Sufism and Idries Shah's Legacy
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Sufism has a history dating back over 12 centuries. It began as a peaceful protest movement during the 8th century Umayyad Caliphate addressing elitism and materialism. Sufis honor Muhammad as the prophet and their spiritual practices involve humility, reflection, and finding unity with God. Rumi's writings in the 13th century helped spread Sufi ideals across the Muslim world. Idries Shah, born in the early 20th century to an Afghan father and Scottish mother, wrote over 30 books to introduce Western audiences to Sufism and spread its message of peace.
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Sufism originated with the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, who scholars consider the founder of Sufism. The core philosophy of Sufism is achieving "unity" with God through practices like music, dance, and poetry. Sufis strive for spiritual enlightenment and connection with God, most notably through their famous "whirling dance". Today, Sufism continues its enduring focus on the love of God through philosophical teachings and mystical practices.
Sufism
This document discusses the origins and principles of Sufism. It states that Sufism dates back to early humanity but the term was first used in the 9th century AD to refer to Muslim mystics who sought closeness to God through asceticism and love. The document outlines that Sufis believe in following both Islamic law and additional spiritual practices to reach truth. It explains some of the basic Sufi principles like living with high morality, not being bound by rituals, and seeing love for humanity as the greatest religion.
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This document discusses the role of Sufism in building communities and society. It describes how Sufism established a hierarchical system of charities, trusts, hostels, and hospitals to serve societal needs. At the top of this pyramidal structure were spiritual guides and leaders who were chosen based on their piety and wisdom, not intelligence or politics. These institutions helped introduce people to Sufi teachings and provided for their physical, spiritual, and psychological needs. By establishing this infrastructure, Sufism had a major impact on the societies of Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa and other parts of the Islamic world for many centuries. However, Wahhabism has sought to dismantle this system and replace it with individual
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Sufism, or Islamic mysticism, is concerned with direct personal experience of and communion with God through subjective experience. Early Sufis sought to devote themselves to spirituality and moved away from politicized cities. Key Sufi practices included asceticism, prayer, recitation of the Quran, and contemplation. Sufism is primarily learned through serving a teacher for many years. Central Sufi doctrines include the unity of all phenomena as manifestations of a single divine reality, and the concept of the "Perfect Man" who acts as a channel of God's grace. The goal of Sufism is realization of the divine unity by letting go of notions of duality and the individual self
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Sufism is a mystical Islamic tradition that emphasizes divine love and a direct personal experience of God. In medieval India, Sufism was introduced through Persian influence beginning in the 8th century. Sufi mystics like the Chishti order established communities centered around spiritual masters and shrines. The Chishti order, beginning in the 13th century under figures like Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya, helped spread Sufism and Islam in India through an emphasis on tolerance, love, and harmony with local beliefs. The order established prominent shrines in Ajmer and Delhi that remain important pilgrimage sites today.
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Sufism began in the 11th century originating from Central Asia and spreading to Hindustan. It is the Islamic mystical tradition based on pursuing purity through asceticism and devotion to God. Several major Sufi orders are described including the Chishti order known for tolerance and love, the Naqshbandi order tracing its lineage to Muhammad, the Qadiriyya order named after Abdul Qadir Gilani, and the Suhrawardiyya order guided by Shafi'i law and tracing its spiritual genealogy to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Each order is defined by its founding figure and teachings with geographic strongholds across Asia, Africa, and elsewhere.
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1) Wahdat al-Wujud asserts that everything exists as an aspect of Divine Reality and Divine Unity, with God as the ground of all being. The goal is to be absorbed in God.
2) This doctrine spread widely in Indonesia through Sufi paths like Nasyabandiyah and Khalidiyah. It was taught by famous Sufi scholars across Indonesia.
3) Some Sufis described mystical experiences of unity with God in ways seen as heretical, but most expressed experiences less
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This document discusses the role of Sufism in building communities and society. It describes how Sufism established a hierarchical system of charities, trusts, hostels, and hospitals to serve societal needs. At the top of this pyramidal structure were spiritual guides and leaders who were chosen based on their piety and wisdom, not intelligence or politics. These institutions helped introduce people to Sufi teachings and provided for their physical, spiritual, and psychological needs. By establishing this infrastructure, Sufism had a major impact on the societies of Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa and other parts of the Islamic world for many centuries. However, Wahhabism has sought to dismantle this system and replace it with individual
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Sufism, or Islamic mysticism, is concerned with direct personal experience of and communion with God through subjective experience. Early Sufis sought to devote themselves to spirituality and moved away from politicized cities. Key Sufi practices included asceticism, prayer, recitation of the Quran, and contemplation. Sufism is primarily learned through serving a teacher for many years. Central Sufi doctrines include the unity of all phenomena as manifestations of a single divine reality, and the concept of the "Perfect Man" who acts as a channel of God's grace. The goal of Sufism is realization of the divine unity by letting go of notions of duality and the individual self
Sufism in india
Sufism is a mystical Islamic tradition that emphasizes divine love and a direct personal experience of God. In medieval India, Sufism was introduced through Persian influence beginning in the 8th century. Sufi mystics like the Chishti order established communities centered around spiritual masters and shrines. The Chishti order, beginning in the 13th century under figures like Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti and Nizamuddin Auliya, helped spread Sufism and Islam in India through an emphasis on tolerance, love, and harmony with local beliefs. The order established prominent shrines in Ajmer and Delhi that remain important pilgrimage sites today.
Sufism
Sufism began in the 11th century originating from Central Asia and spreading to Hindustan. It is the Islamic mystical tradition based on pursuing purity through asceticism and devotion to God. Several major Sufi orders are described including the Chishti order known for tolerance and love, the Naqshbandi order tracing its lineage to Muhammad, the Qadiriyya order named after Abdul Qadir Gilani, and the Suhrawardiyya order guided by Shafi'i law and tracing its spiritual genealogy to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Each order is defined by its founding figure and teachings with geographic strongholds across Asia, Africa, and elsewhere.
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This academic paper discusses the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (the transcendent Unity of God) in Sufism tradition. Some key points:
1) Wahdat al-Wujud asserts that everything exists as an aspect of Divine Reality and Divine Unity, with God as the ground of all being. The goal is to be absorbed in God.
2) This doctrine spread widely in Indonesia through Sufi paths like Nasyabandiyah and Khalidiyah. It was taught by famous Sufi scholars across Indonesia.
3) Some Sufis described mystical experiences of unity with God in ways seen as heretical, but most expressed experiences less
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This document provides an outline on the topic of Sufism. It discusses the problems in defining Sufism, as the term can have different meanings depending on perspective. Sufism was rediscovered by Europeans who saw the mystical elements as non-Islamic. Ibn Khaldun viewed Sufism as belonging to Islam and involving asceticism and seeking knowledge of God. After 1200, Sufism became more institutionalized through saints' tombs and pilgrimages, masters and disciples, and rituals like chanting God's names. However, views of Sufism today range from integral to Islam to being rejected as innovation.
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Sufism is a mystical Islamic movement whose beliefs and practices differ in significant ways from mainstream Islam. Followers of Sufism are highly devoted to their spiritual guides (sheikhs) and strive for closeness to God through mystical practices like chanting, dancing, and music. However, some Sufi teachings and beliefs contradict core Islamic doctrines like tawheed (God's oneness) and risk associating partners with God. Mainstream Muslims see Sufism's deviations from Islam's clear theological foundations and Prophet Muhammad's teachings as problematic.
Saints of sufism
Get a glimpse of the Islamic Scholars or commonly known as Sufis, their teachings, beliefs, practices.
Sufism - The True Spirit of Islam
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This document provides an introduction to Muslim Saints and Mystics by Farid al-Din Attar. It discusses the origins and growth of Sufism as the mystical movement within Islam. It highlights the important role of Persia in the development of Sufism, with figures like Ebrahim ibn Adham, Abu Yazid al-Bestami, and others playing key roles in establishing Sufism in places like Khorasan and Balkh. It also discusses the rise of Persian Sufi literature and the use of poetic forms like the ghazal, roba'i, and qasida to express mystical themes of love for God.
The Secret Meaning
This document provides an introduction and overview of Rumi's spiritual teachings on Sufism. It discusses key concepts in Sufism like the importance of having a spiritual master to guide one's journey. It also talks about Rumi's view of God and spirituality as being universal across religions. The document contains lessons from Rumi on topics like devotion, overcoming ego, and achieving spiritual enlightenment. It emphasizes that the true goal of religions is the same - to experience union with God or the divine.
Human Development in Islam and Sufism
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This document summarizes several Sufi orders that were prominent in South Asia, including the Chishtiyyah, Suhrwardiyyah, Naqshbandiyyah, and Qadiriyyah orders. It provides details on the founders and early leaders of each order and how they spread and gained popularity in South and Central Asia. The Chishti order was introduced by Khwaja Moiuddin Chishti and helped spread Islam through charity. The Naqshbandiyyah order became influential among Mughal elites due to family connections. The Qadiriyyah order originated in Iran but remains popular in South India today.
World Religions Map And Symbols 07
The document discusses various religious symbols and their meanings, including:
- The Star of David and Menorah in Judaism
- The cross/chi-rho and Ichthus symbols in Christianity
- The Shahadah statement of faith and star/crescent in Islam
- The Aum, Swastika, and Dharma Wheel symbols in Hinduism and Buddhism
- The Khanda symbol representing Sikh brotherhood
- The yin-yang symbol of balance in Taoism
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS' SYMBOLS
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Islamic Studies - Concepts About Religion
The document discusses the concept of religion from various perspectives. It begins by defining religion in Arabic and explaining that all human societies throughout history have incorporated some form of worship of supernatural beings. It then discusses different definitions of religion provided by scholars and philosophers. Common elements found in most religions are also outlined, including beliefs, practices, and ethics. The document notes that religions can be either revealed through prophets or non-revealed based on human experiences. It provides examples of some revealed religions beginning with the creation of Adam and the need to submit to God's will. Questions related to the necessity of Islam and its discussion in earlier revelations are also addressed.
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems : Islam
Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. It has over 1.8 billion followers worldwide. The core beliefs of Islam include the oneness of God, belief in angels/prophets/holy books, and that Muhammad is the final prophet. The five pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith, daily prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. Major divisions include the Sunni and Shia, and Sufism focuses on spiritual practices. Islam spread greatly between the 15th-16th centuries and is now a major world religion practiced in many regions.
Islamic Studies - Course Outline
This document outlines an Islamic studies course at CIIT Islamabad. The course aims to acquaint students with the meaning and significance of Islam as a practical religion, develop strong faith and sense of responsibility towards Allah and his creation, and promote understanding of Islam as a code for life. The course literature includes books on Islamic ideology, Quran explanation, Islamic economy, jurisprudence and beliefs. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, quizzes, participation, sessions and a final exam. The course covers various topics on Islamic fundamentals, worship, social duties, civilizations and contributions to science.
Religious symbols // Simbolos Religiosos
This document discusses religious symbols and their meanings. It begins by defining religion and religious symbols. It then explains different types of religious beliefs like monotheism and polytheism. The document outlines some of the most common religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism. It provides examples of religious symbols used in each faith, such as the cross, fish, Star of David, crescent moon and star. The document also examines different types of crosses and their uses in various religions. Finally, it explores symbols of cults and organizations outside mainstream religions.
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Religion can be defined in several ways including:
1) As a system of faith and worship recognizing a higher power. It involves beliefs, rituals, and moral codes.
2) As a world view that shapes how society understands the world.
3) As both a personal and communal phenomenon involving sacred texts, beliefs about the supernatural, and practices that unite and structure members' reality.
Sufism and Orthodoxy
This document discusses the differences between Islamic orthodoxy and Sufism in their visions of being a Muslim. It presents a table contrasting the views of orthodoxy and Sufism on various religious concepts and practices. The orthodox view focuses on outward observance of religious laws and rituals, while Sufism emphasizes inward spirituality, love for God, and mystical practices like music, dance, and ecstatic worship. The document also provides detailed explanations of key Sufi concepts and practices like hadra circles and defines technical terms used in Sufism. Overall, it analyzes the historical tensions but also complementarity between Islamic orthodoxy and the mystical tradition of Sufism.
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This document defines and discusses the concept of religion or "mazhab" in Arabic and Urdu. It provides definitions of mazhab as meaning "to go" or "a passage." It identifies key elements of religion as beliefs, practices/customs, and ethics. Religions are categorized as either revealed, based on revelation and prophets' instructions, or non-revealed, based on experience, meditation, intuition, or superstition. The need for religion is explained as accomplishing natural desires and knowing the purpose and way of life. Impacts of religion include creating morality and balancing duties and rights. The inception of religion is discussed as either evolving from darkness to light or beginning through prophets starting with Adam
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The document summarizes five major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. It provides background on their origins and founding figures such as Abraham, Jesus, Muhammad, and Buddha. It explains key beliefs and practices of each religion such as their views on God, sacred texts, places of worship, and impact on society with billions of global followers. All five religions originated in different parts of Asia and the Middle East over the past few thousand years and have significantly shaped modern culture and civilization.
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The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
Chapter 4 5 world religions, germanic tribes
This document provides information on several world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It discusses their origins, key figures, beliefs, and practices. For Judaism, it highlights Abraham, the Ten Commandments, and symbols like the menorah and Star of David. For Christianity, it mentions Jesus, the Bible, and founder Paul. For Islam, it outlines the teachings of Muhammad, the Quran, and Five Pillars. Buddhism is summarized as following the teachings of Buddha toward nirvana. Hinduism's concepts of reincarnation, gods like Shiva and Vishnu, and sacred texts are briefly outlined.
On Mysticism and Its Challenges: New Religious Movement
神秘主義一直被認為是非理性，不為學術界所研討。是次題目非常有挑戰性，講者的立場於宗教界、科學界及新無神論者間並非主流。講者嘗試以跨學科角度，包括哲學、神學、物理科學及心理學等，以知識的極限引論神秘主義的必要性，並以歸因理論作基礎，說明神秘主義作為宗教/靈性/超自然經驗的可信服解釋。我們亦會回顧不同的神學家、哲學家及心理學家如何看待神秘主義/經驗。神秘主義亦會衍生人類追求奧秘的行為：迷信、新紀元運動、古代太空人理論及新興宗教運動等出現。我們會集中於新興宗教，以東方閃電作例，討論當中牽涉的心理因素，個人的心理需求、資深教牧(被逼)轉會的心理狀況、教會使用到的心理手段、離教者的心理傷害及復原等等。
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This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book critiquing Sufism. It summarizes that Sufism developed from mixing Islamic teachings with Greek, Manichean, Hindu, and other philosophies. It incorporated pantheism and the idea that God and humans are one essence. The document critiques Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi for claiming prophetic revelations and communing with spirits, contradicting Islamic beliefs. It presents the argument that Sufism introduced innovations not from the Quran or Sunnah.
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This document provides an outline on the topic of Sufism. It discusses the problems in defining Sufism, as the term can have different meanings depending on perspective. Sufism was rediscovered by Europeans who saw the mystical elements as non-Islamic. Ibn Khaldun viewed Sufism as belonging to Islam and involving asceticism and seeking knowledge of God. After 1200, Sufism became more institutionalized through saints' tombs and pilgrimages, masters and disciples, and rituals like chanting God's names. However, views of Sufism today range from integral to Islam to being rejected as innovation.
Sufism
Sufism is a mystical Islamic movement whose beliefs and practices differ in significant ways from mainstream Islam. Followers of Sufism are highly devoted to their spiritual guides (sheikhs) and strive for closeness to God through mystical practices like chanting, dancing, and music. However, some Sufi teachings and beliefs contradict core Islamic doctrines like tawheed (God's oneness) and risk associating partners with God. Mainstream Muslims see Sufism's deviations from Islam's clear theological foundations and Prophet Muhammad's teachings as problematic.
Saints of sufism
Get a glimpse of the Islamic Scholars or commonly known as Sufis, their teachings, beliefs, practices.
Sufism - The True Spirit of Islam
Sufism - Is The Heart and Soul of Islam. It is the spritual side of religious offerings in Islam. Simply it is the path that direct human souls to its creator, Allah the Almighty.
Mystics and Saints of Islam
This document provides an introduction to Muslim Saints and Mystics by Farid al-Din Attar. It discusses the origins and growth of Sufism as the mystical movement within Islam. It highlights the important role of Persia in the development of Sufism, with figures like Ebrahim ibn Adham, Abu Yazid al-Bestami, and others playing key roles in establishing Sufism in places like Khorasan and Balkh. It also discusses the rise of Persian Sufi literature and the use of poetic forms like the ghazal, roba'i, and qasida to express mystical themes of love for God.
The Secret Meaning
This document provides an introduction and overview of Rumi's spiritual teachings on Sufism. It discusses key concepts in Sufism like the importance of having a spiritual master to guide one's journey. It also talks about Rumi's view of God and spirituality as being universal across religions. The document contains lessons from Rumi on topics like devotion, overcoming ego, and achieving spiritual enlightenment. It emphasizes that the true goal of religions is the same - to experience union with God or the divine.
Human Development in Islam and Sufism
This document provides background on human development in Islam and Sufism. It discusses the social, economic, and religious transitions occurring in pre-Islamic Arabia known as the Jahiliyya period, including the erosion of tribal values and rise of individualism and inequality. It then explains how the emergence of Islam through Muhammad's revelations addressed these imbalances by establishing a socio-religious complex based on tawhid (God's oneness), which created the ummah community bound by faith, justice and equality. Sufism is presented as the path to human perfection by realizing God's will and manifesting divine attributes like mercy and compassion.
Sufis in sub continent
This document summarizes several Sufi orders that were prominent in South Asia, including the Chishtiyyah, Suhrwardiyyah, Naqshbandiyyah, and Qadiriyyah orders. It provides details on the founders and early leaders of each order and how they spread and gained popularity in South and Central Asia. The Chishti order was introduced by Khwaja Moiuddin Chishti and helped spread Islam through charity. The Naqshbandiyyah order became influential among Mughal elites due to family connections. The Qadiriyyah order originated in Iran but remains popular in South India today.
World Religions Map And Symbols 07
The document discusses various religious symbols and their meanings, including:
- The Star of David and Menorah in Judaism
- The cross/chi-rho and Ichthus symbols in Christianity
- The Shahadah statement of faith and star/crescent in Islam
- The Aum, Swastika, and Dharma Wheel symbols in Hinduism and Buddhism
- The Khanda symbol representing Sikh brotherhood
- The yin-yang symbol of balance in Taoism
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS' SYMBOLS
** Disclaimer:
All of the pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Islamic Studies - Concepts About Religion
The document discusses the concept of religion from various perspectives. It begins by defining religion in Arabic and explaining that all human societies throughout history have incorporated some form of worship of supernatural beings. It then discusses different definitions of religion provided by scholars and philosophers. Common elements found in most religions are also outlined, including beliefs, practices, and ethics. The document notes that religions can be either revealed through prophets or non-revealed based on human experiences. It provides examples of some revealed religions beginning with the creation of Adam and the need to submit to God's will. Questions related to the necessity of Islam and its discussion in earlier revelations are also addressed.
Introduction to World Religions and Belief Systems : Islam
Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. It has over 1.8 billion followers worldwide. The core beliefs of Islam include the oneness of God, belief in angels/prophets/holy books, and that Muhammad is the final prophet. The five pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith, daily prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. Major divisions include the Sunni and Shia, and Sufism focuses on spiritual practices. Islam spread greatly between the 15th-16th centuries and is now a major world religion practiced in many regions.
Islamic Studies - Course Outline
This document outlines an Islamic studies course at CIIT Islamabad. The course aims to acquaint students with the meaning and significance of Islam as a practical religion, develop strong faith and sense of responsibility towards Allah and his creation, and promote understanding of Islam as a code for life. The course literature includes books on Islamic ideology, Quran explanation, Islamic economy, jurisprudence and beliefs. Students will be evaluated based on assignments, quizzes, participation, sessions and a final exam. The course covers various topics on Islamic fundamentals, worship, social duties, civilizations and contributions to science.
Religious symbols // Simbolos Religiosos
This document discusses religious symbols and their meanings. It begins by defining religion and religious symbols. It then explains different types of religious beliefs like monotheism and polytheism. The document outlines some of the most common religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and Hinduism. It provides examples of religious symbols used in each faith, such as the cross, fish, Star of David, crescent moon and star. The document also examines different types of crosses and their uses in various religions. Finally, it explores symbols of cults and organizations outside mainstream religions.
G11 iwrbs 01
Religion can be defined in several ways including:
1) As a system of faith and worship recognizing a higher power. It involves beliefs, rituals, and moral codes.
2) As a world view that shapes how society understands the world.
3) As both a personal and communal phenomenon involving sacred texts, beliefs about the supernatural, and practices that unite and structure members' reality.
Sufism and Orthodoxy
This document discusses the differences between Islamic orthodoxy and Sufism in their visions of being a Muslim. It presents a table contrasting the views of orthodoxy and Sufism on various religious concepts and practices. The orthodox view focuses on outward observance of religious laws and rituals, while Sufism emphasizes inward spirituality, love for God, and mystical practices like music, dance, and ecstatic worship. The document also provides detailed explanations of key Sufi concepts and practices like hadra circles and defines technical terms used in Sufism. Overall, it analyzes the historical tensions but also complementarity between Islamic orthodoxy and the mystical tradition of Sufism.
Islamic Studies - Lecture#1 (Religion)
This document defines and discusses the concept of religion or "mazhab" in Arabic and Urdu. It provides definitions of mazhab as meaning "to go" or "a passage." It identifies key elements of religion as beliefs, practices/customs, and ethics. Religions are categorized as either revealed, based on revelation and prophets' instructions, or non-revealed, based on experience, meditation, intuition, or superstition. The need for religion is explained as accomplishing natural desires and knowing the purpose and way of life. Impacts of religion include creating morality and balancing duties and rights. The inception of religion is discussed as either evolving from darkness to light or beginning through prophets starting with Adam
HOLI
The document summarizes five major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. It provides background on their origins and founding figures such as Abraham, Jesus, Muhammad, and Buddha. It explains key beliefs and practices of each religion such as their views on God, sacred texts, places of worship, and impact on society with billions of global followers. All five religions originated in different parts of Asia and the Middle East over the past few thousand years and have significantly shaped modern culture and civilization.
Lesson 2 origin of world religions
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
Chapter 4 5 world religions, germanic tribes
This document provides information on several world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It discusses their origins, key figures, beliefs, and practices. For Judaism, it highlights Abraham, the Ten Commandments, and symbols like the menorah and Star of David. For Christianity, it mentions Jesus, the Bible, and founder Paul. For Islam, it outlines the teachings of Muhammad, the Quran, and Five Pillars. Buddhism is summarized as following the teachings of Buddha toward nirvana. Hinduism's concepts of reincarnation, gods like Shiva and Vishnu, and sacred texts are briefly outlined.
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神秘主義一直被認為是非理性，不為學術界所研討。是次題目非常有挑戰性，講者的立場於宗教界、科學界及新無神論者間並非主流。講者嘗試以跨學科角度，包括哲學、神學、物理科學及心理學等，以知識的極限引論神秘主義的必要性，並以歸因理論作基礎，說明神秘主義作為宗教/靈性/超自然經驗的可信服解釋。我們亦會回顧不同的神學家、哲學家及心理學家如何看待神秘主義/經驗。神秘主義亦會衍生人類追求奧秘的行為：迷信、新紀元運動、古代太空人理論及新興宗教運動等出現。我們會集中於新興宗教，以東方閃電作例，討論當中牽涉的心理因素，個人的心理需求、資深教牧(被逼)轉會的心理狀況、教會使用到的心理手段、離教者的心理傷害及復原等等。
Other side of sufism by tabari
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book critiquing Sufism. It summarizes that Sufism developed from mixing Islamic teachings with Greek, Manichean, Hindu, and other philosophies. It incorporated pantheism and the idea that God and humans are one essence. The document critiques Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi for claiming prophetic revelations and communing with spirits, contradicting Islamic beliefs. It presents the argument that Sufism introduced innovations not from the Quran or Sunnah.
Mysticism and Social Transformaion
This document discusses the link between mysticism and social transformation. It argues that modern philosophy and psychology often neglect the social contexts that influence mystics and how mystics act to transform society. The document examines different definitions and typologies of mysticism, and critiques approaches that reduce mysticism to just a psychological experience. It explores the prophetic dimension of mysticism and how some mystics work to enact social change. The document also discusses how mystical experiences and texts can empower individuals to challenge social injustices and resist oppressive power structures.
10. organisasi-bum-desa
BUM Desa dapat berbentuk perseroan terbatas, unit usaha berbadan hukum, unit usaha tidak berbadan hukum, atau lembaga keuangan mikro. Organisasi pengelola BUM Desa terdiri dari pelaksana operasional, penasehat, dan pengawas yang dipilih masyarakat desa untuk mengelola berbagai unit usaha.
1panduan bumdes-111111024427-phpapp02
Buku panduan ini membahas tentang pendirian dan pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes). BUMDes merupakan lembaga ekonomi desa yang dimiliki dan dikelola bersama oleh masyarakat dan pemerintah desa untuk memperkuat perekonomian desa. Tujuan utama pendirian BUMDes adalah meningkatkan perekonomian desa, pendapatan desa, pengolahan potensi desa, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi pedesaan. BUMDes berbed
Konsep Dasar Tasawuf
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang dimensi mistisisme dalam agama, termasuk Islam. Ia menjelaskan konsep dasar tasawuf seperti saf, sufi, dan hubungannya dengan mistisisme agama lain. Dokumen ini juga membahas tokoh-tokoh sufi awal dan perkembangan tasawuf hingga abad pertengahan.
Penguatan bumdes melalui pengembangan usaha jasa layanan pos
Dokumen tersebut membahas kerja sama antara Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat dengan PT Pos Indonesia dan PT Handaru Pratama Mandiri untuk meningkatkan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) melalui pengembangan usaha jasa layanan Pos Indonesia (AgenPos). Kerja sama ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan ekonomi mikro desa dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat desa.
Training Pengusaha Muda 1 - Pengenalan Dunia Usaha - Isra'life Indonesia
Apa itu Bisnis & Perusahaan?
Bagaimana untuk memulai suatu bisnis?
Persiapan apa saja untuk memulai suatu bisnis?
Bagaimana mengurus dokumen yang dibutuhkan untuk memulai bisnis?
Peluang apa saja yang di dapat dalam menjalankan bisnis
dibandingkan dengan pekerjaan lain?
Bisnis adalah usaha menjual barang atau jasa yang dilakukan oleh perorangan,
sekelompok orang atau organisasi kepada konsumen (masyarakat) dengan tujuan
utamanya adalah memperoleh keuntungan/laba (profit).
Perusahaan adalah lokasi terjadinya kegiatan produksi dan berkumpulnya
semua faktor produksi. Setiap perusahaan ada yang terdaftar di pemerintah dan
ada pula yang tidak. Bagi perusahaan yang terdaftar di pemerintah, mereka
mempunyai badan usaha untuk perusahaannya.
Sufism (tassawuf)
This document provides information about the Thareeqathul Haqqiyathul Qadhiriya Sufi order and its current leader.
The order was founded by Quthbul Akhthab Jamaliya Syed Yaseen Moulana Al Hassaniyul Husseiniyul Hashimiyee Nayagam R.A. The current leader is Quthubuzzaaman Shamsul Wujud Kamil Sheikh Jamaliya Syed Khaleel Awn Moulana Al Hassaniyul Husseiniyul Hashimiyee Nayagam Avargal.
Sheikh Jamaliya Syed Khaleel Awn leads
Organisasi bum des dalam pengembangan ekonomi desa
. Desa yang beberapa waktu lalu masih tercitrakan sebagai objek pembangunan yang miskin, terbelakang, tak terdidik, kini mulai menggeliat dengan adanya kontrol, partisipasi, dan emansipasi masyarakat. Geliat itu termasuk menggerakkan kesadaran untuk memutar roda perekonomian agar berpusat di desa.
Kelembagaan BUM Desa Bersama
Pendirian dan Pengembangan BUM Desa Bersama, berbasiskan studi pada BUM Desa Bersama Bumidewandaro di Kecamatan Karangsambung, Kabupaten Kebumen, Provinsi Jawa Tengah; serta diskusi isu restorasi kawasan gambut, revitalisasi BKAD pada implementasi UU Desa
Badan Usaha Milik Desa
BUM Desa adalah badan usaha milik desa yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat desa untuk mengelola sumber daya ekonomi desa guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Dokumen ini menjelaskan tentang pembentukan, pengelolaan, dan pengembangan BUM Desa, termasuk tahapan dan unsur-unsurnya seperti studi kelayakan usaha dan pemilihan pengurus. Rekomendasi untuk mengembangkan BUM Desa adalah memberikan
Penguatan kelembagaan bumdes
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penguatan kelembagaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUM Desa) sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mendorong perekonomian di desa.
2. Beberapa poin penting yang disebutkan antara lain perlunya peningkatan kapasitas pengelolaan BUM Desa, dukungan pemerintah melalui kebijakan dan anggaran, serta kerjasama antar desa dalam pengembangan kawasan perdesaan.
3. D
Mendorong bu mdes-menjadi-kekuatan-baru-ekonomi-desa
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang peran BUM Desa dalam meningkatkan ekonomi desa, serta manfaat yang diperoleh masyarakat desa dari keberadaan BUM Desa melalui penyediaan layanan publik dan pemanfaatan sumber daya lokal."
Perkuliahan Practical Mysticism-ICAS
This document discusses the essential elements of spirituality in Islamic mysticism. It outlines four dimensions: truth, virtue, beauty, and prayer. Truth refers to comprehending God through doctrine, virtue is conforming to God through morality, beauty is configuring God through aesthetics, and prayer is concentrating on God through spiritual techniques. It then elaborates on the doctrinal and operative aspects of the spiritual path, discussing key Islamic concepts like the Shahadah (testimony of faith), distinguishing between substance and accidents, and the relationship between metaphysical truth and contemplative practice.
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On Mysticism and Its Challenges: New Religious Movement
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Training Pengusaha Muda 1 - Pengenalan Dunia Usaha - Isra'life Indonesia
Training Pengusaha Muda 1 - Pengenalan Dunia Usaha - Isra'life Indonesia
Organisasi bum des dalam pengembangan ekonomi desa
Organisasi bum des dalam pengembangan ekonomi desa
Mendorong bu mdes-menjadi-kekuatan-baru-ekonomi-desa
Mendorong bu mdes-menjadi-kekuatan-baru-ekonomi-desa
Similar to Sufism and Idries Shah's Legacy
Mualana Jalaluddin Rumi
Rumi was a 13th century Persian poet, jurist, theologian, and Sufi mystic born in Afghanistan who spent most of his life in Konya, Turkey. He produced an extensive and influential body of work, including his six book spiritual poem, the Masnavi, Divan-e Shams-e Tabrizi dedicated to his friend Shams Tabrizi, and prose works exploring Sufism. Rumi's poetry focused on universal themes of love, tolerance, and mysticism that emphasized spiritual unity and bringing people together. His works have had a profound and lasting influence on literature and spiritual thought around the world.
Ihya ulumiddin
1) The book is an English translation of Imam Ghazzali's work that deals with worship and divine service. Imam Ghazzali was an influential 12th century Islamic scholar and theologian. 2) After studying under several teachers, Ghazzali took a position lecturing at a prestigious school but later turned to Sufism after experiencing a crisis of faith. 3) He composed "Ihya Ulum-ud-Din" as his magnum opus to revive religious sciences in Islam and address what he saw as deviant ideas, drawing
Iqbal's Love for the Prophet and the Muslim Ummah
Presented at: Mercy & Love :Model of Prophetic Love of Rumi & Iqbal Jointly organized by: Solace, Unikita, Madrasah Tarbiyyah Nurul Islam & PNI Place: Main Hall of the Madrasah, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia, Date: 18th Jan. 2015
A Document on Religion and Philosophy of Medieval India
The document discusses religion, philosophy, and culture in medieval India. It describes how mystic saints contributed to religious ideas and beliefs through movements like Bhakti. Philosophies like Advaita influenced new thinking. Islam and Sufism arrived and emphasized monotheism and equality. The Bhakti movement also preached devotion to God for salvation. Regional languages developed and folk arts flourished under various rulers and empires. Religions like Sikhism and Zoroastrianism emerged, while painting, music, and architecture blended Persian and Indian styles under Mughal patronage. Overall, a rich composite culture took shape through religious syncretism and cultural exchange.
The Satanic Verses- Salman Rushdie: A Case Study on Cultural Translation with...
The Satanic Verses is the best example of how culture has been translated to create as big a controversy as THE RUSHDIE AFFAIR. Understanding the text with the discourse of religion was easier since the dream sequences of Gibreel (the protagonist) is filled with allegories on islam and its history. Through this project we tried to understand how SALMAN RUSHDIE translated actual facts; took influences and inspiration from the questioned past of islam; and had the courage to doubt his own faith and islam’s authenticity.
Before deciding on our source text, we analysed and compared the various concepts to work on. Hence we chose the discourse of religion out of other discourses like politics, gender, resistance, violence etc., as it was the most evidently found discourses in the indian context. Moreover the translation form that we opted for was cultural translation out of other forms like transcreation, communicative, literal, etc., since the role and implication of culture in translation studies plays a pivotal role in the indian context. After deciding on the above two concepts we searched for an example (a case) which could be a movie, novel, article etc., that displayed significant characteristics of the applications of above two concepts. After researching on a number of examples we decided to stick to The Satanic Verses as it served the best example to explain cultural translation with religion as a discourse.
DISCOURSE: Any pan human idea which decides your socio-cultural attitudes or implications or aspects.
DISCOURSE AS RELIGION: Religion is a discourse because while living in a society, following a specific culture; a person starts accepting some stereotypes related to religion. Person to person the perception may vary. However, religious discourse is unavoidable. It seems to affect our views on all things. An individual does give it a thought irrespective to what extent he/she might be rational or practical or modern.Religious discourse includes not only statements of personal experiences, but also ethical admonitions, creeds, moral codes, ritual procedures, myths, parables, and so on. Religious discourse extends over an almost indefinite range. It appears to arise out of collective experiences of particular peoples and, does not so much determine what we think, feel, and do as to describe what is thinkable, feel able, and doable. Discourse establishes social stereotypes
CONCLUSION
Clearly, what has most offended Muslims in Rushdie's novel is his use of indecent language in association with sacred characters in Islam, through sequences involving dream, fantasy or madness. In several passages the sacred is even discussed through everyday language of the streets. Rushdie's book has a place in the history of thought, because he has dared to challenge and explore the supremacy of faith in the minds of millions.
The Sufistic Role for social harmony in Pluralistic in assam
Abstract
The Sufis or Mystics were the propagators of love, affection, mercy, brotherhood, fraternity and harmony all over the world at any time of the era. We can see such great personalities in every nook and corner of the world. If the Bagdad and Ajmeer were the centers of some Sufis others were from different parts of the world. Despite their regional, seasonal, social and any other differences, they were the carriers of peace and harmony. The accounts of the introduction of Islam and Sufism are shrouded in myths and legends, especially the accounts of great saints like Jalalud- Din Tabrizi , shah Jalal Mujarrad , Ghiyasud - Din Aulia and Azan Faqir have to be based only on pious legends and local iraditions. Assam witnessed a lot Sufis, such as Jalalud- Din Tabrizi , shah Jalal Mujarrad , Ghiyasud - Din Aulia and Azan Faqir who were the symbols of social harmony and peace and tranquility in pluralist Assam. Ajan Fakir is a familiar name all over Assam. Though a Muslim saint, he is known among and respected by both the Hindus as well as the Muslims of Assam. His unique contribution is the composition of devotional songs in Assamese language known as Jikirs. The Jikirs continue to be sung by Assamese Muslims till date. The Guwahati Station of All India Radio also regularly broadcasts Jikirs sung by well-known singers. It is not unlikely that the Muslim saint was influenced by the tradition and the style of Naam composed by the Vaishnava saint Mahapurush Shrimanta Sankardev.
It is supposed that Ajan Fakir alias Hazrat Miran Shah along with his brother Hazrat Nabi Shah came from Baghdad to India in spiritual pursuit. They first spent considerable time at the dargah of Hazrat Moinuddin Chisti at Ajmer and then at the dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Aulia at Delhi. As per latest researches, their association with these two Sufi centers had abiding influence on them.
On the whole, this paper attempts to describe the main characteristics of Sufism and also attempts to throw some light on the life and teachings of the saints of Assam in general and that of Ajan Fakir in particular.
Amir khosro
Amir Khusrau was an influential 13th century Sufi poet and musician in India. He made many contributions to both music and poetry in Persian and Hindavi. He is considered the "father of Qawwali music" and introduced the ghazal style of song to India. As a poet, he wrote in many forms including ghazals, masnavis, and rubais. He compiled his poems into several Diwans over his life. Khusrau was also highly respected as a disciple of the Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya, to whom he dedicated much of his later work. He played an important role in blending musical styles of different regions. K
SUFISM MEVLANA AS A SUFI.pptx
The document discusses Sufism and Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi. It provides background on the meaning of terms like Sufi and tasawwuf. It outlines the different eras of Sufism including zuhd, tasawwuf, and tariqa. It then focuses on Rumi, describing his life, major works like the Masnavi and Divan-i Kebir, his influences including early Sufi masters, and the spread and impact of his teachings. The doctrines of Rumi's Mawlawi tariqa are also summarized along with seven pieces of advice from Rumi.
Saints in world A Lecture to Farmers By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG agricult...
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AND MUHAMMAD IS HIS MESSENGER.pdf
This document discusses the central role of the Prophet Muhammad in Islamic piety and Muslim life. It explains how Western scholars have often overlooked Muhammad's importance to Muslims and failed to understand the veneration of Muhammad. The author, Annemarie Schimmel, draws on original Islamic sources in various languages to explain how Muhammad is seen as the perfect model by Muslims and is venerated through religious devotion, mystical thought, poetry, and other traditions.
Revisiting iqbal's Philosophical Thoughts
This document provides an overview of Muhammad Iqbal's philosophical thoughts as presented by Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak. It discusses Iqbal's background and education, his major works, influences from Western philosophers like Nietzsche and Bergson, his critique of pseudo-mysticism and wahdatul wujud, his emphasis on dynamism and appreciation of science, influence of Rumi, comparison to Al-Ghazali, view of the prophet's personality, and his eclectic approach to philosophy. It examines Iqbal's perspective on understanding the West and East and encouragement to appreciate the arts and sciences of the West.
Creed by ibn Ashir
The poem discusses three pivotal topics in Islamic theology and spirituality: the doctrine of Imam Ash'ari concerning creed ('aqidah), the jurisprudence of Imam Malik concerning Islamic law (fiqh), and the spiritual path of Imam Junayd al-Baghdadi concerning moral refinement (tasawwuf). The author composed the poem in poetic form to benefit the unsophisticated by introducing them to these essential Islamic sciences.
Some saints in world By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK...
The document provides brief biographies of 15 important saints in Islam since the beginning of Islam. It discusses their origins, places of birth, teachings and contributions to spreading Sufism across regions like Persia, Iraq, South Asia, and Central Asia between the 7th-13th centuries AD. The saints mentioned include Uwais al Qarani, Rabi'a al-Adawiyya, Pir Mangho, Abdullah Shah Ghazi, Ali Hujwiri, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Moinuddin Chishti, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Baba Fakhruddin Suharwardy, Baha-ud-din Zakariya, Khawaja Far
His 101 ch 7b islam as an heir of rome
The document discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the 7th to 12th centuries. It describes how the Islamic civilization absorbed influences from previous cultures like Greece, Rome, Judaism and Christianity. Muhammad founded Islam in 610 after receiving revelations, and the religion spread rapidly under subsequent caliphates. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and prohibitions on images which influenced Islamic art forms like calligraphy and arabesque designs. The golden age of the Abbasid caliphate saw advances in science, philosophy and architecture.
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This document provides an overview of the sources and development of Islamic theology. It discusses several internal and external factors that influenced Islamic thought, including political developments after the Prophet's death, cultural influences from Greece, Persia, and India, and the rise of philosophical schools of thought like the Mutazilites and Sufism. Key internal influences included the use of reason, tradition, and intuition; dealing with new problems as revelations ceased; and theological debates. Externally, translations of Greek and other texts, and Christian and Persian cultural influences, helped shape Islamic philosophy over time. The document also provides brief summaries of the views of different theological groups like the Qadrites, Jabrites, and Mutazilites, as
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Early ideas on human nature and personality were presented by Muslim scholars during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic civilization and the dawn of the era of European colonization has somehow dwindled the study on man and his personality until the poet-philosopher Mohammed Iqbal (1879-1938) came up with his philosophy on the Ego (Khudi). Using philosophy and poetry as his vehicles, Iqbal called upon the Muslims to pay attention to the development and maintenance of the human Ego. Given Iqbal‟s fame in the East and West, it is pertinent to explore his ideas on human nature, philosophy of Ego or self, and personality. This study surveys the underlying factors that challenged Iqbal to conceptualize a theory on personality which is very different from others in the Islamic world.
An exposition of Iqbal’s ideas on human nature and personality
Early ideas on human nature and personality were presented by Muslim scholars during the Golden Age of Islam (750-1258). The decline of the Islamic civilization and the dawn of the era of European colonization has somehow dwindled the study on man and his personality until the poet-philosopher Mohammed Iqbal (1879-1938) came up with his philosophy on the Ego (Khudi). Using philosophy and poetry as his vehicles, Iqbal called upon the Muslims to pay attention to the development and maintenance of the human Ego. Given Iqbal‟s fame in the East and West, it is pertinent to explore his ideas on human nature, philosophy of Ego or self, and personality. This study surveys the underlying factors that challenged Iqbal to conceptualize a theory on personality which is very different from others in the Islamic world.
A Tribute To 3 Ismailischolars Of The 20th Century
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This document summarizes the contributions of three 20th century Bohra scholars:
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The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
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The texts are in English and Chinese.
Kala jadu (black magic) expert,Black magic specialist in Dubai vashikaran spe...
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A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
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2. The Book of Psalms: Recognition of the kingship and sovereignty of God
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Kala jadu (black magic) expert,Black magic specialist in Dubai vashikaran spe...
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A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...
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Sufism and Idries Shah's Legacy
- 1. SUFISM AND IDRIES SHAH An Islamic approach to peace
- 2. SUFISM Sufism has a rich history that predates Idries Shah by at least twelve centuries. Sufis honor Muhammad as the Prophet of God. Following the death of Muhammad, some Muslims began as a peaceful protest movement during the Umayyad Caliphate in the eighth century C.E. to address the elitism, materialism and excessive wealth caliphs possessed. Sufi may be a term derived from the wool clothes they wore as a symbol of protest.
- 3. SUFI THOUGHT AND METHODS Master required to promote spiritual enlightenment Novices must live with humility and simplicity Spiritual exercises to discover paths to God Self-critique and inward reflection Unity of creation through oneness of God (tawhid) Mythical interpretation of Islamic history Dialog and mutual understanding Humor, fables, riddles and stories as tools for religious instruction
- 4. RUMI (1207-1273) Rumi (1207-1273) wrote Masnavi (Spiritual Couplets) and crucial works of poetry and prose to synthesize Sufi ideals in a format that served future generations of mystics across the Muslim world and beyond.
- 5. IBN KHALDUN’S PERSPECTIVE Ibn Khaldun addresses Sufism in Chapter 6 of The Muqaddimah as an Islamic path, “concerned with pious exertion, self-scrutiny with regard to it, discussion of the different kinds of mystical and ecstatic experience occurring in the course of (self-scrutiny), the mode of ascent from one mystical experience to another, and the interpretation of the technical terminology of mysticism in use among them” (360).
- 6. IDRIES SHAH (1924-1996) Born in India to an Afghan father and a Scottish mother. Moved to England in his 30s. Commissioned by Sufi masters to reach Western world. Wrote over 30 books including works in Sufism, magic, fables, short stories, children’s books and English literary analyses.
- 7. SHAH’S MAJOR WORKS Oriental Magic (1956) The Secret Lore of Magic (1957) The Sufis (1964) Tales of the Dervishes (1967) Caravan of Dreams (1968) The Way of the Sufi (1968) The Dermis Probe (1970) Elephant in the Dark (1974) Special Illumination (1977) Learning How to Learn (1978) World Tales (1979) Sufi Thought and Action (1990) The Commanding Self (1994)
- 8. SHAH’S CONTROVERSIES Association with the father of modern Wicca Gerald Gardner. Failed to produce manuscripts of Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat used to inspire the English translation made by Robert Graves. James Moore (right) consider him a disingenuous charlatan who manipulate simple-minded Europeans like J.G. Bennett who naively donated his estate to Shah.
- 9. SHAH’S LEGACY Founded Octagon Press in 1960. Founded Institute for Cultural Research in 1965. Sold over 15 million books in twenty languages. Provided a peaceful Sufi voice for fifty years. Influenced Nobel Prize winning author Doris Lessing (right) in her numerous novels and short stories.