ICSE English Language Class X Handwritten NotesGauri S
This document contains handwritten notes for the ICSE Class X English Language course. The notes cover various topics related to the English language such as grammar, composition, comprehension and literature. The handwritten nature of the notes suggests they were taken by a student in class to aid in learning the material.
This document provides an overview of several prominent theories of consumption, including:
1) John Maynard Keynes' theory that current consumption depends on current income. Later theories found problems with Keynes' prediction that consumption would grow more slowly than income over time.
2) Irving Fisher's intertemporal choice theory, which assumes consumers maximize lifetime satisfaction subject to an intertemporal budget constraint. This theory formed the basis for later work on consumption.
3) Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis, which proposes consumption depends on lifetime resources and income varies systematically over a consumer's life cycle, allowing saving to achieve smooth consumption. This theory helped solve the "consumption puzzle."
4)
The New Theory of Economic Growth: Endogenous Growth Modelinventionjournals
The document summarizes the key aspects of the new endogenous growth theory, including models proposed by Arrow, Romer, and Lucas. Arrow's "learning by doing" model endogenizes economic growth by treating knowledge as a side product of investment. Romer's 1990 model identifies a research sector that produces new ideas. Lucas' model assumes investment in education produces human capital, which spills over to increase productivity. While offering improvements over exogenous growth theory, the new endogenous growth theory has also received some criticisms around its assumptions and ability to explain differences in growth between countries.
This document discusses various concepts of national income, including gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), gross domestic product (GDP), and personal income. It defines each concept and provides details on calculating and comparing GNP and GDP. GNP is the total value of final goods and services produced by a country's citizens in a given time period, while GDP excludes income earned abroad from the GNP. The document outlines the components of expenditures that make up GNP and GDP, including consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports. It also notes some problems that can occur when measuring GDP, such as double counting and the exclusion of non-productive transactions.
classical economic theory Vs Keynisian Theory - an overviewShreya Sahay
The great depression of 1929 was a major event in world economy. the theories and practices before the depression are called the classical theory whereas, the theory that developed after the depression and explains the depression is called Keynesian theory.
The document discusses measures of income inequality and policy implications. It provides context on Kuznets' framework of sectoral and intra-sectoral disparities. It then examines various measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Atkinson index, noting that all embed normative judgments. Estimates of inequality for India are based on consumption distribution data from the National Sample Survey, but have limitations since they ignore within-group inequality. Policy strategies also assume independence between growth and redistribution, which is an oversimplification.
India has launched 11 five year plans so far and 12th is in progress.DescriptionThe NITI Aayog is a policy think tank of the Government of India, established with the aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering the involvement of State Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
ICSE English Language Class X Handwritten NotesGauri S
This document contains handwritten notes for the ICSE Class X English Language course. The notes cover various topics related to the English language such as grammar, composition, comprehension and literature. The handwritten nature of the notes suggests they were taken by a student in class to aid in learning the material.
This document provides an overview of several prominent theories of consumption, including:
1) John Maynard Keynes' theory that current consumption depends on current income. Later theories found problems with Keynes' prediction that consumption would grow more slowly than income over time.
2) Irving Fisher's intertemporal choice theory, which assumes consumers maximize lifetime satisfaction subject to an intertemporal budget constraint. This theory formed the basis for later work on consumption.
3) Franco Modigliani's life-cycle hypothesis, which proposes consumption depends on lifetime resources and income varies systematically over a consumer's life cycle, allowing saving to achieve smooth consumption. This theory helped solve the "consumption puzzle."
4)
The New Theory of Economic Growth: Endogenous Growth Modelinventionjournals
The document summarizes the key aspects of the new endogenous growth theory, including models proposed by Arrow, Romer, and Lucas. Arrow's "learning by doing" model endogenizes economic growth by treating knowledge as a side product of investment. Romer's 1990 model identifies a research sector that produces new ideas. Lucas' model assumes investment in education produces human capital, which spills over to increase productivity. While offering improvements over exogenous growth theory, the new endogenous growth theory has also received some criticisms around its assumptions and ability to explain differences in growth between countries.
This document discusses various concepts of national income, including gross national product (GNP), net national product (NNP), gross domestic product (GDP), and personal income. It defines each concept and provides details on calculating and comparing GNP and GDP. GNP is the total value of final goods and services produced by a country's citizens in a given time period, while GDP excludes income earned abroad from the GNP. The document outlines the components of expenditures that make up GNP and GDP, including consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports. It also notes some problems that can occur when measuring GDP, such as double counting and the exclusion of non-productive transactions.
classical economic theory Vs Keynisian Theory - an overviewShreya Sahay
The great depression of 1929 was a major event in world economy. the theories and practices before the depression are called the classical theory whereas, the theory that developed after the depression and explains the depression is called Keynesian theory.
The document discusses measures of income inequality and policy implications. It provides context on Kuznets' framework of sectoral and intra-sectoral disparities. It then examines various measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Atkinson index, noting that all embed normative judgments. Estimates of inequality for India are based on consumption distribution data from the National Sample Survey, but have limitations since they ignore within-group inequality. Policy strategies also assume independence between growth and redistribution, which is an oversimplification.
India has launched 11 five year plans so far and 12th is in progress.DescriptionThe NITI Aayog is a policy think tank of the Government of India, established with the aim to achieve Sustainable Development Goals and to enhance cooperative federalism by fostering the involvement of State Governments of India in the economic policy-making process using a bottom-up approach.
This document outlines the eight Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by 147 heads of state in 2000 to be achieved by 2015:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by halving poverty and hunger.
2) Achieve universal primary education by ensuring all children complete primary school.
3) Promote gender equality and empower women by eliminating gender disparity in education and employment.
It provides statistics on current progress and challenges towards achieving each goal globally and in Macedonia. Citizens are encouraged to get involved to ensure the goals benefit everyone.
1. Classical economics focused on laissez-faire policies and free markets while Keynesian economics emphasized government intervention.
2. Key figures in classical economics included Adam Smith and David Ricardo who believed that free markets would naturally lead to full employment without government intervention.
3. Keynesian economics emerged in response to the Great Depression and rejected classical ideas. Keynes argued that markets may not reach full employment on their own and that government could boost demand through spending and taxation policies.
The document defines what a budget is according to various sources and provides details about the key components of a government budget. A budget is a financial plan that estimates revenues and expenditures for a set period, usually a year. It includes estimates of taxes, borrowing, expenditures on programs and services. The budget helps allocate resources and implement economic policies.
This document compares compiled and interpreted programming languages. Compiled languages like C and C++ are converted to machine code by a compiler before execution, making them faster but slower to develop. Interpreted languages like Python and BASIC are executed line by line by an interpreter, making them slower but faster to develop and edit. The document provides examples and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It was created to deal with limitations of earlier languages like B and BCPL. C is a general purpose, procedural programming language that is highly portable and can be compiled on various computer platforms. It is well-suited for system programming like operating systems and embedded systems. C provides features for structured programming, memory management, pointers, and interfacing with hardware. It remains widely used in software development today.
Object oriented concepts are introduced, including object oriented programming characteristics such as modularity, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and dynamic binding. Object oriented programming benefits reusability of code, supports code security, and allows for easy management of complex systems. Example applications of object oriented programming include databases, expert systems, simulation and modeling.
The document summarizes Keynes' psychological law of consumption, which states that as income increases, consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. It defines the consumption function and shows it represented as C=f(Y). Keynes proposed that consumption has both an autonomous and induced component. The law has three related propositions: 1) consumption increases as income rises but by a smaller amount, 2) the increased income is divided between consumption and savings, and 3) rises in income increase both consumption and savings. The law is illustrated using a table and consumption diagram. It assumes a stable psychological and institutional environment for the capitalist economy.
India is experiencing rapid economic growth but there are still significant poverty and development issues, according to the document. While India's GDP growth rate is around 9.2%, over 70% of the population depends on agriculture, where growth has been only 2.7%. Two key regions, Eastern India and Central Tribal India, have very high poverty rates. Other ongoing problems include malnutrition, lack of education access, unemployment, and corruption. So while India is developing economically in some areas, it is not benefiting all citizens equally and poverty remains a major challenge.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
Conservation laws are considered fundamental laws of physics that were formulated centuries ago and cannot be proven but are observed through experiments. Examples include the conservation laws of momentum, which are verified through experiments showing results consistent with the laws, though the experiments do not prove the laws. Conservation laws have withstood experimental testing for centuries.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and ways to control it. It defines air pollution as the release of harmful gases, particles, and molecules into the air. The major causes are emissions from automobiles, industries, agriculture, and mining. Air pollution can lead to acid rain, smog, global warming, ozone layer depletion, and adverse health and environmental impacts. Some solutions proposed to control air pollution include using public transport instead of vehicles, conserving energy, using clean energy sources, controlling industrial emissions, and planting more trees.
Production activities
case study on the importance of human capital
Production activities done in urban and rural areas
Physical capital and human capital required in various production activities
The problems faced by farmers due to unfair land distribution
Importance of irrigation in farming
Distribution of cultivated area in India(Legible data)
How COVIS-19 has impacted the economic situations in India
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document appears to be a quiz taken by a student named Anamika Priya in 9th grade on August 16, 2019 about the Constitution of India. It consists of multiple choice questions about various topics related to the drafting and contents of the Indian Constitution such as the constituent assembly elections, members of the constituent assembly, key figures like Nehru and Prasad, fundamental rights, constitutional amendments, and more. The student's answers are also provided.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about important events and aspects of Mahatma Gandhi's life, including:
- The year he went to England to study law (1888)
- The place in South Africa where he practiced law (Johannesburg)
- The act that inspired him to fight prejudice (discrimination on a train in South Africa)
- The association he formed in South Africa to fight for civil rights (Natal Indian Congress)
- Why he organized Satyagraha in South Africa (restrictions on rights of Indians)
- The year he returned to India from South Africa (1914)
- His leadership of the Indian National Congress and movements like non-cooperation.
This document outlines the eight Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by 147 heads of state in 2000 to be achieved by 2015:
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by halving poverty and hunger.
2) Achieve universal primary education by ensuring all children complete primary school.
3) Promote gender equality and empower women by eliminating gender disparity in education and employment.
It provides statistics on current progress and challenges towards achieving each goal globally and in Macedonia. Citizens are encouraged to get involved to ensure the goals benefit everyone.
1. Classical economics focused on laissez-faire policies and free markets while Keynesian economics emphasized government intervention.
2. Key figures in classical economics included Adam Smith and David Ricardo who believed that free markets would naturally lead to full employment without government intervention.
3. Keynesian economics emerged in response to the Great Depression and rejected classical ideas. Keynes argued that markets may not reach full employment on their own and that government could boost demand through spending and taxation policies.
The document defines what a budget is according to various sources and provides details about the key components of a government budget. A budget is a financial plan that estimates revenues and expenditures for a set period, usually a year. It includes estimates of taxes, borrowing, expenditures on programs and services. The budget helps allocate resources and implement economic policies.
This document compares compiled and interpreted programming languages. Compiled languages like C and C++ are converted to machine code by a compiler before execution, making them faster but slower to develop. Interpreted languages like Python and BASIC are executed line by line by an interpreter, making them slower but faster to develop and edit. The document provides examples and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It was created to deal with limitations of earlier languages like B and BCPL. C is a general purpose, procedural programming language that is highly portable and can be compiled on various computer platforms. It is well-suited for system programming like operating systems and embedded systems. C provides features for structured programming, memory management, pointers, and interfacing with hardware. It remains widely used in software development today.
Object oriented concepts are introduced, including object oriented programming characteristics such as modularity, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and dynamic binding. Object oriented programming benefits reusability of code, supports code security, and allows for easy management of complex systems. Example applications of object oriented programming include databases, expert systems, simulation and modeling.
The document summarizes Keynes' psychological law of consumption, which states that as income increases, consumption increases but by less than the increase in income. It defines the consumption function and shows it represented as C=f(Y). Keynes proposed that consumption has both an autonomous and induced component. The law has three related propositions: 1) consumption increases as income rises but by a smaller amount, 2) the increased income is divided between consumption and savings, and 3) rises in income increase both consumption and savings. The law is illustrated using a table and consumption diagram. It assumes a stable psychological and institutional environment for the capitalist economy.
India is experiencing rapid economic growth but there are still significant poverty and development issues, according to the document. While India's GDP growth rate is around 9.2%, over 70% of the population depends on agriculture, where growth has been only 2.7%. Two key regions, Eastern India and Central Tribal India, have very high poverty rates. Other ongoing problems include malnutrition, lack of education access, unemployment, and corruption. So while India is developing economically in some areas, it is not benefiting all citizens equally and poverty remains a major challenge.
This slide is for reference only. do not share it to anyone.
This slide is base on the book Microeconomics by McConnell and Brue, 12th and 14th edition.
Conservation laws are considered fundamental laws of physics that were formulated centuries ago and cannot be proven but are observed through experiments. Examples include the conservation laws of momentum, which are verified through experiments showing results consistent with the laws, though the experiments do not prove the laws. Conservation laws have withstood experimental testing for centuries.
This document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and ways to control it. It defines air pollution as the release of harmful gases, particles, and molecules into the air. The major causes are emissions from automobiles, industries, agriculture, and mining. Air pollution can lead to acid rain, smog, global warming, ozone layer depletion, and adverse health and environmental impacts. Some solutions proposed to control air pollution include using public transport instead of vehicles, conserving energy, using clean energy sources, controlling industrial emissions, and planting more trees.
Production activities
case study on the importance of human capital
Production activities done in urban and rural areas
Physical capital and human capital required in various production activities
The problems faced by farmers due to unfair land distribution
Importance of irrigation in farming
Distribution of cultivated area in India(Legible data)
How COVIS-19 has impacted the economic situations in India
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document appears to be a quiz taken by a student named Anamika Priya in 9th grade on August 16, 2019 about the Constitution of India. It consists of multiple choice questions about various topics related to the drafting and contents of the Indian Constitution such as the constituent assembly elections, members of the constituent assembly, key figures like Nehru and Prasad, fundamental rights, constitutional amendments, and more. The student's answers are also provided.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions about important events and aspects of Mahatma Gandhi's life, including:
- The year he went to England to study law (1888)
- The place in South Africa where he practiced law (Johannesburg)
- The act that inspired him to fight prejudice (discrimination on a train in South Africa)
- The association he formed in South Africa to fight for civil rights (Natal Indian Congress)
- Why he organized Satyagraha in South Africa (restrictions on rights of Indians)
- The year he returned to India from South Africa (1914)
- His leadership of the Indian National Congress and movements like non-cooperation.
- In the Kingdom of Fools, the king and minister decided to change night into day and day into night, ordering people to work at night and sleep during the day.
- A guru and disciple visited and were amazed by the strange customs. The disciple decided to stay for the cheap food, ignoring the guru's warnings.
- A series of events unfolded where the king tried punishing a series of people for a wall collapse that killed a thief, eventually deciding to execute the disciple by impaling to fit the stake. The guru intervened and convinced the king to execute them first to become reincarnated as the new rulers. The king and minister took their places and
An ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology where living organisms interact with each other and their environment. The biosphere is a narrow sphere extending 8 km above and 10 km below the Earth's surface, where land, water, soil, and life interact. An ecosystem contains biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers as well as abiotic components including organic substances, inorganic substances, and climate factors. Ecosystems can be terrestrial like forests, grasslands, tundra, and deserts, or aquatic including freshwater and marine ecosystems. Artificial ecosystems created by humans include croplands, aquariums, parks, and zoos.
France is a large country in Western Europe with diverse landscapes ranging from coastlines to mountains. It has a long history and culture, with Paris as its capital city. The official language is French, and over 60 million people live in the country across 22 regions. Nature in France is also very diverse, with forests, beaches, and the French Alps mountain range providing habitat for many species. French culture has had significant global influence, especially in areas like cuisine, art, philosophy, and fashion.
The document discusses electric charges and lightning. It defines electric charges and how they are created through friction between objects. Positively charged objects attract negatively charged objects and like charges repel. Lightning is formed when positive and negative charges build up within storm clouds and discharge through sparks. There are two types of lightning - sheet lightning occurs within a cloud, while fork lightning discharges between clouds or from clouds to the ground/buildings. The document also provides safety tips to prevent lightning injuries.
This document discusses 9 types of computer viruses: multipartite, polymorphic, overwrite, spacefiller, and FAT viruses. A multipartite virus simultaneously infects both the boot sector and executable files, making the computer inoperable. Polymorphic viruses are self-encrypting to avoid detection, modifying copies of itself. Overwrite viruses destroy the original program by overwriting data. Spacefiller viruses install in empty file sections. FAT viruses infect the file allocation table to gain control over all system files. Examples of each virus type are provided.
The document summarizes the architecture of monuments built during the medieval period in India. It discusses two types of monuments - those meant for kings, like palaces, and those meant for people, like religious structures and markets. Temple architecture is described in both the North Indian Nagara style and South Indian Dravidian style. Examples like the Khajuraho Temple and Brihadeshwara Temple are provided. Mosques were built in the Indo-Islamic style combining Arabic, Persian, and Indian elements. Water tanks called baolis and hauz were also constructed to store rainwater for people. Key monuments discussed include Jama Masjid, Hauz-i-Khas, and H
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.