Job creation is undeniable importance of creating economic stability issue. Greater attention to the issue
of population can increase employment and general welfare of society in the development and reduction of
poverty and unemployment. Since one of the objectives of the Charity to empower patients, particularly in
economic stability and jobs and alleviate poverty and unemployment, employment and self-sufficiency in
agricultural and livestock projects of service. Given the importance of employment Charity projects,
particularly in agriculture, livestock and has served on the top of their agendas. The study was conducted
in the same relation to loans with the aim of stabilizing the economy and employment Impact on small
businesses covered by the family of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Gilangharb city. The study of the
nature, quantity and type of research as applied to the data collection method - correlation. The
population consisted of 380 households Self-Sufficiency Project Joint Relief Committee of clients that have
reached the stage of self-reliance and financial independence. The sample size was determined using
Cochran's formula, 75 households were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results
showed that four variables' experience in the design, facilities and equipment required, and the extent of
participation by family members reinvestment " These variables had the greatest effect on the success of
agricultural self-sufficiency plans, clients are Gilangharb Relief city..
Fifty years ago, when the Pakistani military carried out a massacre against the people of East
Bangle, the freedom-loving people stood up and fought back
This paper studies the determinants of personal income including the returns to education. In the process this paper estimates how incomes are affected by characteristics such as gender, caste, language etc. Using a maximum likelihood probability model, private returns to education are estimated using data from a Ministry of Finance Survey on Incomes and Savings conducted in 2004-05. We find that greater levels of education increase both the likelihood of being employed as well as the income earned from work. However, the returns from elementary (primary and middle) education are quite low. We also find that ceteris paribus women, lower social groups, rural residents, non-English speakers have both significantly lower incomes and significantly lower likelihood of being employed. Our results indicate that education should be geared towards ensuring flexibility in the students’ occupational choices.
Conclusion
Using a recently made available data on incomes we analyze how a range of household, individual and educational factors affects incomes. We find that the data for India show similar patterns as found for other countries, however the quantum differs. The key results are as follows:
Non-education characteristics
Individuals from SC and ST households are likely to have about 10 percent lower incomes than those from non-SC/ST households everything else remaining the same.
Women’s incomes are likely to be about a third lower than males having the same household and educational characteristics. They are also much more likely to be unemployed than males.
Those who are currently married are likely to have higher incomes and higher likelihood of being employed. Other results also indicate an interesting association between the marriage and labour markets.
Knowledge of the English language has a significant impact on incomes. Incomes of those who have knowledge of the language are between 18 to 22 percent higher depending upon whether they can merely understand or converse in it.
We also find that occupation effects are highly significant and explain a significant part of the income variations.
Education characteristics
Compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have 50% greater incomes, those who have completed middle school have incomes greater by 75%, those who have completed schooling have incomes greater by 172%, graduates by 278% and professional courses by 356%
After correcting for household and individual characteristics and state effects, compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have 31% greater incomes, those who have completed middle school by 45%, those who have completed schooling by 89%, graduates by 136% and professionals by 171%
After also including fixed occupation effects, compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have incomes greater by 15%, those who have completed middle school by 21%, those who have completed schooling by 42%, graduates by 69% and professional courses by 97%.
In other words, we find that the returns to greater education increase significantly as the level of education increases. This would be fine if the returns at the lowest level were high. However that is not the case and may be an important reason behind the high drop out rate. We also find evidence that there are significant rigidities in the labour market in the sense that household and occupational factors explain much of the variance in incomes. With greater education one may be able to break these rigidities, however, that requires children to remain in school.
For educational policy the message is quite clear: Quality of delivery, and content that enables flexibility in later occupational choice. This will ensure that rational children can expect to gain from the benefits of formal education, and therefore also remain in school longer.
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
Fifty years ago, when the Pakistani military carried out a massacre against the people of East
Bangle, the freedom-loving people stood up and fought back
This paper studies the determinants of personal income including the returns to education. In the process this paper estimates how incomes are affected by characteristics such as gender, caste, language etc. Using a maximum likelihood probability model, private returns to education are estimated using data from a Ministry of Finance Survey on Incomes and Savings conducted in 2004-05. We find that greater levels of education increase both the likelihood of being employed as well as the income earned from work. However, the returns from elementary (primary and middle) education are quite low. We also find that ceteris paribus women, lower social groups, rural residents, non-English speakers have both significantly lower incomes and significantly lower likelihood of being employed. Our results indicate that education should be geared towards ensuring flexibility in the students’ occupational choices.
Conclusion
Using a recently made available data on incomes we analyze how a range of household, individual and educational factors affects incomes. We find that the data for India show similar patterns as found for other countries, however the quantum differs. The key results are as follows:
Non-education characteristics
Individuals from SC and ST households are likely to have about 10 percent lower incomes than those from non-SC/ST households everything else remaining the same.
Women’s incomes are likely to be about a third lower than males having the same household and educational characteristics. They are also much more likely to be unemployed than males.
Those who are currently married are likely to have higher incomes and higher likelihood of being employed. Other results also indicate an interesting association between the marriage and labour markets.
Knowledge of the English language has a significant impact on incomes. Incomes of those who have knowledge of the language are between 18 to 22 percent higher depending upon whether they can merely understand or converse in it.
We also find that occupation effects are highly significant and explain a significant part of the income variations.
Education characteristics
Compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have 50% greater incomes, those who have completed middle school have incomes greater by 75%, those who have completed schooling have incomes greater by 172%, graduates by 278% and professional courses by 356%
After correcting for household and individual characteristics and state effects, compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have 31% greater incomes, those who have completed middle school by 45%, those who have completed schooling by 89%, graduates by 136% and professionals by 171%
After also including fixed occupation effects, compared to illiterates those who have completed primary have incomes greater by 15%, those who have completed middle school by 21%, those who have completed schooling by 42%, graduates by 69% and professional courses by 97%.
In other words, we find that the returns to greater education increase significantly as the level of education increases. This would be fine if the returns at the lowest level were high. However that is not the case and may be an important reason behind the high drop out rate. We also find evidence that there are significant rigidities in the labour market in the sense that household and occupational factors explain much of the variance in incomes. With greater education one may be able to break these rigidities, however, that requires children to remain in school.
For educational policy the message is quite clear: Quality of delivery, and content that enables flexibility in later occupational choice. This will ensure that rational children can expect to gain from the benefits of formal education, and therefore also remain in school longer.
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions ...ijtsrd
The economic situation presently in Nigeria is such that there is massive youth unemployment and underemployment in Nigeria. The situation as a result has made it difficult to access assistance from family and friends. The main objective of this paper was the investigation of the effect of government interventions and subjective norms on the entrepreneurial intentions of graduates of Nigeria Universities. A sequential mixed research design was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses from graduates of two universities located in Anambra State, Nigeria. A census of the 391 graduates was conducted. Interviews were conducted using ten selected purposively graduates from the sample. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to carry out moderated and mediated regression analyses. The data collected were analysed to enable the assessment of the impact of government intervention and subjective norm predictor on entrepreneurial intention dependent variable . The results showed significant mediated and moderated relationships which implied that government intervention explained the relationship between this predictor and subjective norm, and the entrepreneurial intention. It was the finding of the study that there is a need for government to urgently ensure a conducive environment that provides the improvement of the economic situation, thereby generally giving hope to the youths and enabling family and friends to be able to encourage, advise, and give financial support to the graduates. Government should be sincere and equitable in the distribution of intervention programmes targeting youths and the graduates and should guarantee equity in the implementation of government programmes. Uzoka, Onyechi Leonard | Nwaizugbo, I. Chukwudi "Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Nigerian University Graduates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/43691/government-intervention-subjective-norms-and-the-entrepreneurial-intentions-of-nigerian-university-graduates/uzoka-onyechi-leonard
In recent years, with the economic development and technological progress, the traditional medical
service system has been unable to adapt to changes in demand. With the gradual advancement of science and
technology, how medical institutions can build medical big data analysis capabilities, enhance medical big data
analysis capabilities, create public benefits, and improve social welfare has become a concern of the medical
community
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
Effect of Development Centres on Educational Service Delivery in Selected Rur...YogeshIJTSRD
Effect of development centers on education service delivery in selected rural communities in Ebonyi State was undertaken with a view to address the perceived challenges of development centers towards the improvement of lives in rural communities in the state through effective and efficient education service delivery. Among the objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of development Centres on education Service Delivery which affected development in most rural communities in Ebonyi State. The study adopted descriptive survey research. Five thousand, nine hundred and ninety four staff and community heads were selected from fifty one development centers selected based on the number of DCs drawn from the three geopolitical zones out of sixty four development centers in Ebonyi State, using Taro Yamani formula to determine the sample size of three hundred and seventy five. The hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient to show the relationship between development centers and service delivery in the development of communities in Ebonyi State. From the data analysis made, the result revealed among others that variable as funding, appointment of relatives as coordinators, and legal provisions are major challenges of development centers towards educational service delivery in the development of communities in Ebonyi State. The study concludes that despite weakness of development centers, the recognition and importance of development centers in developmental process is necessary because of its imperativeness in tackling community development through educational service delivery in Ebonyi State. The study further recommend as follow The establishment of Development centers should be abolished since it can no longer stand the taste of its creation. Government should change the Development Centers structures to educational structures so to cushion the effect of those schools that lack infrastructures. Unnecessary state government interference into local government affairs should be reviewed to curb the conflicts existing between the two tiers of government etc. Prof. Ewuim Christiana Ngozi | Nwire Sunday Oscar | Nwakamma Michael Chibuzor "Effect of Development Centres on Educational Service Delivery in Selected Rural Communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43730.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/43730/effect-of-development-centres-on-educational-service-delivery-in-selected-rural-communities-in-ebonyi-state-nigeria/prof-ewuim-christiana-ngozi
Contribution of Skill Development Program on Self-Employment in Nyamagana Dis...AI Publications
This study aimed to investigate the contribution of skill development to self-employment. The study specifically aimed to identify skills development programs required for self-employment among youth. To identify the roles of stakeholders in contributing to skills development programs on self-employment among youth and to examine factors hindering the contribution of skills development programs towards self-employment among youth. Based on the findings through questionnaires and interviews it can be concluded that skills development programs are very important for youth selfemployment in society. That skills development contributes highly to the youth in the determination of entrepreneurship opportunities; it then gives youth time to learn about the management of their enterprises as well as creating a link between one economic sector to another. However, it was established that there are challenges facing skills development programs among youth, which need to be mitigated properly to obtain positive, results about the improvement of youth selfemployment.
The high unemployment problem among educated youths in Zimbabwe: Lessons that...iosrjce
Research Question / Issue: The review focuses on discussing the methods, models and strategies used by other
countries to resolve the problem of unemployment among educated youths for the benefit of Zimbabwe which
has been grappling with the problem of unemployment since attaining independence in 1980. The review wishes
to answer the question: What are the strategies, methods or models that were applied by other countries to
resolve the problem of unemployment in general and of educated youths in particular?
Research Findings/ Insights: The review established that since the problem of unemployment of youths is a
global phenomenon, Zimbabwe has a lot to learn from other countries. It was proposed that the problem of
educated youth unemployment should be treated with urgency to the extent of it being elevated to the Office of
the President and Cabinet or other such measures which help to avoid bureaucracy in policy formulation and
implementation because the problem was now affecting millions in Zimbabwe.
It was noted by the review that exporting of skilled educated youths to other countries with shortages
was an option worth pursuing up until such a time that the Zimbabwean economy was able to absorb them. Such
a strategy would work best if centrally managed so that the country benefits from the rebates or taxes from such
labour exports in order to fund more local youths self-employment projects.
The review advised that natural resources such as land should be fully utilised so as to supply raw
materials to resuscitate the manufacturing industries. Export of finished products as opposed to export of cheap
raw materials should be made policy. Unproductive farmers who have neither passion nor skills should be
urbanised to work in manufacturing industries to unlock the valuable resource of land which they were holding
onto. This would make those with passion to get bigger tracts of land and to be bankable so that they mechanise
to achieve high production.
Zimbabwe should come up with investor friendly policies which are aimed at luring foreign and local
investors in order to raise industry capacity utilisation which was currently very low. This could involve making
difficult decisions and revising certain laws for the benefit of the unemployed educated youths in order to create
jobs.
Impact of e commerce toward indonesian silk industry the changing value chai...ijmvsc
The advent of the internet and information technology has revolutionarized the way small medium
enterprise do business, particularly those that in the silk industry. This preliminary research will look at
the definitions of e-commerce by various authors including Turban et al (2002) and Nezu (2001). A
definition of commerce will be suggested that takes into account all the areas in e-commerce including
business-to-business e-commerce and intrabusiness e-commerce which are usually not mentioned in many
definitions of e-commerce.The new types of products i.e. digital products as well as the new business
models which include content, affiliate and customization will be mentioned. The impact of technology on
the value chain in particular disintermediation and cybermediation with relevancies from the Indonesian
Silk Industry will be discussed.The theory of Diffusion of Innovation will be stated used to understand the
evolution of the internet and the adoption of web technologies by SME.Finally, the future of e-commerce
which includes the lessons learnt from start-up failures and the way that click-and-mortar industries can
be successful will be discussed.
Selection of supplier in b2b e commerce using work flow petri netijmvsc
The internet has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce. E-procurement is important
aspect of e-commerce where exchange of the information about the order is done. Data Interchange to the
internet, the focus is still on the technology required to exchange information rather than supporting
process crossing organizational borders. Selection of the supplier is the most important aspect of both the
traditional EDI and B2B E-commerce. In this paper we design an workflow model of e-procurement for
selection of the supplier is done by considering the traditional aspects of performance quality and
performance analysis tool work flow ne a concept of Petri net.
Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions ...ijtsrd
The economic situation presently in Nigeria is such that there is massive youth unemployment and underemployment in Nigeria. The situation as a result has made it difficult to access assistance from family and friends. The main objective of this paper was the investigation of the effect of government interventions and subjective norms on the entrepreneurial intentions of graduates of Nigeria Universities. A sequential mixed research design was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit responses from graduates of two universities located in Anambra State, Nigeria. A census of the 391 graduates was conducted. Interviews were conducted using ten selected purposively graduates from the sample. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to carry out moderated and mediated regression analyses. The data collected were analysed to enable the assessment of the impact of government intervention and subjective norm predictor on entrepreneurial intention dependent variable . The results showed significant mediated and moderated relationships which implied that government intervention explained the relationship between this predictor and subjective norm, and the entrepreneurial intention. It was the finding of the study that there is a need for government to urgently ensure a conducive environment that provides the improvement of the economic situation, thereby generally giving hope to the youths and enabling family and friends to be able to encourage, advise, and give financial support to the graduates. Government should be sincere and equitable in the distribution of intervention programmes targeting youths and the graduates and should guarantee equity in the implementation of government programmes. Uzoka, Onyechi Leonard | Nwaizugbo, I. Chukwudi "Government Intervention, Subjective Norms and the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Nigerian University Graduates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43691.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/43691/government-intervention-subjective-norms-and-the-entrepreneurial-intentions-of-nigerian-university-graduates/uzoka-onyechi-leonard
In recent years, with the economic development and technological progress, the traditional medical
service system has been unable to adapt to changes in demand. With the gradual advancement of science and
technology, how medical institutions can build medical big data analysis capabilities, enhance medical big data
analysis capabilities, create public benefits, and improve social welfare has become a concern of the medical
community
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
Effect of Development Centres on Educational Service Delivery in Selected Rur...YogeshIJTSRD
Effect of development centers on education service delivery in selected rural communities in Ebonyi State was undertaken with a view to address the perceived challenges of development centers towards the improvement of lives in rural communities in the state through effective and efficient education service delivery. Among the objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of development Centres on education Service Delivery which affected development in most rural communities in Ebonyi State. The study adopted descriptive survey research. Five thousand, nine hundred and ninety four staff and community heads were selected from fifty one development centers selected based on the number of DCs drawn from the three geopolitical zones out of sixty four development centers in Ebonyi State, using Taro Yamani formula to determine the sample size of three hundred and seventy five. The hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson Product moment correlation coefficient to show the relationship between development centers and service delivery in the development of communities in Ebonyi State. From the data analysis made, the result revealed among others that variable as funding, appointment of relatives as coordinators, and legal provisions are major challenges of development centers towards educational service delivery in the development of communities in Ebonyi State. The study concludes that despite weakness of development centers, the recognition and importance of development centers in developmental process is necessary because of its imperativeness in tackling community development through educational service delivery in Ebonyi State. The study further recommend as follow The establishment of Development centers should be abolished since it can no longer stand the taste of its creation. Government should change the Development Centers structures to educational structures so to cushion the effect of those schools that lack infrastructures. Unnecessary state government interference into local government affairs should be reviewed to curb the conflicts existing between the two tiers of government etc. Prof. Ewuim Christiana Ngozi | Nwire Sunday Oscar | Nwakamma Michael Chibuzor "Effect of Development Centres on Educational Service Delivery in Selected Rural Communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43730.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/public-sector-management/43730/effect-of-development-centres-on-educational-service-delivery-in-selected-rural-communities-in-ebonyi-state-nigeria/prof-ewuim-christiana-ngozi
Contribution of Skill Development Program on Self-Employment in Nyamagana Dis...AI Publications
This study aimed to investigate the contribution of skill development to self-employment. The study specifically aimed to identify skills development programs required for self-employment among youth. To identify the roles of stakeholders in contributing to skills development programs on self-employment among youth and to examine factors hindering the contribution of skills development programs towards self-employment among youth. Based on the findings through questionnaires and interviews it can be concluded that skills development programs are very important for youth selfemployment in society. That skills development contributes highly to the youth in the determination of entrepreneurship opportunities; it then gives youth time to learn about the management of their enterprises as well as creating a link between one economic sector to another. However, it was established that there are challenges facing skills development programs among youth, which need to be mitigated properly to obtain positive, results about the improvement of youth selfemployment.
The high unemployment problem among educated youths in Zimbabwe: Lessons that...iosrjce
Research Question / Issue: The review focuses on discussing the methods, models and strategies used by other
countries to resolve the problem of unemployment among educated youths for the benefit of Zimbabwe which
has been grappling with the problem of unemployment since attaining independence in 1980. The review wishes
to answer the question: What are the strategies, methods or models that were applied by other countries to
resolve the problem of unemployment in general and of educated youths in particular?
Research Findings/ Insights: The review established that since the problem of unemployment of youths is a
global phenomenon, Zimbabwe has a lot to learn from other countries. It was proposed that the problem of
educated youth unemployment should be treated with urgency to the extent of it being elevated to the Office of
the President and Cabinet or other such measures which help to avoid bureaucracy in policy formulation and
implementation because the problem was now affecting millions in Zimbabwe.
It was noted by the review that exporting of skilled educated youths to other countries with shortages
was an option worth pursuing up until such a time that the Zimbabwean economy was able to absorb them. Such
a strategy would work best if centrally managed so that the country benefits from the rebates or taxes from such
labour exports in order to fund more local youths self-employment projects.
The review advised that natural resources such as land should be fully utilised so as to supply raw
materials to resuscitate the manufacturing industries. Export of finished products as opposed to export of cheap
raw materials should be made policy. Unproductive farmers who have neither passion nor skills should be
urbanised to work in manufacturing industries to unlock the valuable resource of land which they were holding
onto. This would make those with passion to get bigger tracts of land and to be bankable so that they mechanise
to achieve high production.
Zimbabwe should come up with investor friendly policies which are aimed at luring foreign and local
investors in order to raise industry capacity utilisation which was currently very low. This could involve making
difficult decisions and revising certain laws for the benefit of the unemployed educated youths in order to create
jobs.
Impact of e commerce toward indonesian silk industry the changing value chai...ijmvsc
The advent of the internet and information technology has revolutionarized the way small medium
enterprise do business, particularly those that in the silk industry. This preliminary research will look at
the definitions of e-commerce by various authors including Turban et al (2002) and Nezu (2001). A
definition of commerce will be suggested that takes into account all the areas in e-commerce including
business-to-business e-commerce and intrabusiness e-commerce which are usually not mentioned in many
definitions of e-commerce.The new types of products i.e. digital products as well as the new business
models which include content, affiliate and customization will be mentioned. The impact of technology on
the value chain in particular disintermediation and cybermediation with relevancies from the Indonesian
Silk Industry will be discussed.The theory of Diffusion of Innovation will be stated used to understand the
evolution of the internet and the adoption of web technologies by SME.Finally, the future of e-commerce
which includes the lessons learnt from start-up failures and the way that click-and-mortar industries can
be successful will be discussed.
Selection of supplier in b2b e commerce using work flow petri netijmvsc
The internet has become the prime driver of contemporary E-commerce. E-procurement is important
aspect of e-commerce where exchange of the information about the order is done. Data Interchange to the
internet, the focus is still on the technology required to exchange information rather than supporting
process crossing organizational borders. Selection of the supplier is the most important aspect of both the
traditional EDI and B2B E-commerce. In this paper we design an workflow model of e-procurement for
selection of the supplier is done by considering the traditional aspects of performance quality and
performance analysis tool work flow ne a concept of Petri net.
The influence of individual factors on the entrepreneurial intentionijmvsc
Today, no one is safe from forces and pressures, which are exerted on it, because of a significant number
of the requirements in particular as regards competitiveness, the need for change, or the crises and the
deregulations. In front of the economic and social turbulences which we know, the creation of new
company appears as a cause of general interest. This research papers focuses on the problematic of the
entrepreneurship, and more particularly on the stake which this domain represents in our society, by
treating the determinants of the entrepreneurial intention. To face this news gives, students must
reconsider their behaviors and their practices to renew themselves, to open out and reinforce their
position in the market. Some of these practices form what one calls the entrepreneurial orientation. For
this reason, we will devote this paper for better encircling and apprehending the concept of individual
factors, and we tried to know how the individual factors (motivations, need for accomplishment, need for
autonomy, passion to develop its own idea, individual characteristics, work experience, teaching) can
influence the intention of the entrepreneur to create his own project. We focused on review literature
through a survey of a sample of students from the Higher Institute of Business Administration of Sfax
(Tunisia).
The ubiquity and abundance of web, mobile, hybrid, and wearable software in today’s technology driven
lifestyle is unmistakable in personal, social, and professional life highlighting the importance of software
product development. With the growth of agile and lean approaches to product development, the
responsibilities associated with many of the traditional roles have merged and new roles emerging. The
impact of these new trends on software product development have led to misunderstandings leading to
product owners bringing their own personal approaches to product development failing to focus on the
actual product itself and the effect on the performing organization, clients, and end user. This paper
focuses on a new paradigm shifting the focus from product owner to the software product itself by giving it
a life and voice to echo the characteristics needed for its adoption, penetration, and sustenance.
The role of raw material management in production operationsijmvsc
Experience had shown that there is critical operational problem regarding raw material management in
manufacturing organisations. This has prompted the desire to embark on a conceptual analysis that will
examine the problem and strive to proffer useful suggestions. This paper intends to bring to the fore, the
salient issue of inefficiency in the practice of raw material management and its effects on production
operations of manufacturing concerns by theoretical review. The paper concludes that, should
practitioners become proactive by applying proffered solutions, efficiency will be achieved in management
of raw materials and production operations.
Aggregate planning using transportation method a case study in cable industryijmvsc
Aggregate planning is an analytical tool that proposes a strategy to meet demand according to the
capacity constraints. In this paper, aggregate planning strategies are discussed and a special structure of
transportation model is investigated for the aggregate planning purpose of “Bangladesh Cable Shilpa
Ltd, Khulna”. For this transportation problem, all the unit costs, supplies, demands & other values are
taken from a case study. The forecasting demand values are determined using Single Exponential
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Study on the economic impact of employment small businesses loans under the family relief committee (case study city gilangharb)
1. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
DOI: 10.5121/ijmvsc.2014.5202 11
STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
EMPLOYMENT SMALL BUSINESSES LOANS UNDER
THE FAMILY RELIEF COMMITTEE
(CASE STUDY CITY GILANGHARB)
1
AMENEH MALMIR
1
& GHODRATOLLAH IVANI
2
1&2
Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, malayer, malayer, Iran
ABSTRACT
Job creation is undeniable importance of creating economic stability issue. Greater attention to the issue
of population can increase employment and general welfare of society in the development and reduction of
poverty and unemployment. Since one of the objectives of the Charity to empower patients, particularly in
economic stability and jobs and alleviate poverty and unemployment, employment and self-sufficiency in
agricultural and livestock projects of service. Given the importance of employment Charity projects,
particularly in agriculture, livestock and has served on the top of their agendas. The study was conducted
in the same relation to loans with the aim of stabilizing the economy and employment Impact on small
businesses covered by the family of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Gilangharb city. The study of the
nature, quantity and type of research as applied to the data collection method - correlation. The
population consisted of 380 households Self-Sufficiency Project Joint Relief Committee of clients that have
reached the stage of self-reliance and financial independence. The sample size was determined using
Cochran's formula, 75 households were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results
showed that four variables' experience in the design, facilities and equipment required, and the extent of
participation by family members reinvestment " These variables had the greatest effect on the success of
agricultural self-sufficiency plans, clients are Gilangharb Relief city..
KEYWORDS
self- sufficiency plans, loans, employment, empowerment, clients Relief Committee.
1. INTRODUCTION
The poverty ominous phenomenon that involves human beings and human societies is one of the
important issues. Industrialization was felt that this issue will be resolved, but after Industrial
Revolution in most countries migration from rural to urban areas was further increased poverty
and inequality, and makes no Stability an unprecedented social, cultural and political and
consequently the economy. The Country Iran is also no exception failed in recent years due to
the lack of vision in general and the lack of a strategic plan and implementation plan to fifth, as
well as biased partisan descriptive politicians and statesmen, and not the overall policy of
economic Article 44 of the constitution and lack Regarding the private sector, poverty and
inequality in our society. The poverty, unemployment and migration from rural to urban
problems, one of the concerns of officials. Poverty is a sign of underdevelopment, economic,
social and cultural preceding political stability, social cohesion, economic as well as physical and
mental health community threatens. In further studies and research studies have considered the
main cause of poverty, unemployment and employment stability, it also introduces the key to
poverty. The effects The poverty, reduced manufacturing activity and declining purchasing
power and income community. We left our country because of war and international sanctions
heavily involved in this phenomenon.
2. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
12
Empowerment , job stability : enabling and sustaining jobs created can also the following
expression:
Step One : The aid debate is gifted survey also identified the ability of individuals to their
present employment the first step towards realizing the objectives of the work area and already
have over 800 thousand people and talent step that can be done.
Second step : the training because you can easily train clients the necessary skills to enter the job
market and be profitable economic activity so seriously Topics Education committee will follow
and objects.
Step Three : Putting provide suitable facilities without interest ( financial aid ) with a repayment
period of six years ( annual installments for projects in agriculture and animal husbandry , and
monthly service plans ) as well as the potential created by the government and other aid
organizations and the resources bank loan and notes
Step Four : Monitor employment projects including the enforcement of the insurance proposals
by technical experts and observers may be an important factor in empowering and sustaining
jobs is
Fifth step : Marketing the Business Assistance Center , which is responsible for creating seasonal
fairs , specialized , provincial and weekly to share craft projects ( carpet weaving , carpet
weaving, carpets , ... ) Ian client
2.Theoretical framework
Theoretical model or theoretical framework of the research work plan for how to identify the
variables and their relationships to solve problems or determinable is unknown and ultimately the
knowledge of. Theoretical model or map of route logical and organized research and exploratory
research effort aimed at achieving research shows (Hafznya, 1389). Mentioned in the literature of
the subject of this study, as a framework and as summarized in Table (1-1).
Table (1-1): Theoretical Framework Research
Investigator
/ researcher
Year
title
The results
Azkia and
imani
2005
Role of microcredit on
empowerment and job
creation
Micro-credit major contribution to
poverty alleviation and sustainable
national and local institutional
development
Najafi
Talib
2007
Impact of microcredit on the
economic empowerment of
rural women heads of
households
One important strategy for
eliminating poverty, women and lead
them toward productive and income-
generating activities, which enable
them to play a major role in the
production of agricultural products
and sustainable development.
Jafari
Mhtash
2006
Understanding the review
committee for the
empowerment of female-
headed household
Individual characteristics such as
education and skills, has had the
greatest impact on the empowerment
of rural women.
3. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
13
Zahedi and
others
2007
Poverty and social capital in
households covered Qazvin
city committee
Social capital of individuals and
groups are affected by poverty,
deprivation and poverty have a
negative impact on social capital so
that the fields necessary to promote
corruption and criminality creates.
Webster
2003
Employment and
empowerment of rural
Employment and empowerment is a
key factor in poverty reduction. Also,
low skills in reading, writing, mental
and physical issues, debt and debt-
related employment and
empowerment.
Robinson
2001
The effect of empowering
the poor
Provide financial services to the poor
to increase household income, reduce
unemployment, improve living
standards, savings, increased self-
esteem.
Khander
2002
Poverty alleviation through
microcredit
Reduce poverty, promote human
grandeur, equality and justice, poor
access to credit and skills, Qdrtdhy
and increase the confidence of the
policies and goals of empowerment.
Johnson&
Rogaly
2004
Microcredit and poverty
reduction
Microcredit can increase family
income and poor means to protect
against shocks to Mashshan rulers.
3. Methodology :
The study of the nature of the data, one is a little research . Since the results of this study can be
used in planning and employment policies at national or provincial level , applied research,
applied also in terms of data collection or control variables, the present study descriptive –
correlation.
1.3 Hypotheses :
Hypotheses based on the literature reviewed in this research is theoretical and based on
guesswork relationships between independent and dependent variables , the correlations are
presented below .
Hypothesis 1 : The relationship between educational level of the patients there was a significant
success and self-sufficiency plan .
Hypothesis 2 : the amount of loans received by the client and the successful employment
schemes have a meaningful relationship .
Hypothesis 3 : the level of income and employment initiatives and their success is a meaningful
relationship .
Hypothesis 4 : between independence and success of client engagement is a meaningful
relationship .
4. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
14
Hypothesis 5 : the experience in the design and successful initiatives employed by the client ,
there is a significant relationship
Hypothesis 6 : the skill and success of the design work on the project by the client , there is a
significant relationship
Hypothesis 7 : the interest of clients successfully plan, employment by occupation , there is a
significant relationship
Hypothesis 8 : among the facilities required and the successful employment schemes have a
meaningful relationship .
Hypothesis 9 : the timely payment facility to help job seekers and designs, there is a significant
relationship
Hypothesis 10 : International competition and success of Project employment schemes , there is a
significant relationship
Hypothesis 11 : The relationship between the participation of family members of patients there
was a significant success in employment schemes .
Hypothesis 12 : the visitor and employee monitoring committee plans to self -employed clients
plan for success is a meaningful relationship.
The research model:2-5
A research model charts for variables derived from the theoretical framework (Earth, 2008).
Conceptual model reflects the purpose of the research, suggest topics, angles and dimensions of
the problem that must be studied. The conceptual model of visual models and flow charts that
location, sequence, communication shows the variables and structure variables in organic and
cohesive devices reflects (Hafznya, 2011). This model has been shown to influence the
dependent variable of the independent variables.
5. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
15
Individual
factors:
Risk-taking -
Creativity -
internal control
- independence
- Skills -
Experience -
Interest
Environmental factors:
Grazing
livestock - cattle
stalls and space -
geographic
location - labor -
raw materials
The success of agricultural self-
sufficiency projects
Educational
factors –
promote::Extensi
on classes -
reading
magazines -
Training
workshops -
provincial and
local exhibitions
- Introducing
entrepreneurs -
Contact
promoters
Socio – cultural:
Positive attitude
to the job - self-
esteem - the
culture of work -
self-belief - a
family
partnership
Economic
factors:
The amount of
the facility
- access to
inputs
- Sansazy rules
- Storage
- Packaging
- price stability
- insurance
coverage
Management
factors:
Supervision of
supervisors -
Career Advice -
good lateral
support - reduce
or eliminate
pensions
6. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
16
The statistical population included all households in the city Gilangharb clients Relief
Committee, which is typical of the projects and into self-sufficiency and financial independence
have been used. Studies have been conducted in Population volume of agricultural self-
sufficiency plan, which has 380 member families.
Municipalities are scattered Gilangharb city (city committee Gilangharb Statistical Report,
2012). Considering that it is possible to realize it possible for the whole society, is the number of
samples that are the properties of population.
The main task of sampling, selecting a sample of the Population using proper techniques so as to
ensure that samples are representative of the Population as possible to avoid the bias in the
sample selection.
Table (1-2): Determine the sample size is proportional to population size
Rural district
Population
Sample
Govavr
Haydarieh
Chelle
divan
Deira
Gvrsfyd
55
87
43
64
63
68
10
16
9
13
13
14
sum
380
75
Data collection methods and data in the present study , a combination of field study techniques
and study of literature . Data collection also included questionnaire. The researcher , for purposes
of research, along with field study questionnaire , library research using secondary sources , such
as research papers, English and Persian , publications and taking notes from material collected in
connection with consideration of research put. While the data were combined with instruction
Civil Relief Committee has been enriching.
The main tool is a questionnaire survey method to investigate the presence of the subjects
completed the ratio of extracted data, action was taken. Searching, gathering information on the
World Wide Web, internal and external related to the subject sites, about was searched. of
documents and written sources, this method refer to the documentation centers and libraries,
researching relevant information was collected.
Structured questionnaire was the main instrument for this research. Main questionnaire included
the following:
Table (1-3): main questionnaire item number
Item number
Questionnaire topics
Issue
16
5
15
8
6
4
6
Characteristics and individual factors affecting the success of self-
sufficiency projects
Environmental variables affecting success in self-sufficiency
programs
Economic variables affecting the success of self-sufficiency
projects
Educational variables - overall impact on the success of self-
sufficiency projects
Social variables - cultural influences on the success of self-
sufficiency projects
1
2
3
4
5
7. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
17
Management variables influence the success of self-sufficiency
projects
Variables to assess the success of self-sufficiency plan
6
7
A questionnaire was used to address the problem, objectives and hypothesis testing. The
questionnaire has been developed using literature, theoretical foundations and conceptual
frameworks.
3.3 The validity of measurement:
This research is used to determine the validity of content validity. This means that it is offering a
number of experts and specialists, their views on the validity of the questionnaire was to obtain
the views of the corrective actions they took to prove validity of the investigation.
3. 4 instrument validity
The reliability of the pretest was conducted among 30 patients. and then calculated Cronbach's
alpha coefficient for each part separately . accordingly, some questions were deleted or modified
and the final Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire was 83/0 respectively, which
indicates the desired final research tool.
4 - Data Analysis
In this section, according to hypotheses, and depending on the level of variables (nominal,
ordinal, interval), the appropriate correlation coefficients, such as Pearson and Spearman
regression, the dependent variable explained by the independent variables were used to
determine the percentage.
5 – Results
In this study the researcher tried to researchers, planners and those interested in the study of
methods, processes and results, applications for employment, economic empowerment, and
sustainability of small businesses and relief organizations now familiar approaches Homepage.
And ways to overcome unemployment and consequent poverty reduction and social issues that
arise from the society, especially in its goal . However specified that the work is the essence of
health and vitality of the human effort that entails no doubt that both he and the material world
around decline, and the not said. Employment in today's society it is considered serious enough
that as an indicator in the assessment of development in communities will be considered and in
most cases unemployment regarded as, the poverty line crossing.
Gains resulting from planned employment creation powerful aid of collaboration with clients by
their target population is as follows:
1 - employment, social status grounds.
2 - employment, reduce poverty and solve social problems arising from the communities.
3 - deprived of employment will lead to consumer households become fully productive
households.
4 - employment, GDP will increase and strengthen the foundation of national security.
5 - employment is considered as a multi-factor and the mental health of individuals.
8. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
18
6 - employed, provides prevents the migration of villagers and residents of small towns to big
cities.
7 - employment, to reinforce a sense of self-esteem and confidence among the people, under the
auspices.
8 - employment, family bonds are backed ourselves cause.
9 - employment, the family is supported by the stability of crafts, especially small businesses.
6 - Summary and conclusions:
The poverty and unemployment are the most important issues in the country. An important
feature of a dynamic economy, social justice and healthy. So that planners for social justice, to
reduce inequalities through the development and implementation of various programs and
develop the positive aspects of deprivation are developed. Basically desire to eliminate
employment and unemployment in the most important way to overcome poverty, reduce
inequalities and social injustices. Therefore, the committee aims to empower patients, especially
in the economic, employment and self-sufficiency projects in various manufacturing and service
sector employment stability. The investment in these sectors to create more job opportunities in
different areas, especially rural and rural to urban migration will stop. (Soltani, 2004).
Relief Committee, in addition to increased financial self-sufficiency projects by client, cause
self-esteem and self-reliance, hard work to create a culture of empowerment and creating
sustainable employment among them. Regarding the issue of speech, poverty, unemployment
and consequent economic and social problems as well as a cultural issue that many researchers
have dealt with many ways to solve and improve the status quo have provided the ideal situation.
But it must be accepted with respect to the development of rapid shifts of countries and
competition for resources and monopolies dominate the fast-growing countries by colonialism
and capitalism, third world countries, have suffered serious damage. The Country Iran was
outside the rule addition and reconstruction after the war, in addition, however no long-term
political and government decision-making moment in the economy in recent years have led to
high rates of unemployment and inflation, especially among vulnerable and low-income
communities and community outreach sponsored by this committee to address poverty and
unemployment is a major issue.
As well as the planning and execution of regular employment and empower small businesses
have been able to identify talented individuals, families in the employment field. The material
and spiritual resources and motivation and to provide the necessary support and close monitoring
experts recorded the amount of time available to process implemented by the relevant authorities,
under the protection of consumption and consumerism family families causing converts so
family there is no longer need for cash assistance and livelihood support to this institution.
Attempt in addition to creating jobs and improving our economy and culture has contributed to
the reduction of unemployment and poverty and social damage caused to the state and country.
Study of nature, little research is a retrospective. Considering that the results could be used by
policy makers and managers and those in charge of the provincial or national level should be
engaged in applied research category is the data collection descriptive – correlation.
9. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 2, June 2014
19
7. Resources
1. Untitled (1982 ) , Statutes of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA )
2. Ghaedi , AS . ( 2009), the fourth five-year development plan and self -employed clients Imam
Khomeini Relief Committee (RA ) , published by the Bureau of Monitoring and Assessment of
Relief Committee .
3. Ghaedi , AS . (2008 ) , the administration of employment and entrepreneurship ( creating jobs ) ,
Tehran , Second Edition , published by Department of Employment and Self- Sufficiency Relief
Committee .
4. Old Dizaj Ave . (2001 ) , examining the economic activities of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee
(ra ) on some macro- economic variables .
5. Set the rules and practice in the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (RA ). (2003 ) , published by the
Center for Higher Education - Applied.
6. Pour Askari , A. and Bagheri , A. . (2011 ) , the role of micro-credit and banking Civil Relief
Committee on client empowerment and job creation (case study city Spring Conference for
Sustainable Rural Development .
7. Mania Ashtiani, K. . (2009 ) , this article examines the role of the Committee on harm reduction and
social assistance , with emphasis on empowerment, internet article visible through the address :
8. Anonymous (2009 ) , drafted fifth Entrepreneurship and Career Development , Tehran , Press Relief
Committee Vice -sufficiency and employment center.
9. Hope , M. , et al Department of Relief Committee . (2011 ) model, enabling clients to focus on jobs
Relief Committee , National Conference of Jihad Economic Empowerment Approach , published by
the Center for Education and Research
10. KIA , M & Imani , AS . (2005 ) , the role of microcredit on empowerment and job creation.
Authors
Ameneh Malmir. Lecturer
Islamic Azad University, Malayer Branch, Iran
Ms Ameneh Malmir holds PhD in Management of Human Resources from Islamic
Azad University, Iran. She is serving as lecturer at Islamic Azad University, Malayer
Branch, Department of management, Malayer , Iran. Ms Aminah is a young and
enthusiastic researcher in the disciplines of HR, management, organization studies,
and leadership. She authored various research papers in her areas of expertise, and are
published in international peered review journals.