2020 Global Food Policy Report for Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Westminster International University in Tashkent, the World Bank Group, and IFPRI
MAY 27, 2020 - 02:30 PM TO 04:00 PM MSK
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that is already having devastating impacts on the world economy – both directly and through necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease. These impacts are also being felt by the food and agriculture sector. While the supply of food has held up well to date, in many countries, the measures put in place to contain the spread of the virus are starting to disrupt the supply of agrofood products to markets and consumers, both within and across borders. The sector is also experiencing a substantial shift in the composition and – for some commodities – the level of demand. How damaging these impacts turn out to be for food security, nutrition and the livelihoods of farmers, fishers and others working along the food supply chain will depend in large part on policy responses over the short, medium and long term. In the short term, governments must manage multiple demands – responding to the health crisis, managing the consequences of the shock to the economy, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the food system. While the pandemic poses some serious challenges for the food system in the short term, it is also an opportunity to accelerate transformations in the food and agriculture sector to build its resilience in the face of a range of challenges, including climate change.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that is already having
devastating impacts on the world economy – both directly and through
necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease. These impacts
are also being felt by the food and agriculture sector. While the supply of
food has held up well to date, in many countries, the measures put in place
to contain the spread of the virus are starting to disrupt the supply of agrofood products to markets and consumers, both within and across borders.
The sector is also experiencing a substantial shift in the composition and –
for some commodities – the level of demand.
How damaging these impacts turn out to be for food security, nutrition and
the livelihoods of farmers, fishers and others working along the food supply
chain will depend in large part on policy responses over the short, medium
and long term. In the short term, governments must manage multiple
demands – responding to the health crisis, managing the consequences of
the shock to the economy, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the food
system. While the pandemic poses some serious challenges for the food
system in the short term, it is also an opportunity to accelerate
transformations in the food and agriculture sector to build its resilience in
the face of a range of challenges, including climate change
WEBINAR: European Commission Discussion of IFPRI’s 2021 Global Food Policy Re...Francois Stepman
13 May 2021. In the 2021 Global Food Policy Report, IFPRI researchers and experts explore the impacts of the pandemic and government policy responses to date, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged, and consider what it all means for transforming our food systems to be healthy, resilient, efficient, sustainable, and inclusive.
During this session, speakers shared evidence on the impact of COVID-19, and discuss the way forward for food systems transformation.
Video recording will be posted shortly on INTPA/Infopoint Conference
Leonard Mizzi - Head of Unit, European Union Directorate General for Planet and Prosperity, European Commission
Johan Swinnen - Director General, International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI
John McDermott - Director, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH), IFPRI
Neha Kumar - Senior Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI
Danielle Resnick - Senior Research Fellow, and Theme Leader, Governance, IFPRI
Resource
IFPRI (2021). 2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. 124
This document summarizes a presentation about food security challenges in the context of COVID-19 and opportunities for the future. It notes that COVID-19 has negatively impacted the pillars of food security by increasing hunger, reducing access to adequate food, and worsening malnutrition. The pandemic has exposed vulnerabilities in agrifood systems and reversed progress on UN Sustainable Development Goals. However, the document presents opportunities through initiatives like FAO's COVID response program, the Hand in Hand initiative to reduce poverty through agriculture, and transforming agrifood systems through policies to make diets more sustainable, affordable and inclusive. It argues for an integrated approach considering interactions between food, health, social and environmental systems.
Coronavirus Impact Assessment And Mitigation Strategies In Agriculture Sector...SlideTeam
This PowerPoint presentation covers the Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategies in the Agriculture industry. This ppt presentation includes the impact of COVID 19 pandemic on the agriculture sector all over the world causing global trade disturbance. It also covers measures to control outbreaks and Impact on Food Demand and Food Security such as the demand for food has affected due to a reduction in income and purchasing capacity. This PowerPoint presentation has covered agriculture sector overview including Major Impact on Food Transport and Distribution, Impact on Food Demand and Food Security, Projected agriculture sector growth after the COVID 19 outbreak. It also includes COVID 19 Agricultures Income Impacts, how lockdown affected the farmers in INDIA, and IMPACTS OF COVID 19 ON FARMING. This presentation focuses on certain risks in the agricultural sector or industry such as Disruption Due to Social Distancing including Safety Measures in Harvesting, Post harvest Operations, Storage and Marketing of Produce, Social distancing- Worker safety and Personal Protective Equipment PPE and Workers Safety Guidelines. Another risk that we have captured is Plummeting Employee Productivity which includes the Impact Of COVID 19 On Agricultural Field Workers, Loss workers Productivity During COVID 19, and Risks on Productivity of Workers During The COVID 19 Pandemic. It also covers the risk of Stressed Supply Chains including Food Supply Chain Under Strain, Impact of Corona on Supply and demand Side, Exchange Rates- Impact on Exporters, and Urgent increases in food availability from smallholder farmer food production. Another risk that is captured in this PowerPoint presentation is Recession, Unemployment, and Investment Pull-back including Recession Economic Impact on Agriculture World, Change in Rice and Wheat Export Prices, laying off some workers, Impact on Seasonal Workers and Foreign Investors Pull Out Investment. This presentation has also covered Economic Instability and Civil Unrest including Causes on Global Economy Instability, Agriculture Industry Feeling the Economic Instability, and Civil Unrest Due To COVID 19. This PowerPoint presentation also covers the Impact on Agricultural Businesses- Ability to Repay Outstanding Loan Balance, Business Impact Analysis, including Agricultural Risk Assessment Matrix, Risk Priority Worksheet, and Implications on Business due to COVID 19. It also covers Readiness Assessments plan such as Agricultural and Allied Activities Exempted from Lockdown and Agricultural Industry Readiness Assessment checklist. This PowerPoint presentation also includes risk management plans such as Covid 19 Farm Contingency Plan and Post harvest, storage and Marketing of farm produce, policy management, Business continuity strategy, and Rural Workers Lost Jobs During Coronavirus Lockdown Survey Results. https://bit.ly/3ag30Dz
THE AGONIES OF COVID 19 ON VEGETABLE FARMERS ALONG THE WHITE VOLTA RIVER BASI...ijmvsc
The emergence of COVID 19 coupled with the enforcement of its safety protocols, coincided with the peak of harvesting and sale of perishable vegetables in the 2020 dry season farming period in the Upper East Region of Ghana.Using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the effects of the pandemic on vegetable farmers along the White Volta River Basin in the Region. The findings are that there were disrupted supply and demand in the production-consumption chain resulting in low sales; a shortage of hired labor; and high stigmatization. Farmers had few alternatives other than to leave their food stuff to rot on the farm, use the produce to feed livestock, or smuggleof the produce across borders. The implications are that the COVID 19 pandemic compounded the susceptibility of small-scale vegetable farmers in the region. Their resilience and household income levels are adversely affected.
THE AGONIES OF COVID 19 ON VEGETABLE FARMERS ALONG THE WHITE VOLTA RIVER BASI...ijmvsc
The emergence of COVID 19 coupled with the enforcement of its safety protocols, coincided with the peak
of harvesting and saleof perishable vegetables in the 2020 dry season farming period in the Upper East
Region of Ghana.Using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the effects of the pandemic on
vegetable farmers along the White Volta River Basin in the Region. The findings are that there
weredisrupted supply and demand in the production-consumption chain resulting in low sales; a shortage
of hired labor; and high stigmatization. Farmers had few alternatives other than to leave their food stuff to
rot on the farm, use the produce to feed livestock, or smuggleof the produce across borders. The
implications are that the COVID 19 pandemic compounded the susceptibility of small-scale vegetable
farmers in the region. Their resilience and household income levels are adversely affected.
Shenggen Fan presented an outline for a book on agricultural development in a changing world. The outline discussed 3 main points: 1) Rapid transformation has occurred in agriculture over past decades across issues like globalization, regional differences, urbanization, and trade. 2) Agriculture now addresses broader goals like gender, nutrition, climate change, and finance. 3) Agricultural development must take an integrated food systems approach to identify intervention points and assess impacts across different actors and outcomes to address challenges like food security and the environment.
The document discusses transforming food systems after COVID-19. It provides tools and resources for monitoring food production, prices, policies, and trade during the pandemic. It summarizes that COVID-19 increased global poverty and undernutrition. Poor and rural people were disproportionately impacted due to job and income losses. Food supply chains were disrupted, though some were restructured through innovations. The pandemic presents an opportunity to transform food systems to be more resilient through lessons learned and policy changes to support areas like nutrition, social protection, and sustainable food production.
This presentation is all about highlighting present scenario of food security in India and the Issues and challenges it is facing. Furthermore, some of the pragmatic measures have been given so as to make India a food secure nation.
Food Supply Chain Strategies during the COVID-19 PandemicIJAEMSJORNAL
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The document discusses key challenges and opportunities in the global food and nutrition market. It notes that global population growth will require a 70% increase in food production by 2050. Food insecurity has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionately impacting minority groups. There are also challenges around rapid urbanization, food waste, supply chain consolidation, and linking nutrition to physical health. The document outlines innovation priorities among public companies in areas like plant-based options, nutrition education, and addressing food insecurity. It also notes increasing investment and M&A activity in the foodtech sector focused on sustainability and nutrition.
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Supporting disrupted food systems: A vital mission of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic
1. Dr. Sreekanta Sheel
International Food Value Chain Expert
Andhra Pradesh Irrigation and Livelihood Improvement Project, India
Key Note Presentation by:
Date : 17.10.2020. Time: 07:00 pm, Telecasted From: BAFNA and BSAFE Foundation Facebook Page and Group
Organized by: BAFNA and BSAFE Foundation
Key Note Presentation by:
1
2. Introduction
The thematic area of the World Food Day this year- Grow, Nourish, Sustain. Together.
More elaborately, the theme emphasizes “preserving access to safe and nutritious food is
and will continue to be an essential part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic,
particularly for poor and vulnerable communities, who are hit hardest by the pandemic
and resulting economic shocks”.
In a moment like this, it is more important than ever to recognise the need to support our
food heroes -farmers and workers throughout the food system and hence the present
keynote paper is aiming at discussing on supporting disrupted food systems in response
to the COVID-19 pandemic with the following two specific objectives:
Review the recent published papers dealing with impacts of COVID-19 on food systems and
suggested corrective measures and assimilate the most common and emphasized measures in
response to the crisis
To create awareness on the needful actions for preserving the food system among the
participants on this eve of the World Food Day.
2
3. Introduction (Contd…)
Food systems (FS) encompass:
the entire range of actors and their interlinked value-adding activities involved in
the production, aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption and disposal
of food products that originate from agriculture, forestry or fisheries (i.e.
corresponding to value chain), and parts of the broader economic, societal and
natural environments in which they are embedded (FAO 2018).
The food system is composed of:
sub-systems e.g. farming system (i.e. corresponding to value chain) , waste
management system, input supply system, etc. and
interacts with other key systems (e.g. energy system, trade system, health
system, etc.).
Hence, a structural change in the food system might originate from a change in
another system, for example, changes in health system, trade system will significantly
affect the food system.
3
4. Impact of COVID-19 fear on Food System
Livelihood/ Social Safety Net
According to a survey conducted by the Bangladesh National Nutrition
Council (BNNC), 75% of respondents indicated that they did not have
sufficient access to food at home, while 91% stated that they did not have
sufficient money to buy food (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Commodities with high income elasticities such as fruits and vegetables, meat,
fish, milk, and eggs are facing significant declines in demand due to
contraction in incomes of non-salaried informal workers and price spikes,
especially in urban areas (Abhishek et al. 2020).
Widespread loss of jobs in both the formal and informal sectors has led to
declining purchasing power, not only for low-income but also lower-middle-
and middle-income households (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
4
5. Nutritional intake
Nutritionists have warned the government that it is not adequately considering
balanced and diverse diets in the distribution of food relief (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR,
July 2020).
In order to manage rising food prices combined with declined purchasing power,
poor households are eating cheaper and less nutritious foods, often sacrificing
the quality of their diet. (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Misinformation concerning the spread of COVID-19 through fish and poultry
products has caused a decrease in consumption of these foods. Eggs and broiler
meat are important sources of protein, especially for low-income households.
(WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
There have been several reports of reduced consumption of protein. According
one survey, 94% of respondents in low-income groups have reduced spending
on protein food items. This is a key issue for food security as decline in
purchasing power is affecting dietary intake (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Impact of COVID-19 fear on Food System (Contd…)
5
6. Production Management Systems
The agricultural sector in Bangladesh is expected to lose close to 625 million United
United States dollars (USD) (=5300 Crore BDT ) as a result of the pandemic. Perishable
goods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, is the area that has been hit the hardest,
while staple crops, such as boro rice, have been less affected (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR,
2020).
Travel restrictions have led to disruptions in transportation, hampering farmers’ access
to agricultural inputs like for fertilizers, agro-chemicals, machinery, and seeds, human
labor, and preventing significantly risen as a result. (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020,
Amjath et al, July 2020 ).
Similar disruptions to hatchery operations and feed supplies (FAO 2020a) affect
aquaculture, poultry, and livestock production.
‘Stay in place’ orders and limitations imposed on migration have created pockets of
labor shortages (FAO 2020b). Even where farmers have been able to hire sufficient
farm labor, social distancing measures have slowed operations.
Impact of COVID-19 fear on Food System (Contd…)
6
8. Postharvest Management Systems
The lack of adequate storage facilities, combined with transport disruptions and a fall in
in demand, have led to wastage of perishable goods (milk and vegetables). Labour
shortages have also affected crop harvesting (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Lack of Financial Capacity of Farmers and Small- and Medium- Enterprises
SMEs and smallholder farmers are suffering from decreased financial capacity and lack
sufficient capital for the purchase of inputs. This puts them at risk of borrowing money
with high interest rates (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
In addition, a reduction in sales of agricultural inputs is likely to translate into reduced cash
cash flows for retailers and wholesalers, which may lead to a liquidity crunch that can
impact dealers’ ability to maintain stocks of critical inputs (iDE 2020).
For individual farmers, lower sales revenues that result from price and sales volume
changes for winter season produce have led to capital shortages. These in turn could
impact input purchasing decisions, especially for the next cropping season that
in July (Amjath et al, July 2020 ).
Impact of COVID-19 fear on Food System (Contd…)
8
9. Domestic Market Systems and Changes in Consumer Behaviour
The poultry sector has been affected by the spread of misinformation suggesting that COVID-19
can be contacted through eggs and chicken and fish. Consequently, there has been a drop in
demands for egg, chicken and fish (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Closures of restaurants and food catering businesses have also affected demand, especially of fish
and livestock products (FAO 2020a).
International Trade
Significant impact on supply chain continuity, with border closures, import/ export and movement
movement restrictions increasing challenges.
International and domestic supply chains for fertilizers, agro-chemicals, machinery, and seeds
have been obstructed by import and movement restrictions.
Logistical constraints (international shipping and domestic transport interruptions), and partial
closures of input dealerships appear to be common problems.
Impact of COVID-19 fear on Food System (Contd…)
9
10. Recommendations/ Actions Required
Extended social safety nets
Support to smallholder and resource-poor farmers and producers in rural
areas, but also to urban poor and rural landless consumers who are
experiencing elevated prices for food products
Focus interventions and support measures on female-headed
households, as these households have been facing more severe
impacts during the COVID-19 crisis (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Supporting most vulnerable groups with appropriate in-kind and cash support
to ensure that they have adequate access to essential food items (NAWG-BD
2020).
Pre-positioning stockpiles of essential items in priority districts to enable faster
distribution of relief when the need emerges (NAWG-BD 2020).
A dramatic reduction in remittances sent home is expected as a result of the
pandemic, with considerable impact on rural livelihoods and food and
nutrition security in areas of origin.
10
11. Extended social safety nets (Contd…)
OECD (June 2020) suggested to invest in policies to tackle the following triple challenge in
in the medium- and long- term.
Ensuring food and nutrition security: Getting food to consumers requires well-
functioning supply chains and social safety nets
Protecting livelihoods: Policies to address livelihood impacts along the food chain should
should help farmers and firms to respond flexibly to changing market conditions
Environmental sustainability: Immediate COVID-19 pressures should help reinforce
efforts to address long-term sustainability challenges
Expand social protection, in the short-term as part of countries’ economic stimulus
measures, to cover more people and provide more generous benefits to ensure food access
for all, while also reducing the administrative burden needed to access the funds (FAO,
2020g).
Build resilience into food systems to safeguard them against future economic and health
shocks as part of stimulus measures to ensure food access (FAO-RAP, 2020j).
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
11
12. Nutritional Uptake
Promote the nutritional importance of vegetables, eggs, chicken and fish, through
consumer awareness campaigns, to debunk myths that circulate about the
transmission of COVID-19 through some products. Awareness of the importance of
healthy diets is needed at community level, especially for pregnant and lactating
women, children and the elderly (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Immediate interventions to ensure fair pricing to safeguard producers and consumers,
Micronutrient supplement for the HH with PLW and children to ensure nutrition
(NAWG-BD 2020).
FAO-Bangladesh (FAO, May 2020):
Increase awareness on COVID -19 food related risks using correct information to dispel
widespread misinformation.
Undertake national nutrition needs assessments of the ultra-poor and vulnerable.
Elaborate projections and forecasting of food security and nutrition situations and
analysis at both district and union-levels.
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
12
13. Input and Credit Supply to Farmers and SMEs
Assess producers’ needs for financial support and incentives, and ensure access to these incentives.
provided for in other ways, such as through non-Farmers who cannot obtain credit from banks
could be governmental organisations (NGOs) or microfinance institutions (MFIs), as low-interest
credit is necessary for their survival.
Facilitate access for SMEs to much broader financial packages, such as soft microcredit schemes, so
so that they can re-employ workers and have a working capital. It is essential to ensure that such
incentives do not cause extra burdens.
SMEs also need capacity support, technological support, skills development and logistic support.
This is key to guaranteeing food safety (for example, in enhancing storage capacity). The
development of skills for youth, linked to different inputs in the food system (e.g. processing), will
support long-term financial recovery (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Assess the production of various crops to identify where, how and in what way they are affected. As
the winter crop cycle is coming up, the risks for the next crop season should also be assessed (WUR,
GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Producers need long term support in terms of inputs (good quality seed, fertilisers, irrigation
systems, finance, etc.). (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
13
14. Agricultural Services
To address reductions in farmers’ ability to access extension services,
strengthening digital and telephonic extension services including use of
tele-networks and interactive voice message service, warning and
agricultural advisory systems and smartphone apps
Labour Management
Innovative labor management tools alongside, creation of labour banks
(a pool of willing and healthy workers who can be readily contacted,
assembled, and deployed) can also act as an intermediary measure to
tackle labour shortages
Control the spread of the virus and implement physical distancing to
reduce fear among all labourers, including those working in food supply
chains (FAO, 2020f).
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
14
15. Supporting to Food Processing and food safety
Emphasis should be provided in playing a role to make together
together the different actors and sectors along the food supply
chain and making sure that every person is conscious on
importance of safety in food.
Secondly, in systems where production depends on external
inputs, market systems/ international trade to be maintained as
far as possible.
Communicate food safety and nutrition information in
partnership with modern retailers (FAO-BD, May 2020)
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
15
16. Marketing Support for Agricultural Produces
Ensure fair prices for farmers and consumers, and for market stabilisation. This may also
require an analysis of the private sector’s role in supplying food. The concerned
organizations need to have an effective system through which all types of information
relating to production, markets and pricing can be easily attained (WUR, GAIN &
CGIAR, July 2020).
Transparency remains crucial for food security. Sharing timely information on trade-
related measures, as well as making information available on production, consumption,
stocks and food prices, would help markets function efficiently and contribute to
ensuring global food security (WTO, August 2020).
Strengthen GOB district-level food price volatility monitoring (FAO-BD, May 2020)
Guaranteeing the supply of horticultural, fish and livestock products – in addition to
staples such as rice and wheat is required to ensure diverse, nutritious and safe diets.
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
16
17. International Trade Management Support
The joint statement by the Directors-General of the WTO, FAO and World Health Organization
(WHO) on 31 March 2020 specifically stressed the importance of trade for food security and the
livelihoods of millions of people around the world, and called on governments to ensure that any
trade-related measures in response to the crisis do not disrupt food supply chains (WTO, August
2020)
Avoid export restrictions in international trade to make sure supply chains continue to function
(FAO, 2020i).
Crucial supportive measures on innovative and robust marketing mechanisms with effective
international trade management policies and institutions particularly:
internationally oriented interventions are also crucial. DiamFor example, 60% of the urea and
more than 90% of the Muriate of Potash (MOP), Triple Super Phosphate (TSP), monium
Phosphate (DAP) fertilizers used by farmers in Bangladesh are imported (BFA 2020).
Bangladesh is also dependent on the regular import of commodities like wheat (6 million
tonnes per year), soy (1 million tonnes per year), and maize (2 million tonnes per year) for
both human food and animal feed (USDA 2019).
Hybrid seeds (e.g. for maize and vegetables) are also commonly imported.
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
17
18. International Trade Management Support (Contd…)
In Bangladesh, even partial closure of ports may result in high prices and limited
stocks of grains, pulses, edible oils as well as crucial feed supplies (particularly
maize and soybean).
Prolonged suspension of international trade could undermine the post monsoon
season supply of key inputs (particularly fertilizers, vaccinations, medicines used in
in aquaculture, hybrid seeds and potentially fuel for machinery and irrigation
equipment) at reasonable prices.
Coordination with the government to facilitate logistical setup within current
restrictions, including fast-tracking importing and clearance of essential items
required for response (NAWG-BD 2020).
Establish a Task Force to oversee import of foods and agricultural inputs (FAO-BD,
BD, May 2020)
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
18
19. Coordination
Enhance coordination and information sharing between the government and NGOs
(and others). Additionally, community leaders could play a key role in sharing how
have shown resilience and dealt with this crisis at micro-level, to support a learning process
for a possible next crisis. Lessons on how people have addressed food distribution for the
poorer households in urban areas need to be recognised for better planning of future
interventions (WUR, GAIN & CGIAR, July 2020).
Governments should work together with the private sector to solve disruptions in food
supply chains when they arise (FAO, 2020h).
Form public-private partnerships to increase food delivery by retailers (FAO-BD, May
2020)
Use of Monitoring systems
Amjath et al. (from CYMMIT and World Fish) reported a monitoring system using
key indicators. Well-designed monitoring systems can assist in the development of
early warning systems to alert when food production systems and associated
value chains are nearing vulnerability thresholds.
Recommendations/ Actions Required (Contd…)
19
20. References
1. T. S. Amjath-Babu, Timothy J. Krupnik, Shakuntala H. Thilsted & Andrew J. McDonald. July 2020. Key indicators for monitoring
food system disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from Bangladesh towards effective response. Food
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21. Conclusions
Over the past months, governments and their health agencies have been
trying to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic with mobility
restrictions and social-distancing measures. We value their efforts to
protect people’s lives, health and livelihoods, as these measures contribute
to a reduction in the likelihood of human mortality, severe health
consequences and the spread of the disease, especially among vulnerable
people and communities.
However, these efforts have also resulted in challenges in the functioning of
food systems in in low- and middle-income countries including
Bangladesh.
To address the challenges, increased coordination with different
government, private, and non-governmental agencies, as well as
development partners, multilateral institutions, and international agencies
are needed for successful mitigation and the creation of more resilient food
systems.
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