This document provides guidelines for designing VESDA smoke detection systems in substations. It discusses key fire risks in substations and why VESDA is preferable to conventional detection methods. The document outlines important design considerations and recommends protecting key areas like switch rooms, control rooms, battery rooms, and cable trenches. It provides examples of effective protection strategies for ceilings, floor voids, equipment cabinets, and air ducts/vents. Proper commissioning, maintenance and adherence to codes are also emphasized.
Personality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction.
Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals.
The document discusses how leading organizations are evolving to adopt more data-driven decision making cultures. It finds that organizations face increasing pressure to make decisions faster amid shrinking time windows. As a result, many organizations are enhancing employee skills to better integrate analytics, balancing data with experience, and forging new relationships between decision makers and analytics professionals. The most advanced organizations are developing best practices that distribute data and tools widely to promote transparency.
The document discusses the major components of fire attack in high-rise structures. It identifies 8 key components: 1) Incident command, 2) Water supply, 3) Gaining access/egress, 4) Operations, 5) Ventilation, 6) Evacuation. For each component, it provides details on strategies and tactics such as using elevators to access fires, connecting to standpipes, using stairwells for ventilation and evacuation, and assigning resources. The document emphasizes the importance of pre-fire planning and having strategies tailored to the unique challenges of fighting fires in high-rise buildings.
The VESDA system continuously draws in air samples through a network of tubes using a high efficiency ventilator. The air sample first passes through a two-stage filter to remove dust and dirt before entering the laser detection chamber. Here, the sample is exposed to a stable laser light source - if smoke is present, the light will disperse and be detected by high-sensitivity optical sensors, instantly identifying any smoke. The filtered air sample then returns to the facility through the outlet. The VESDA system can be set up to communicate any smoke detection directly to a building's fire control panel.
VESDA-E VEP is a new aspirating smoke detection system that introduces several improvements over previous VESDA systems. It features the new Flair detection chamber that provides 1.5 times greater sensitivity and 3 times better dust rejection compared to earlier technologies. VESDA-E VEP also introduces StaX modules that allow for flexible expansion and introduce capabilities like automatic pipe cleaning. The system is designed to lower total cost of ownership through ease of installation, commissioning, monitoring and maintenance compared to older VESDA systems.
Xtralis is a leading provider of aspirating smoke detection (ASD) systems, which actively sample air from a protected area to detect smoke particles. ASD systems provide very early warning of smoke or fire compared to conventional detectors. They are well-suited for applications where smoke is difficult to detect due to high ceilings, air flows, or harsh environments. Xtralis has over 25 years of experience in the fire safety industry and its VESDA ASD systems are installed in over 60 countries worldwide.
Calculation of efficiency of Aspirating Smoke Detection in Data CenterIRJET Journal
The document discusses the calculation of efficiency of aspirating smoke detection (ASD) systems in data centers. It describes how ASD systems work by using a centralized detector unit connected to a network of pipes to draw in and analyze air samples from various locations. The document presents the results of using pipe network software to model and evaluate the performance of an ASD system installed in a data center. The analysis found the transport time was 56 seconds, meeting the maximum allowed of 60 seconds. Airflow rates at sampling ports and overall system balance also met requirements. The study demonstrates the importance of carefully modeling and optimizing ASD system design parameters to ensure reliable and efficient smoke detection in critical infrastructure facilities like data centers.
Personality means how a person affects others and how he understands and views himself as well as the pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction.
Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals.
The document discusses how leading organizations are evolving to adopt more data-driven decision making cultures. It finds that organizations face increasing pressure to make decisions faster amid shrinking time windows. As a result, many organizations are enhancing employee skills to better integrate analytics, balancing data with experience, and forging new relationships between decision makers and analytics professionals. The most advanced organizations are developing best practices that distribute data and tools widely to promote transparency.
The document discusses the major components of fire attack in high-rise structures. It identifies 8 key components: 1) Incident command, 2) Water supply, 3) Gaining access/egress, 4) Operations, 5) Ventilation, 6) Evacuation. For each component, it provides details on strategies and tactics such as using elevators to access fires, connecting to standpipes, using stairwells for ventilation and evacuation, and assigning resources. The document emphasizes the importance of pre-fire planning and having strategies tailored to the unique challenges of fighting fires in high-rise buildings.
The VESDA system continuously draws in air samples through a network of tubes using a high efficiency ventilator. The air sample first passes through a two-stage filter to remove dust and dirt before entering the laser detection chamber. Here, the sample is exposed to a stable laser light source - if smoke is present, the light will disperse and be detected by high-sensitivity optical sensors, instantly identifying any smoke. The filtered air sample then returns to the facility through the outlet. The VESDA system can be set up to communicate any smoke detection directly to a building's fire control panel.
VESDA-E VEP is a new aspirating smoke detection system that introduces several improvements over previous VESDA systems. It features the new Flair detection chamber that provides 1.5 times greater sensitivity and 3 times better dust rejection compared to earlier technologies. VESDA-E VEP also introduces StaX modules that allow for flexible expansion and introduce capabilities like automatic pipe cleaning. The system is designed to lower total cost of ownership through ease of installation, commissioning, monitoring and maintenance compared to older VESDA systems.
Xtralis is a leading provider of aspirating smoke detection (ASD) systems, which actively sample air from a protected area to detect smoke particles. ASD systems provide very early warning of smoke or fire compared to conventional detectors. They are well-suited for applications where smoke is difficult to detect due to high ceilings, air flows, or harsh environments. Xtralis has over 25 years of experience in the fire safety industry and its VESDA ASD systems are installed in over 60 countries worldwide.
Calculation of efficiency of Aspirating Smoke Detection in Data CenterIRJET Journal
The document discusses the calculation of efficiency of aspirating smoke detection (ASD) systems in data centers. It describes how ASD systems work by using a centralized detector unit connected to a network of pipes to draw in and analyze air samples from various locations. The document presents the results of using pipe network software to model and evaluate the performance of an ASD system installed in a data center. The analysis found the transport time was 56 seconds, meeting the maximum allowed of 60 seconds. Airflow rates at sampling ports and overall system balance also met requirements. The study demonstrates the importance of carefully modeling and optimizing ASD system design parameters to ensure reliable and efficient smoke detection in critical infrastructure facilities like data centers.
This document discusses methods used to minimize arc flash hazards in an electrical switchroom for a basalt crushing and screening plant. It describes implementing multiple risk controls following the hierarchy of hazard control, including installing an arc flash rated switchboard with features like arc venting, segregation and arc flash reduction technology. The design used studies to reduce fault current and clearing times, and allowed remote operation and monitoring to minimize worker exposure. This combination of engineering and administrative controls successfully lowered hazard categories, reducing required personal protective equipment without compromising coordination.
Low voltage switchgear assemblies should be designed and tested to mitigate arc flash hazards through several means:
1) Reducing the probability of internal arc faults occurring during normal operation through component engineering.
2) Protecting personnel from injury if a fault occurs when the assembly is in normal use.
3) Limiting equipment damage from faults. The emphasis should be on reducing arc flash hazards rather than claiming absolute safety. A holistic approach using equipment design, work practices, training and PPE is needed.
Iaetsd implementation of a wireless sensor networkIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of a wireless sensor network platform for monitoring temperature in a forest area. Key requirements for the platform include low cost, ability to deploy a large number of sensors, long lifetime with low maintenance, and high quality of service. The document outlines the specifications for sensor nodes, gateway nodes, and the overall network architecture. It also provides details on the software and hardware design and implementation of the sensor nodes, gateway nodes, and monitoring system to meet the application requirements.
IRJET- Automatic Fire Extinguisher SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an automatic fire extinguisher system. It begins with an introduction to common fire extinguisher systems and their shortcomings.
2. The proposed automatic system would use temperature sensors to detect fires and activate sprinklers or other extinguishing methods automatically through the use of relays and pumps.
3. The automatic system is intended to provide faster, more effective fire response than traditional manual systems by removing delays from human intervention and allowing systems to work continuously.
1) Orbital provides lightning protection systems using several technologies including early streamer emission air terminals which trigger upward lightning leaders more quickly than conventional terminals.
2) Orbital has invested heavily in testing its products, especially the ESE terminals, to ensure they meet standards like the French NF C 17-102.
3) Orbital's 5 point protection plan aims to capture direct strikes, dissipate energy into the grounding system, create a bonded earthing system, and protect power and communication lines.
This document summarizes a training seminar on solving fluid flow problems using CFD software. The seminar was held at the Centre For Fire, Explosive & Environmental Safety (CFEES) under DRDO. The seminar covered an introduction to CFD modeling strategies and objectives to solve (1) hydraulic pipe network problems using Flowmaster software and (2) combustion gas flow through an exhaust duct of a lab-scale facility using Flowmaster and Fluent. The document provides details on modeling steps, input parameters, and results for both objectives.
An Explosion Proof Cable Gland is a critical component in industrial settings designed to ensure the safety of electrical installations. Specifically engineered to prevent the risk of explosions in hazardous environments, these cable glands act as protective seals around cables, wires, or conduits, effectively containing any potential sparks or ignition sources within the enclosed system. Employing robust materials and precise engineering, Explosion Proof Cable Glands provide a secure barrier against flammable gases, vapors, or dust, minimizing the likelihood of hazardous incidents. Their application is essential in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and mining, where the presence of combustible substances demands heightened safety measures. By effectively sealing cable entries, these glands contribute to overall workplace safety, offering reliable protection against the inherent dangers of explosive atmospheres.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Analysis of a Vacuum Chamber for High Speed T...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, modeling, and analysis of a vacuum chamber for testing high speed turbine blades. Key points:
- A vacuum chamber was designed in Pro/Engineer to test rotors up to 17,500 lbs, 67 inches in diameter, at speeds up to 60,000 RPM.
- Structural, modal, and fatigue analysis of the vacuum chamber was performed in ANSYS using materials like stainless steel, aluminum alloy, brass and acrylic.
- The vacuum chamber was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions like pressure were applied. Von Mises stress, strain, and displacement results were obtained and evaluated.
- Thermal analysis of the vacuum chamber was also conducted in AN
The document discusses Schneider Electric's KPX range of medium voltage kiosk substations. It provides a history of Schneider Electric's innovations in kiosk substations since 1976. It then discusses key features of the KPX kiosk substations including their internal arc protection, oil containment, ability to house remote monitoring and control equipment, and suitability for applications such as wind farms, electrical utilities, and defence facilities.
1. There are several types of lens materials that can be used in infrared windows, with the choice driven by the application environment and transmission requirements.
2. Common lens materials include germanium, zinc selenide, and sapphire - each with their own transmission properties and temperature ranges.
3. The lens material must be able to withstand the environmental conditions inside the enclosure, have suitable infrared transmission, and meet any certification or safety standards.
This BLH handbook is intended to educate the user regarding the proper selection ofelectronic weighing systems used in hazardous locations. This document does not cover the installation of equipment as this is typically the responsibility of the installing electrician and/ or engineering design rm. Information contained herein has been compiled from a number of published sources and condensed to cover the subject as related to electronic weighing equipment only.
The document defines requirements for substation installations on Defence sites. It provides definitions, outlines agency roles and responsibilities, and specifies general requirements, design requirements, and project controls for substations. Requirements cover areas such as standards and codes, safety, equipment selection, testing and commissioning, and certification.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A CONTACT CENTER APPLICATION SYSTEM TO INTEGRAT...IJCNCJournal
WebRTC allows P2P communication between Web browsers. It has been attracting an interest in recent years and is beginning to be used in a wide range of fields. Progress in Internet technology is expected to
diversify the means of communication between enterprises and customers from simple telephone calls and
email to include easier and more convenient means, such as video calls and Web chats. We have developed
an experimental application system that uses WebRTC to integrate a variety of task-specific communication
tools, such as telephones, at a contact center with the aim of improving work efficiency there. Main
functions implemented in this system include audio/video communication that involves an agreement
procedure, setting up of FIFO-based inquiry channels, and visualization of access line congestion state. We
have created test scenarios that simulated contact center tasks. Using these scenarios, we compared the
experimental system and an existing system in terms of the response time, the degree of functional
integration of tools, and usability, which is based on a system usability scale (SUS).
How to Select an Intrinsically Safe Pressure TransducerSetra Systems
Engineers selecting pressure transducers in hazardous industries must make one more significant consideration beyond performance, reliability, and stability-they must specify units with intrinsically safe circuits. The National Electrical Code defines an intrinsically safe circuit as, "A circuit in which any spark or thermal effect is incapable of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air under prescribed conditions." In addition, intrinsically safe products are incapable of storing large amounts of energy that might spark an explosion when discharged. These circuits must be used wherever there are combustible gases, vapors, liquids, dust, and/or fibers.
This paper discusses what industries and applications require intrinsically safe systems and the technical considerations for specifying an intrinsically safe pressure transducer.
The document discusses the fire protection systems of Centro Mall in Klang, Malaysia. It provides an overview of active and passive fire protection systems, which work together to control and extinguish fires. The active system includes components like smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire pumps and hydrants that automatically respond to fires. The passive system includes components like fire-rated walls and doors, emergency exits and signage that help contain fires and support evacuation. The case study analyzes how these systems in Centro Mall comply with relevant building codes and ensure fire safety for shoppers.
This document provides information on Sabo Systems Pvt. Ltd., an Indian company that manufactures lightning protection and grounding systems. It discusses their mission to provide advanced safety solutions and lists certifications they have obtained. The document also describes how lightning forms and its effects, how their advanced early streamer emission lightning conductors work to safely route lightning strikes, and provides specifications for several conductor models.
Understanding fire and gas mapping softwareKenexis
The document discusses understanding fire and gas mapping software and EffigyTM. It begins by explaining the traditional "rule of thumb" approach to placing fire and gas detectors has led to inconsistent designs with poorly documented bases, making validation difficult. It then discusses how risk-based approaches using concepts like coverage targets have improved the process. Coverage can be geographic, based on detector range alone, or scenario-based, which considers where leaks may occur. EffigyTM software calculates both types of coverage to help users select and validate targets. It provides a comprehensive database of detector specifications and models coverage in 3D to account for real-world factors like non-centerline detector placement.
The document discusses specifications for nuclear power plant construction. It summarizes that regulatory frameworks are similar globally but implemented locally through national legislation. It also discusses the importance of (1) maintaining licensee leadership throughout projects, (2) choosing codes and standards that comply with national rules and promote local industry, and (3) starting requirements definition and training suppliers early in new build projects. The document emphasizes that clear communication and cooperation between all stakeholders is important for successful nuclear new build projects.
This document discusses methods used to minimize arc flash hazards in an electrical switchroom for a basalt crushing and screening plant. It describes implementing multiple risk controls following the hierarchy of hazard control, including installing an arc flash rated switchboard with features like arc venting, segregation and arc flash reduction technology. The design used studies to reduce fault current and clearing times, and allowed remote operation and monitoring to minimize worker exposure. This combination of engineering and administrative controls successfully lowered hazard categories, reducing required personal protective equipment without compromising coordination.
Low voltage switchgear assemblies should be designed and tested to mitigate arc flash hazards through several means:
1) Reducing the probability of internal arc faults occurring during normal operation through component engineering.
2) Protecting personnel from injury if a fault occurs when the assembly is in normal use.
3) Limiting equipment damage from faults. The emphasis should be on reducing arc flash hazards rather than claiming absolute safety. A holistic approach using equipment design, work practices, training and PPE is needed.
Iaetsd implementation of a wireless sensor networkIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of a wireless sensor network platform for monitoring temperature in a forest area. Key requirements for the platform include low cost, ability to deploy a large number of sensors, long lifetime with low maintenance, and high quality of service. The document outlines the specifications for sensor nodes, gateway nodes, and the overall network architecture. It also provides details on the software and hardware design and implementation of the sensor nodes, gateway nodes, and monitoring system to meet the application requirements.
IRJET- Automatic Fire Extinguisher SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the development of an automatic fire extinguisher system. It begins with an introduction to common fire extinguisher systems and their shortcomings.
2. The proposed automatic system would use temperature sensors to detect fires and activate sprinklers or other extinguishing methods automatically through the use of relays and pumps.
3. The automatic system is intended to provide faster, more effective fire response than traditional manual systems by removing delays from human intervention and allowing systems to work continuously.
1) Orbital provides lightning protection systems using several technologies including early streamer emission air terminals which trigger upward lightning leaders more quickly than conventional terminals.
2) Orbital has invested heavily in testing its products, especially the ESE terminals, to ensure they meet standards like the French NF C 17-102.
3) Orbital's 5 point protection plan aims to capture direct strikes, dissipate energy into the grounding system, create a bonded earthing system, and protect power and communication lines.
This document summarizes a training seminar on solving fluid flow problems using CFD software. The seminar was held at the Centre For Fire, Explosive & Environmental Safety (CFEES) under DRDO. The seminar covered an introduction to CFD modeling strategies and objectives to solve (1) hydraulic pipe network problems using Flowmaster software and (2) combustion gas flow through an exhaust duct of a lab-scale facility using Flowmaster and Fluent. The document provides details on modeling steps, input parameters, and results for both objectives.
An Explosion Proof Cable Gland is a critical component in industrial settings designed to ensure the safety of electrical installations. Specifically engineered to prevent the risk of explosions in hazardous environments, these cable glands act as protective seals around cables, wires, or conduits, effectively containing any potential sparks or ignition sources within the enclosed system. Employing robust materials and precise engineering, Explosion Proof Cable Glands provide a secure barrier against flammable gases, vapors, or dust, minimizing the likelihood of hazardous incidents. Their application is essential in industries such as oil and gas, chemical manufacturing, and mining, where the presence of combustible substances demands heightened safety measures. By effectively sealing cable entries, these glands contribute to overall workplace safety, offering reliable protection against the inherent dangers of explosive atmospheres.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Analysis of a Vacuum Chamber for High Speed T...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, modeling, and analysis of a vacuum chamber for testing high speed turbine blades. Key points:
- A vacuum chamber was designed in Pro/Engineer to test rotors up to 17,500 lbs, 67 inches in diameter, at speeds up to 60,000 RPM.
- Structural, modal, and fatigue analysis of the vacuum chamber was performed in ANSYS using materials like stainless steel, aluminum alloy, brass and acrylic.
- The vacuum chamber was modeled, meshed, and boundary conditions like pressure were applied. Von Mises stress, strain, and displacement results were obtained and evaluated.
- Thermal analysis of the vacuum chamber was also conducted in AN
The document discusses Schneider Electric's KPX range of medium voltage kiosk substations. It provides a history of Schneider Electric's innovations in kiosk substations since 1976. It then discusses key features of the KPX kiosk substations including their internal arc protection, oil containment, ability to house remote monitoring and control equipment, and suitability for applications such as wind farms, electrical utilities, and defence facilities.
1. There are several types of lens materials that can be used in infrared windows, with the choice driven by the application environment and transmission requirements.
2. Common lens materials include germanium, zinc selenide, and sapphire - each with their own transmission properties and temperature ranges.
3. The lens material must be able to withstand the environmental conditions inside the enclosure, have suitable infrared transmission, and meet any certification or safety standards.
This BLH handbook is intended to educate the user regarding the proper selection ofelectronic weighing systems used in hazardous locations. This document does not cover the installation of equipment as this is typically the responsibility of the installing electrician and/ or engineering design rm. Information contained herein has been compiled from a number of published sources and condensed to cover the subject as related to electronic weighing equipment only.
The document defines requirements for substation installations on Defence sites. It provides definitions, outlines agency roles and responsibilities, and specifies general requirements, design requirements, and project controls for substations. Requirements cover areas such as standards and codes, safety, equipment selection, testing and commissioning, and certification.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A CONTACT CENTER APPLICATION SYSTEM TO INTEGRAT...IJCNCJournal
WebRTC allows P2P communication between Web browsers. It has been attracting an interest in recent years and is beginning to be used in a wide range of fields. Progress in Internet technology is expected to
diversify the means of communication between enterprises and customers from simple telephone calls and
email to include easier and more convenient means, such as video calls and Web chats. We have developed
an experimental application system that uses WebRTC to integrate a variety of task-specific communication
tools, such as telephones, at a contact center with the aim of improving work efficiency there. Main
functions implemented in this system include audio/video communication that involves an agreement
procedure, setting up of FIFO-based inquiry channels, and visualization of access line congestion state. We
have created test scenarios that simulated contact center tasks. Using these scenarios, we compared the
experimental system and an existing system in terms of the response time, the degree of functional
integration of tools, and usability, which is based on a system usability scale (SUS).
How to Select an Intrinsically Safe Pressure TransducerSetra Systems
Engineers selecting pressure transducers in hazardous industries must make one more significant consideration beyond performance, reliability, and stability-they must specify units with intrinsically safe circuits. The National Electrical Code defines an intrinsically safe circuit as, "A circuit in which any spark or thermal effect is incapable of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air under prescribed conditions." In addition, intrinsically safe products are incapable of storing large amounts of energy that might spark an explosion when discharged. These circuits must be used wherever there are combustible gases, vapors, liquids, dust, and/or fibers.
This paper discusses what industries and applications require intrinsically safe systems and the technical considerations for specifying an intrinsically safe pressure transducer.
The document discusses the fire protection systems of Centro Mall in Klang, Malaysia. It provides an overview of active and passive fire protection systems, which work together to control and extinguish fires. The active system includes components like smoke detectors, sprinklers, fire pumps and hydrants that automatically respond to fires. The passive system includes components like fire-rated walls and doors, emergency exits and signage that help contain fires and support evacuation. The case study analyzes how these systems in Centro Mall comply with relevant building codes and ensure fire safety for shoppers.
This document provides information on Sabo Systems Pvt. Ltd., an Indian company that manufactures lightning protection and grounding systems. It discusses their mission to provide advanced safety solutions and lists certifications they have obtained. The document also describes how lightning forms and its effects, how their advanced early streamer emission lightning conductors work to safely route lightning strikes, and provides specifications for several conductor models.
Understanding fire and gas mapping softwareKenexis
The document discusses understanding fire and gas mapping software and EffigyTM. It begins by explaining the traditional "rule of thumb" approach to placing fire and gas detectors has led to inconsistent designs with poorly documented bases, making validation difficult. It then discusses how risk-based approaches using concepts like coverage targets have improved the process. Coverage can be geographic, based on detector range alone, or scenario-based, which considers where leaks may occur. EffigyTM software calculates both types of coverage to help users select and validate targets. It provides a comprehensive database of detector specifications and models coverage in 3D to account for real-world factors like non-centerline detector placement.
The document discusses specifications for nuclear power plant construction. It summarizes that regulatory frameworks are similar globally but implemented locally through national legislation. It also discusses the importance of (1) maintaining licensee leadership throughout projects, (2) choosing codes and standards that comply with national rules and promote local industry, and (3) starting requirements definition and training suppliers early in new build projects. The document emphasizes that clear communication and cooperation between all stakeholders is important for successful nuclear new build projects.
3. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
Preface
Xtralis has produced this Design Guide as a reference, to be consulted when designing
VESDA fire protection solutions for various types of Substation facilities.
This Design Guide outlines relevant design considerations and makes recommendations
regarding the most effective way to implement a VESDA system solution in Substation
facilities.
Important Note: The information contained in this Design Guide should be used in
conjunction with specific local fire codes and standards. Other regional
industry practices, where applicable, should also be adhered to.
Doc. 11737_00 i
4.
5. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
Contents
1 Background Information.........................................................................................................1
1.1 Fire Safety Considerations in Substations...................................................................1
1.2 Performance-Based Design ..........................................................................................1
1.3 Key Design Considerations ..........................................................................................2
1.4 Why Use VESDA Smoke Detection?.............................................................................2
2 Design for Effective Fire Protection .......................................................................................3
2.1 Protection Areas............................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Switch/Relay Room ...............................................................................................4
2.1.2 Control Room ........................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Battery Room ........................................................................................................4
2.1.4 Cable Trench.........................................................................................................4
2.2 Ceiling Protection..........................................................................................................5
2.3 Floor Void Protection ....................................................................................................5
2.4 In/On-Cabinet Protection ..............................................................................................6
2.5 Return Air Vent/Duct Protection ...................................................................................7
3 Ongoing Considerations.........................................................................................................9
3.1 System Commissioning ................................................................................................9
3.2 Service and Maintenance..............................................................................................9
4 References ..............................................................................................................................9
Doc. 11737_00 i
6.
7. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
1 Background Information
1.1 Fire Safety Considerations in Substations
The major fire risks and detection difficulties within Substations (Figure 1) arise as a result of
the following:
Electrical arcing and the build-up of static electrical charge within equipment.
Overheating of electrical control equipment, switchgear and cabling.
Once initiated, a fire may rapidly spread due to the presence of large amounts of
combustible material in the form of hydrocarbons contained in cabling and insulation.
The environment within uninterrupted power supply areas (i.e. battery room) may
become explosive from the build up of high concentrations of hydrogen gas.
Substations are usually unmanned, thus, early intervention by staff may not be possible
in the event of a fire.
High air movement, caused by air-conditioning dilutes and disperses the smoke.
Much of the mission critical equipment is housed within equipment cabinets and in-
cabinet fires may take some time to be detected by ceiling mounted detection devices,
especially since in-cabinet fires will usually have prolonged incipient (smouldering)
stages.
Underground cable trenches linking the main areas of the substation are considered
hostile environments. High levels of background pollution present in these areas will
affect the reliable operation of conventional detectors as well as being a source of false
(nuisance) alarms.
Figure 1 – Substation.
1.2 Performance-Based Design
The unique environments within Substations present a challenge to both early and reliable
fire detection. There is a high likelihood that detection system performance will be dependent
on airflow within the substation. The flexibility of Performance-Based Design, while still
following rigorous engineering processes, allows the fire protection system to be tailored to
the specific requirements of each individual application’s environment.
For example, detector spacing, or, for a VESDA system, sample hole spacing is traditionally
dictated by local prescriptive codes and standards. In a Performance-Based Design
approach, each installation is assessed according to its specific environmental conditions.
Sample hole spacing and location can be altered to suit the particular performance
requirements.
The Performance-Based Design approach is widely used since it can provide evidence to
justify divergence from prescriptive requirements, particularly in cases where there are
practical limitations or a need for an improved level of fire protection.
Doc. 11737_00 1
8. Substations Design Guide VESDA by Xtralis
There are some specific guidelines for the use of Performance-Based Design and risk
management concepts. Examples of these are listed below:
BS 7974 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of building – Code
[1]
of practice .
AS/NZS ISO 31000 Risk management - Principles and guidelines [2].
SFPE (2000) Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, Analysis and
[3]
Design of Buildings .
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Third Edition [4].
Performance-Based fire protection solutions can be made to comply with local and national
codes for buildings and life safety. Assessment of the environmental risks and performance
requirements, specific to the particular substation, are conducted as part of the design
process.
1.3 Key Design Considerations
The following should be considered when designing a VESDA system for a Substation:
1. What are the specific fire risks in each of the operational areas to be protected?
2. What are the environmental conditions in each operational area?
3. To what extent is the substation manned?
4. What do local prescriptive fire codes and standards require?
5. What do Industry codes of practice recommend?
1.4 Why Use VESDA Smoke Detection?
It is essential that fire events in Substation facilities are detected as early as possible to
minimize operational disruptions and asset damage. Early fire detection especially becomes
critical in unmanned facilities.
The limitations of conventional fire/smoke detectors (point (spot) type smoke, heat and
beam-type) must be considered. The comparatively low sensitivity and localized detection of
point (spot) type detectors, for instance, can mean that fire events will not be detected soon
enough in many cases. Substation environments present the following challenges to
conventional detectors:
Air movement, caused by ventilation, will dilute and cool the smoke plume thus
negatively affecting the detection performance of point (spot) type smoke and heat
detectors.
Smoldering fires lack the thermal energy to ascend to the ceiling, thus negatively
affecting the detection capability of both point (spot) type smoke and heat detectors.
Point (spot) type smoke detectors may be subject to continuous environmental changes
which may force them to operate outside their recommended operating range
(temperature, humidity and airflow velocity) and compromise their detection
performance leading to false alarms or reduced sensitivity.
The maintenance of conventional detectors installed in substations may involve
equipment shutdown. Certain codes prohibit maintenance above active arc-resistant
switch gear, therefore such equipment must be turned off while detectors are being
maintained.
Maintenance of detectors in cable trenches is difficult due to the inaccessibility of such
areas, since the majority of cabling in substations is contained under the floor.
The high density of equipment in many areas would obstruct the light path of beam-type
smoke detectors.
The Very Early Warning Fire Detection (VEWFD) capability of the VESDA system allows it to
minimize fire risks and combat detection challenges in the following ways:
A VESDA system can detect minute amounts of smoke than a point (spot) type detector
due to its very sensitive alarm settings and aggregation of smoke-laden air collected
through sampling holes at different locations.
2 Doc. 11737_00
9. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
The very early warning capability of the VESDA system allows it to detect fires at the
incipient (smoldering) stage. This provides staff with an opportunity to investigate and
take action before the fire grows and spreads to adjacent fuels. Should it be necessary,
very early warning will increase the time available to execute an evacuation and other
emergency plans.
A VESDA system actively draws air through its sampling holes, which ensures a
consistent detection performance in varying airflow conditions. The performance of point
(spot) type smoke detectors relies on the direction and magnitude of airflow in their
vicinity to carry smoke particulates to the sensing chambers. Consequently, point (spot)
type smoke detector performance changes in line with alterations in ventilation
conditions.
There is a comparatively low incidence of false alarms with a VESDA system. This is
particularly helpful in unmanned facilities, where investigation is not possible without a
site visit.
In cases where gaseous or sprinkler fire suppression is to be included as part of the
overall fire protection system, the VESDA detectors’ wide sensitivity range of 0.005 to
20%Obs/m (0.0015 to 6%Obs/ft) means that appropriate alarm thresholds can be set for
both early detection and, at a later stage in the fire event, the activation of the
suppression release mechanisms.
The fact that VESDA detectors can be placed in easily accessible locations with only the
pipe network being in awkward to reach places, means that they are easier to maintain
and requiring no specialist equipment or operation shutdown.
VESDA systems use a polymeric sampling pipe network which eliminates the potential
for corrosion by sulphuric acid in battery rooms. The use of a chemical filter is used to
capture corrosive gases in the sampled airstream prior to reaching the VESDA detectors
thus ensuring higher reliability and extended operational lifetime of the detection
chamber.
The on-board filter removes the majority of dust from the sampled air stream before it
enters the detection chamber, thereby, reducing the likelihood of false alarms and
contamination of the optical surfaces. A clean air bleed also keeps the VESDA detector
optics free of contaminant build up.
The ability to network VESDA devices and monitor them remotely makes them ideal for
the protection of substations.
2 Design for Effective Fire Protection
2.1 Protection Areas
Table 1 shows the operational areas within a substation in which protection is required.
Table 1 – Substation – Protection Areas.
Areas Essential Recommended
Switch/Relay Room
Ceiling
In/On Cabinet
Control Room
Ceiling
In/On Cabinet
Floor Void
Return air vent/Duct
Battery Room
Ceiling
Return air vent/Duct
Cable Trench
Doc. 11737_00 3
10. Substations Design Guide VESDA by Xtralis
2.1.1 Switch/Relay Room
The Switch Room accommodates high density of electronic equipment housed in cabinets
and automated switch-gear. In-cabinet equipment maintain the primary functions of the
facility and form the switching interface between the Control Room and the field equipment.
The area may also accommodate a significant amount of metering and logging equipment.
Due to the high volume of critical electronic equipment, it is essential that a fire event be
detected before the operation of the plant is compromised.
2.1.2 Control Room
The control room is the main command centre of the substation. The entire operation of the
site is monitored and controlled from this central location.
A control room may range from a small, seldom manned, non-ventilated room to a large, air
conditioned area containing numerous staff members and electronic equipment (PCs, control
panels/consoles, electrical and electronic switching devices, underfloor cabling, etc.).
2.1.3 Battery Room
The Battery Room houses lead acid or nickel cadmium batteries for uninterrupted power
supply (UPS) to the substation.
Battery rooms may consist of a slightly corrosive atmosphere (sulphuric acid). It is
recommended that a polymeric sampling pipe network is used to eliminate the potential for
corrosion. In addition there may be a need to incorporate a ‘Chemical Filter’ - a special filter
designed to absorb corrosive gaseous contaminants. For detailed information refer to the
[5]
Xtralis Application Note for Chemical Filers .
The charge of batteries leads to the evolution of hydrogen gas. If allowed to build up,
hydrogen gas can become highly explosive. Under these conditions, the VESDA Exd
detector, which is housed in its own explosion proof casing, should be installed.
Note: VESDA detectors are recommended to be mounted external to the battery room,
with the exhaust pipe directed back into the protected area.
2.1.4 Cable Trench
A Cable Trench is located under the Switch/Relay Room, Control Room and Battery Room
to house the communication, control and power cables between the substation’s operational
areas as well as transport power to external high voltage switching towers.
The most efficient way to protect a Cable Trench is to install sampling pipe network at the
top 10% of the trench’s height (Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Cable Trench protection.
Note: In-line filters should be used in this environment to protect the VESDA detector
from exposure to excessive amounts of pollution. For detailed information refer to
[6]
the Xtralis Application Note for In-line Filters .
4 Doc. 11737_00
11. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
2.2 Ceiling Protection
The sampling pipe network is installed under the ceiling where the sampling holes form a
grid pattern (Figure 3). Local codes and standards should be consulted in determining the
spacing of the sampling holes.
Figure 3 – Ceiling protection grid layout.
Important Note: All sampling pipe network configurations should be verified using the
ASPIRE2TM Pipe Network Modelling Program.
2.3 Floor Void Protection
Floor voids contain large quantities of electrical cabling and in conjunction with high airflows
present a risk of rapid spread of fire. It is, therefore, very important that these areas are
protected. VESDA detectors are well suited to this task with the detector positioned outside
the floor void at an accessible location convenient for service and maintenance personnel.
Mounting the detectors outside the floor void also minimizes any disruption to normal
business operations during maintenance.
In order to prevent the build up of dust and dirt, sampling holes are drilled on the underside
of the sampling pipe (Figure 4). Sampling hole spacing is determined by the grid method
(Figure 3).
Figure 4 – Example of floor void protection.
The following should be adhered to when protecting floor voids:
The VESDA exhaust should be returned to the protected area to minimize effects of
possible pressure difference between the protected area and the area in which the
detector is located.
Sampling pipes should be stand-off mounted to provide clearance from cabling at the
top of the void.
Doc. 11737_00 5
12. Substations Design Guide VESDA by Xtralis
2.4 In/On-Cabinet Protection
Cabinets containing electrical equipment are usually ventilated either vertically (from bottom
to top) or horizontally (from front to rear). There are also fully enclosed cabinets with active
internal cooling and ventilation. Fires within these areas may not be detected until they have
been in progress for some time and have caused considerable damage to the housed
equipment.
There are two methods for protecting cabinets with VESDA detectors:
In-Cabinet Protection.
On-Cabinet Protection.
In-Cabinet protection is achieved using either of the following two options:
1. The sampling pipe is placed inside the cabinet. This provides optimum detection and
is commonly used by cabinet OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) for both
sealed and ventilated cabinets. In ventilated cabinets (both vertical and horizontal), air
is sampled as it reaches the exit points.
2. A capillary tube (A) or down pipe (B) can be inserted into the top of the cabinet from
the main ceiling mounted sampling pipe (Figure 5). This arrangement is suitable only
for sealed cabinets or cabinets with little ventilation (vertical).
Figure 5 – Example of a capillary tube (A) and
down pipe (B) used for In-Cabinet sampling.
For On-Cabinet protection, the sampling pipe is placed at exits of airflow from the cabinets
with the sampling holes directly in the path of the main airflow. Figure 6 shows an
arrangement suitable for vertically ventilated cabinets. Similarly, a front-to-rear vented
cabinet can be protected by sampling pipe vertically mounted at back of the cabinet. One
detector can be used to protect a number of cabinets.
Figure 6 – Example of On-Cabinet protection.
6 Doc. 11737_00
13. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
Notes:
For in cabinet protection, unless otherwise specified, it is recommended that capillary
tubes penetrate the cabinet to a depth of 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2”).
When rapid response to an incipient fire event is required, individual VESDA detectors
or dedicated sampling pipes from an addressable VESDA detector (such as VESDA
VLS or VFT-15) can be used to identify the location of the smoke source. Fire events
can then be traced to a particular cabinet or row of cabinets.
Care must be taken when installing capillary tubes in cabinets with extraction fans.
These fans may cause low pressures within the cabinet which could prevent air and
hence smoke entering the sampling hole. In this case, sampling downstream (outside
the cabinet) from the extraction fans may be considered.
2.5 Return Air Vent/Duct Protection
The smoke from incipient electrical fires lacks thermal buoyancy and will most likely follow
the path of the air circulated by the Air Handling Unit (AHU) (Figure 7). The effect of this air
movement on smoke detection at the ceiling can be overcome by complementing ceiling
sampling with sampling across the return air vent of the AHU. Placing VESDA pipes on the
return air vent will increase the reliability of smoke detection since smoke will be detected as
early as possible.
Airflow
AHU
Cabinets
Figure 7 – Example of return air vent protection.
Changing airflow conditions across the return air vents, caused by a change in the operation
of the AHU, may cause flow faults at the detector. These flow faults are avoided by
positioning the VESDA sampling pipe 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8") away from the return air vent
by using stand-offs and by orientating the sampling holes at an angle of 30° to the direction
of airflow (Figure 8), rather than having them facing the incoming air.
Airflow
Streamlines
Figure 8 – Example of sampling hole
at 30° angle to the incoming air.
Doc. 11737_00 7
14. Substations Design Guide VESDA by Xtralis
It is possible to monitor more than one AHU with a single VESDA detector, provided that the
AHUs’ are in close proximity to one another. A good design practice is to restrict the VESDA
TM
system transport time to between 30 and 40 seconds (determined by ASPIRE2 ).
In summary, it is important to consider the following points when designing for return air vent
protection:
The use of sampling pipe stand-offs from the return air vent is critical, especially when
multiple AHUs’ are being monitored by the same detector.
For very early warning smoke detection, air sampling should be conducted upstream
from the AHU filters to avoid the removal of smoke from the air before it is sampled.
In cases where the AHU being monitored requires front access for maintenance,
removable VESDA pipes must be used. These pipes have special socket junctions to
ensure the correct pipe orientation with respect to the airflow direction (30°) on
reconnection.
Good pipe network design practices such as minimizing the total pipe length and
number of bends should also be considered. Non-vented end-caps should be used.
It is essential to test the system performance, with the AHUs’ in their normal operating mode
and turned off, to check that sampling pipe position and orientation are correct. The
movement of smoke towards the AHU may be impeded by the cabinets. It is a good practice
to use VESDA detectors to monitor the entire area (ceiling, voids and return air vents), hence
providing an integrated total early warning solution. All sampling pipe network designs must
TM
be verified by the ASPIRE2 Pipe Network Modelling Tool.
Note: Local codes and standards should be consulted in determining the spacing of the
sampling holes
Note: The ASPIRE2TM Pipe Network Modelling Tool must be used to ensure that the
transport time is within acceptable limits.
In-Duct Sampling is achieved by locating a sampling pipe across the entire width of the duct
(Figure 9). For very early warning smoke detection, air sampling should be conducted
upstream from the filters to avoid the removal of smoke from the air before it is sampled.
Figure 9 – Duct sampling.
[7]
For detailed information refer to the Xtralis Application Note for Ducts .
8 Doc. 11737_00
15. VESDA by Xtralis Substations Design Guide
3 Ongoing Considerations
3.1 System Commissioning
Once the VESDA system has been installed, its performance and pipe network integrity can
be verified from commissioning tests by comparing against to the parameters computed by
the ASPIRE2TM pipe network modelling program. A range of sampled air temperatures may
be input to determine Maximum Transport Times for each zone. Calculated Transport Times
should be applied conservatively. Smoke tests can then be used to check system
performance for both smoke detection and pre-action suppression activation.
3.2 Service and Maintenance
The VESDA system shall be serviced and maintained according to local codes and
standards and the instructions provided in the Maintenance section of the VESDA System
[8]
Design Manual .
Note: VESDA detector on-board filters may require more frequent replacement where the
detector is installed in the dirty environment of the cable trenches, particularly
where no in-line filtering is being used.
4 References
[1] BS 7974 (2001) Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of
building – Code of practice.
[2] AS/NZS ISO 31000 (2009) Risk management - Principles and guidelines.
[3] SFPE (2000) Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection, Analysis and
Design of Buildings.
[4] SFPE (2002) Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition.
[5] Xtralis Chemical Filter for Corrosive Environments Application Note (doc. No. 14888).
[6] Xtralis In-line Filter Application Note (doc. No. 17785).
[7] Xtralis Ducts Application Note (doc. No. 10760).
[8] Xtralis VESDA System Design Manual, Ed. 4.5.
Doc. 11737_00 9
16. Substations Design Guide VESDA by Xtralis
Disclaimer on the Provision of General System
Design Recommendations
Any recommendation on system design provided by Xtralis is an indication only of what is
considered to be the most suitable solution to meet the needs of the common application
environments described.
In some cases the recommendations on system design provided may not suit the unique set
of conditions experienced in a particular application environment. Xtralis has made no inquiry
nor undertaken any due diligence that any of the recommendations supplied will meet any
particular application. Xtralis makes no warranty as to the suitability or performance of any
recommendation on system design. Xtralis has not assessed the recommendation on
system design for compliance with any codes or standards that may apply nor have any
tests been conducted to assess the appropriateness of any recommendations on system
design. Any person or organization accessing or using a recommendation on system design
should, at its own cost and expense, procure that the recommendation on system design
complies in all respects with the provision of all legislation, acts of government, regulations,
rules and by-laws for the time being in force and all orders or directions which may be made
or given by any statutory or any other competent authority in respect of or affecting the
recommendation on system design in any jurisdiction in which it may be implemented.
Xtralis products must only be installed, configured and used strictly in accordance with the
General Terms and Conditions, User Manual and product documents available from Xtralis.
Xtralis accepts no liability for the performance of the recommendation on system design or
for any products utilized in the implementation of the recommendation on system design,
aside from the General Terms and Conditions, User Manual and product documents.
No statement of fact, drawing or representation made by Xtralis either in this document or
orally in relation to this recommendation on system design is to be construed as a
representation, undertaking or warranty.
To the extent permitted by law, Xtralis excludes liability for all indirect and consequential
damages however arising. For the purposes of this clause, ‘consequential damage’ shall
include, but not be limited to, loss of profit or goodwill or similar financial loss or any payment
made or due to any third party.
Recommendations on system design are provided exclusively to assist in design of systems
using Xtralis products. No portion of this recommendation on system design can be
reproduced without the prior approval in writing of Xtralis. Copyright and any associated
intellectual property in any such recommendations on system design or documentation
remains the property of Xtralis.
www.xtralis.com
The Americas +1 781 740 2223 Asia +852 2916 8894 Australia and New Zealand +61 3 9936 7000
Continental Europe +32 56 24 19 51 UK and the Middle East +44 1442 242 330
The contents of this document are provided on an “as is” basis. No representation or warranty (either express or implied) is made as to the
completeness, accuracy or reliability of the contents of this document. The manufacturer reserves the right to change designs or specifications
without obligation and without further notice. Except as otherwise provided, all warranties, express or implied, including without limitation any
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are expressly excluded.
This document includes registered and unregistered trademarks. All trademarks displayed are the trademarks of their respective owners.
Your use of this document does not constitute or create a licence or any other right to use the name and/or trademark and/or label.
This document is subject to copyright owned by Xtralis AG (“Xtralis”). You agree not to copy, communicate to the public, adapt, distribute, transfer,
sell, modify or publish any contents of this document without the express prior written consent of Xtralis.
Doc. 11737_00