This document summarizes a study on the poverty and social impact analysis of Pakistan's Workers Welfare Fund program. The study finds issues like lack of documentation, delayed disbursement of funds, and distance from schools are barriers to education. New housing schemes are slow with compromised quality and lack regular repairs. Health issues arise from sanitation problems in labor colonies. The document reviews literature on similar welfare programs internationally and in other parts of Pakistan. It aims to evaluate the employment, poverty and socioeconomic impacts of the Workers Welfare Fund program.
This Lecture has covered the topic:
1. Definition of social work
2. Concept of social Work in Pakistan
3. Nature of Social Work in Pakistan
4. Scope of Social Work
5. Role of the Social Worker
6. Relatioship of social work with sociology
Understand the Meaning of Research, Social Research & Social Work Research and How Social Workers should do Research ?Social Work Research is the application of Research methods to the production of knowledge that Social Workers need to solve problems they confront in the practice of Social Work.Learn the types of Types of Social Work Research
Study on the economic impact of employment small businesses loans under the f...ijmvsc
Job creation is undeniable importance of creating economic stability issue. Greater attention to the issue
of population can increase employment and general welfare of society in the development and reduction of
poverty and unemployment. Since one of the objectives of the Charity to empower patients, particularly in
economic stability and jobs and alleviate poverty and unemployment, employment and self-sufficiency in
agricultural and livestock projects of service. Given the importance of employment Charity projects,
particularly in agriculture, livestock and has served on the top of their agendas. The study was conducted
in the same relation to loans with the aim of stabilizing the economy and employment Impact on small
businesses covered by the family of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Gilangharb city. The study of the
nature, quantity and type of research as applied to the data collection method - correlation. The
population consisted of 380 households Self-Sufficiency Project Joint Relief Committee of clients that have
reached the stage of self-reliance and financial independence. The sample size was determined using
Cochran's formula, 75 households were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results
showed that four variables' experience in the design, facilities and equipment required, and the extent of
participation by family members reinvestment " These variables had the greatest effect on the success of
agricultural self-sufficiency plans, clients are Gilangharb Relief city..
This Lecture has covered the topic:
1. Definition of social work
2. Concept of social Work in Pakistan
3. Nature of Social Work in Pakistan
4. Scope of Social Work
5. Role of the Social Worker
6. Relatioship of social work with sociology
Understand the Meaning of Research, Social Research & Social Work Research and How Social Workers should do Research ?Social Work Research is the application of Research methods to the production of knowledge that Social Workers need to solve problems they confront in the practice of Social Work.Learn the types of Types of Social Work Research
Study on the economic impact of employment small businesses loans under the f...ijmvsc
Job creation is undeniable importance of creating economic stability issue. Greater attention to the issue
of population can increase employment and general welfare of society in the development and reduction of
poverty and unemployment. Since one of the objectives of the Charity to empower patients, particularly in
economic stability and jobs and alleviate poverty and unemployment, employment and self-sufficiency in
agricultural and livestock projects of service. Given the importance of employment Charity projects,
particularly in agriculture, livestock and has served on the top of their agendas. The study was conducted
in the same relation to loans with the aim of stabilizing the economy and employment Impact on small
businesses covered by the family of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee Gilangharb city. The study of the
nature, quantity and type of research as applied to the data collection method - correlation. The
population consisted of 380 households Self-Sufficiency Project Joint Relief Committee of clients that have
reached the stage of self-reliance and financial independence. The sample size was determined using
Cochran's formula, 75 households were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results
showed that four variables' experience in the design, facilities and equipment required, and the extent of
participation by family members reinvestment " These variables had the greatest effect on the success of
agricultural self-sufficiency plans, clients are Gilangharb Relief city..
Quo Vadis? A Phenomenological Study on Graduated Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this undertaking was to describe the lived experiences of graduated 4Ps
beneficiaries. The research employed qualitative research methods using the phenomenological approach. It
involved twelve graduated beneficiaries in San Miguel, Surigao del Sur. Study revealed that 4Ps beneficiaries had
improved their condition through the Program’s help from being poor to self-sufficiency. We can also derive from
the study, as revealed by the participants, that not only their economic condition has improved, but there is also a
manifestation of changed behavior because of their engagement in community activities such as improved
responsible parenting, increased community involvement, promoted women empowerment, strengthened selfesteem and career capacity, and improved family relations .Given of the above, the Philippine government needs
to continue and strengthen policies in the implementation of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program. The
findings of the study have shown its positive outcome not only in keeping the children healthy and in school for
which the government invests in human capital but also in effecting socio-behavioral outcomes among its
beneficiaries. LGUs may also implement local social protection ordinances as part of their sustainability plan in
providing support or after-care services to graduated households to ensure reduced vulnerability and a sustained
level of well-being of these households.
KEYWORDS: aftercare services, graduation, self-sufficiency, well-being, 4Ps beneficiaries
The Positive Impact of Public Health Midwives for Nations Wellbeing through P...ijtsrd
For the Sri Lankan health sector, the performance management definition is relatively recent. For almost two decades, Sri Lanka has been introducing health sector reforms. The reforms included implementing public sector results oriented management and the decentralisation of health care workers management from central to local governments. However, to propose strategies for improvement, this examination analysed the application of Public Health Midwives PHM , performance management. The brief was a descriptive survey conducted in Sri Lanka and used quantitative review approach. Moreover, the review indicates that performance management is limited to the state health sector, while there have been deceptions in its application. In setting performance goals, there were inadequacies and performance management preparation were hardly performed. Although many Public Health Midwives PHM had job descriptions, both Public Health Midwives PHM and authorities were not identified and aware of the performance metrics and standards as per the WHO. Besides, the timetables for performance reviews have not always been followed. There were limited opportunities for career advancement, insufficient input on performance and inadequate mechanisms for compensation. Public Health Midwives PHM performance management is inadequately carried out in most of the district. A central component of efforts to enhance the results of the health sector is performance management. However, as Sri Lanka advances, the primary health system can provide vital health expertise in rural areas and maintain essential health workers at the grassroots level in remote parts of the country. The scheme has dramatically reduced the worlds maternal and child mortality and helped fill the rural health vacuum. However, by allocating the appropriate amount of funds through state expansionary fiscal policy, it is possible to enhance the standard of training and number of a Public Health Midwife PHM to the nations wellbeing. Pathma Kumar Wickramasinghe "The Positive Impact of Public Health Midwives for Nation's Wellbeing through Performance Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38389.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/38389/the-positive-impact-of-public-health-midwives-for-nations-wellbeing-through-performance-management/pathma-kumar-wickramasinghe
Santiago Garganta & Leonardo Gasparini: The impact of a social programUNDP Policy Centre
This presentation is part of the programme of the International Seminar "Social Protection, Entrepreneurship and Labour Market Activation: Evidence for Better Policies", organized by the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG/UNDP) together with Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Colombian Think Tank Fedesarrollo held on September 10-11 at the Ipea Auditorium in Brasilia.
Innovative financial Advisors Pvt. Ltd - Sources to ResourcesFiinovation
Innovative financial Advisors Pvt. Ltd. - Innovative financial Advisors Pvt. Ltd works with a warranty. The project which will be designed and submitted by Innovative financial Advisors Pvt. Ltd to donor organization will get funded within 8 months.
This report sheds light on the significance of digital trade integration for Pakistan and selected
Central Asian countries including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Digital trade
integration involves regulatory structures/policy designs, digital technologies, and business
processes along the entire global/regional digital value chain. Digital trade
integration requires free cross-border movement of not only digital products, services, and
technologies but also other manufactured goods, data, capital, talent, and ideas along with the
availability of integrated physical and virtual infrastructure. Hence, digital trade integration requires
the removal of digital trade barriers as well as extensive technology, and legal and policy
coordination between member states.
Countries around the world have actively engaged in establishing new and progressive bilateral and
regional trade agreements to boost trade and economic growth. The significance of digital trade has
increased considerably after the COVID-19 pandemic. Improvement in digital connectivity, ease in
regulations, and skilled workers are key factors to facilitate trade integration and promote the
growth of the e-commerce sector. The report examines the regional trade agreements of Pakistan
and selected Central Asian countries and their relevance for digital trade integration. It also
scrutinizes the challenges faced by the public institutions of Pakistan in the implementation of digital
trade policy. Besides this, the report also observes the challenges faced by SMEs dealing with digital
trade-related products.
The findings show that Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries are at different levels of digital
adoption, including mobile connectivity index and download speed of mobile and broadband.
Kazakhstan and Pakistan have a higher export and import volume compared with other countries.
However, neither country has any major trading partner from the countries selected in this study,
which demonstrates the lack of regional cooperation and the need for regional trade agreements to
boost bilateral and regional trade.
The report discusses the e-commerce laws of Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries, whereas
domestic policies and measures to increase digital trade are also reviewed. The countries are at a
different level in terms of implementing digital trade facilitation measures. Lack of effective
enforcement of intellectual property rights, non-tariff measures, foreign investment restrictions in
digital space, data and information costs, cyber security, and tax policy and administration are all key
policy issues that influence digital trade integration.
The study offers a way forward in which action points are provided for governments, the nongovernmental
sector (notably, business associations and networks), academia and think tanks, and
development partners. #DigitalTradeIntegration
#RegionalTradeAgreements
#EconomicGrowth
#DigitalConnectivity
#EcommerceLaws
The policy brief by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) outlines the urgent need to address the high consumption of Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acids (iTFA) in Pakistan, which poses significant health risks, particularly in contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Despite being the second-highest per capita consumer of iTFA in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pakistan lacks comprehensive regulations and enforcement mechanisms to mitigate iTFA consumption effectively. The brief recommends a multi-faceted approach involving uniform standards, transparent enforcement, public awareness campaigns, capacity building for regulatory authorities, and collaboration with the food industry to promote healthier alternatives. It highlights the importance of political commitment, intersectoral collaboration, and public-private dialogue to successfully eliminate iTFA from the food supply chain and improve public health outcomes in Pakistan.
In his comprehensive analysis, Vaqar Ahmed highlights the challenges and impediments faced by Pakistan's trade and industrial policies, particularly concerning macroeconomic stability, energy shortages, rising costs, and regulatory constraints. The recent decline in the value of the Pakistani Rupee has further intensified issues for the manufacturing sector. The adverse macroeconomic conditions, including high inflation and a policy rate exceeding 20 percent, have hampered the sector's ability to secure working capital. Large firms' reluctance to operate in special economic zones due to supply-side gaps, coupled with global economic uncertainties, has delayed the next phase of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Ends with some policy recommendations.
Creating a conducive environment for sustainable economic development, improve living standards for all citizens, and secure a brighter future for the nation.
Highlights the country's large and young labor force, with a 1.94% population growth rate and 65.5 million individuals actively seeking work according to the 2017-18 Labor Force Survey. However, the unemployment rate currently stands at 5.8%, with the highest rate (11.56%) among youth aged 20-24. In response, the government launched the Prime Minister's Kamyab Jawan Programme, allocating Rs 100 billion to support entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities for youth. This program encompasses six key initiatives, including the Youth Entrepreneurship Scheme, Hunermand Pakistan Programme, Green Youth Movement, Startup Pakistan, National Internship, and Jawan Markaz. By focusing on skills development, entrepreneurship, and youth empowerment, the government aims to address unemployment challenges and foster a more vibrant economy.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Urban Policy aims to transform KP's urban centers into engines of social, economic, and cultural growth by promoting vibrant communities, sustainable practices, and economic opportunities. It focuses on inclusive development, infrastructure improvement, efficient governance, environmental protection, and cultural preservation, aiming to make cities globally competitive and provide a high quality of life for all citizens. This policy, reviewed every five years, provides a roadmap for urban development in KP, seeking to create a brighter future for its residents.
This study aims to explain the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of changes in indirect taxes brought about in response to COVID-19. We study whether the tax relief provided for in the federal budget for fiscal year 2020-21 was effective in providing relief to private enterprises and the trade sector. We also study whether production subsidies granted during the first wave of COVID-19 were effectively able to support firms in the agricultural sector. This assessment allows us to draw lessons that may be useful for designing tax benefit policies amid future waves of the pandemic or during other emergency times.
The Government of Pakistan has offered export facilitation schemes
to exporters with the objectives to lower trade costs and expand
output. Currently, nearly one dozen export facilitation schemes are
active. They also include those which are run by the Federal Board
of Revenue (FBR). The question of ‘effectiveness’ of such schemes
in boosting Pakistan’s exports has remained a consistent theme of
interest among policymakers, international development partners
and private sector. This policy brief builds on a firm-level survey,
conducted by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI),
and is an attempt to understand the effectiveness, overall gains,
and shortcomings of four major export facilitation schemes offered
by the FBR, including Duty and Tax Remission for Exports (DTRE),
Manufacturing Bond (MB), Export Oriented Unit (EOU) and Export
Facilitation Scheme (EFS). The study aims to provide insights on how
best to improve design of Export Facilitation Scheme 2021, which will
absorb all other schemes by the end of 2023.
The Ministry of Commerce in Pakistan unveiled the National Tariff Policy 2019-24 (NTP 2019-
24) in November 2019. The core aims of the policy were to: i) remove tariff-related
anomalies in the short-term to lower businesses’ cost of inputs and increase their
turnover, ii) increase employment generation in the medium-term, and iii) gain
competitiveness and exports in the long-term.
After its announcement, there remains a need to analyze the effectiveness and
impact of the policy. SDPI team conducted primary research to assess the impact
of tariff policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with the help of a firm-level
survey.
This specific survey aims to bridge the evidence gap by providing an in-depth
analysis on the NTP-2019-24 impact in terms of its three prime objectives. Besides,
the study also attempts to understand the business community’s challenges and
expectations vis-à-vis tariff-related matters.
Digital trade is increasing rapidly throughout the world whereas digital platforms and Coronavirus have further enhanced the importance of the digital economy and digital trade. Countries are focusing on promoting digital trade and integration through various measures including free trade agreements and bilateral negotiations. This study examined digital trade as defined by WTO E-commerce work and USITC. The study included the items that come under the definition of digital trade and examined the digital trade volume of Pakistan from 2010-2020 through three-step methodology. This includes the identification of digital trade items based on Harmonized System at a six-digit level, examining trade volume for digital goods, and identification of top ten export and import items along with top ten markets for digital trade. Favorable government policies and measures have helped Pakistan in promoting digital trade flows. However, there is a need to develop information and communication technology infrastructure in Pakistan to flourish trading activities. Furthermore, Pakistan has to reduce the fiscal and trade barriers such as rules and regulations for foreign investment in digital space, data and information costs, and ensure online security and data protection to promote digital trade integration.
by Asif Javed & Vaqar Ahmed
This study presents a pathway for fostering regional digital trade integration through
South-South and Triangular cooperation. Our main study goals include answering the
following questions:
» What are the challenges faced in the digital trade sector of Afghanistan, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka? How can these be overcome through various cooperative models?
» How can inclusive regional and free trade agreements help to overcome barriers
and enable digital trade integration?
» What can Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) dealing with digital trade-related
products learn from literature on South-South and Triangular cooperation?
Suggested citation:
Ahmed, V. and Javed, M. Digital Trade Integration: South-South and Triangular
Cooperation in South Asia (unpublished). South-South Idea Paper Series, United Nations
Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC),Washington D.C.New York, 2022.
Pakistan is facing numerous socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, including on food security. Food insecurity, which is a long-standing issue, has become more visible since the pandemic. Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) partner the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) – a leading policy research thinktank – has been supporting the Government of Pakistan to maintain essential economic activity and protect workers and small producers during the pandemic. One notable contribution has been the development of a Food Security Portal, which is being used by the government to better manage food security in the country. It is the first track and trace system from farm to fork for essential food items.
URI
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17619
Citation
Suleri, A.Q.; Ahmed, V.; Ahmad, S.M.; Shah, Q.; Zahid, J. and Gatellier, K. (2022) Strengthening Food Security in Pakistan During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Stories of Change, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/CORE.2022.008
Political and socio-economic discussions in Pakistan’s popular discourse are often inward-looking and generally focus on the country itself, or on its relationships to its immediate neighbors (Afghanistan, India, and China). We suggest here that Pakistan is part of a global system, as well. It is influenced not just by its direct neighbors, but also by: international events (war in Ukraine is just one example); by global economic factors (e.g. oil prices, changing terms of trade, or the danger of a global recession); and by various other global governance arrangements (e.g. Financial Action Taskforce and its demands from Pakistan). At the same time, Pakistan is not insulated from the global systemic changes. The global pandemic has overwhelmed the policymakers with possibilities of future epidemics also not being ruled out. In the past migration of people, both incoming and outgoing, has impacted the social fabric.
Likewise, the country is suffering from global warming and the resulting patterns of weather and precipitation. Pakistan is also a player at the international arena and is expected to play a responsible and proactive role at various global governance forums. The speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan at the UN General Assembly on September 27, 2019 has indicated regarding this responsibility and highlighted Pakistan’s role in the Cold War, or the engagement of Pakistani soldiers abroad, either in the United Nations peace keeping framework, or bilaterally. While many Pakistanis are aware of some of Pakistan’s international roles and dependencies, and of Pakistan’s image abroad, there is limited discussion about the country’s global role – what it should be? Who are the internal and external actors that shape Pakistan’s role, engagement, influence, and perception abroad? What role does the state and citizens play in deciding Pakistan’s global role? These are some of the questions that our chapter authors aimed to touch upon in this book. A conscious effort has been made to reach out to Pakistanis living and working abroad. Chapters have been invited from such resource persons who are not only Pakistanis but also study Pakistan from abroad and often through various lens external to Pakistan.
Web: https://pakistan.fes.de/e/global-pakistan-pakistan%CA%BFs-role-in-the-international-system
The Covid-19 pandemic and related
restrictions have had profound
socioeconomic impacts worldwide.
Governments have been faced with
responding urgently to mitigate such
effects, especially for the most
vulnerable. Covid-19 Responses for
Equity (CORE) partner Partnership for
Economic Policy (PEP) – a Southernled
organisation which believes that
evidence produced from an in-country
perspective, by empowered and
engaged local researchers and
policymakers, results in better policy
choices – has been working closely
with policymakers in Pakistan to
assess the Covid-19 impacts and the
effectiveness of current and potential
policies. As a result, PEP has helped
introduce tax reforms for the hardest
hit, agricultural subsidies for farmers,
and the reduction of trade tariffs for
struggling businesses.
Marginalization of Researchers in the Global
South in Global, Regional, and National
Economic-Development Consulting
Authors Ramos E. Mabugu | Vaqar Ahmed | Margaret R Chitiga-Mabugu
| Kehinde O. Omotoso
Date February 2022
Working Paper 2022-05
PEP Working Paper Series
ISSN 2709-7331
More from Sustainable Development Policy Institute (20)
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
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USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptx
Labour Welfare in Pakistan
1. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
62
Poverty and Social Impact Analysis of Workers Welfare Fund
Vaqar Ahmed Muhammad Zeshan* Muhammad Abdul Wahab
Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Pakistan
* E-mail of the corresponding author: zeshan@sdpi.org, muh.zeshan@gmail.com
We would like to acknowledge the financial support by Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and technical
advice by two internal referees.
Abstract
This study conducts the poverty and social impact analysis of the workers welfare fund (WWF) program across
Pakistan. It finds that colossal documentation, delayed free disbursement, and distance of school from home are
the main hurdles in the way of education. New housing schemes are moving at a slower pace with compromised
quality, and repair work is not being done on a regular basis. Sanitation and sewerage issues in labour colonies
are creating health and environmental hazard. Discrimination in health care facilities and rent-seeking is very
obvious. There is a detailed process review of WWF that borrows advice from such programs in other parts of
the world. It is important to note that after the 18th constitutional amendment, labour market reforms are now
responsibilities of provincial governments. However we explain that such a transition is painstakingly slow.
Keywords: Education, Conditional cash transfers, Gender balance
1. Introduction
Government of Pakistan (GOP) has been facing challenges to ensure the workers' welfare across the industrial
entities. While it has not been able to fully implement the macro-level labour reforms (e.g. the implementation of
minimum wage – revised annually) however it is striving to put in place social safety nets such as Benazir
Income Support Programmes. Within the overall ambit of social protection, the government has retained the
Workers Welfare Fund (WWF) organization even after the 18th
Constitutional Amendment which requires social
sector programmes to be devolved to provinces in order to improve service delivery at the provincial and sub-
provincial levels. The provincial governments have however been urging the federal government to hand over
the reins of WWF.
The WWF is providing assistance to industrial labour via specific instruments discussed latter. The WWF is an
autonomous body that is administered by the newly established Ministry of Human Resource Development
(HRD). A tripartite forum runs WWF including government officials, employers and industrial workers. WWF
was launched in 1971 under Workers Welfare Ordinance (WWO). Its objectives include the provision of the
various schemes that could promote the workers welfare such as residential schemes, education, health care,
marriage and death grants.
The Finance Acts 2006 and 2008 administer the firms operating under the Shops and Establishments Ordinance
1968 that each firm, earning an annual income more than Rs. 500,000 in a year, is bound to pay 2% of its total
income assessable under law. This assessment should be in compliance with the tax returns that are submitted to
Federal Board of Revenue or tax departments at the sub-national level. Further the WWF makes investments in
real estate, government guarantees such as state bank securities and national defense schemes, government bonds,
non-government securities, and foreign direct investment. Secretary WWF from the investment committee
manages these investments. The resulting profit is added to WWF’s kitty which is ultimately used for labour
welfare activities.
In the last 10 months of 2012, Rs. 2500 million has been provided financing 46 housing schemes benefiting
15000 families. Further Rs. 77 million has been provided for educational scholarships that accommodated 1456
students.1
An amount of Rs. 637 million has been disbursed for marriage grants accommodating 9138 families.
Around 1079 households are facilitated with death grants and the WWF provided a sum of Rs. 341 million.
After the May 2012, the WWF increased the amount of marriage grant from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 100,000. Any
worker can avail the funds for his daughters and there is no bound on their number. Female workers can also
avail this grant for their own marriages but once in life. The law provides equal opportunity to all the pay scales
given the workers are registered with Employees Old Age Benefit Institution (EOBI) and other Social Security
Institutions. The WWF also accommodates the industrial workers in case of a severe mishap. It provides a death
grant of Rs. 500,000 which was Rs. 300,000 previously. To avail this facility, a worker is required to register
with EOBI Social Security Institution except the mine workers. The following flow chart (1) indicates the
overtime evolution in the operations of WWF.
1
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of Pakistan, 2012.
2. Public Policy and Administration Research
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Onlin
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
Flow Chart 1: Over the Time Evolution of WWF
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
The WWF has been operational since 1971 but no recent study is available on its impact evaluation so the
present study aims to fill this gap in literature. It aims to determine the employment, socioeconomic, and poverty
impacts; the intended and unintended
age); factors adding to or detracting from the targeted impact; effect of man
programme deliverables, impact on workers productivity; moni
faced in programme implementation; opinions of factory workers and other stakeholders about this programme.
Rest of the study is as follows:
Next section 2 reviews literature followed by methodology adopted
results is availale in section 4, finally section 5 concludes the study and provides policy recommendations.
2. Literature Review
The income transfers received by the poorest workers might have a limited effect o
because of multiple reasons. First the amount of social transfers is normally quite small. Second social transfers
reduce the work incentive, as a result the non
(2004) asserts that the public welfare programmes in Vietnam did not target the poor significantly during 1990s.
However, the pattern of social transfers and poverty reduction was different in post 1990s era. There was a
significant decrease in poverty because the new transfer schemes provide better results. There is a stable
relationship between the transfer money and the poverty reduction, 2004 witnessed a 5% fall in national poverty
rate (Evans et al., 2006).
However, the impact of the poverty reductio
2010). The same programme might reduce poverty by 94% in Africa whereas it reduce 25% in Brazil. Results
state that around 50% to 80% of the funds were spent on food items reducing hunger in the
reduced the stunting by 10% and infant mortality by 25% in Mexico. In Brazil, this social protection programme
reduced school drop-outs by 63%, further 24% students had an additional year of schooling.
Industrial workers in India are not very content with the provided welfare programmes in the industry. Swapna
and Samuyelu (2011) analyses the worker welfare programmes in Andhra Pradesh. Employing the primary data,
it find that coal mining firms need to improve housing, education for childr
contrast, Satyanarayana and Reddy (2012) reports that most of the industrial workers in cement industry are
satisfied with basic welfare facilities including transportation, medication, clean drinking water, recreational
facilities, education for children, and accommodation. However, around 40% workers are not satisfied with
bonus scheme and consumer cooperative stores provided by industry. A link between bonuses and labor
productivity is missing.
Labour welfare activities are getting more attention in the business entities (Browning, 2008). These activities
improve the current living standard of households. However the welfare money might discourage the household
savings causing a fall in private assets. The net decrease in asset portfolios raises poverty among the working
class. In this scenario, only a few households have enough resources to invest in private assets but the majority
remains poor in the long-run. The following
the globe.
Table 1
S.
No.
Country Programme Title
1 Argentina Programa Familias
1971
• Housing
1995
• Cycles,
• Sewing
Machines
0972(Online)
63
Flow Chart 1: Over the Time Evolution of WWF
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
The WWF has been operational since 1971 but no recent study is available on its impact evaluation so the
present study aims to fill this gap in literature. It aims to determine the employment, socioeconomic, and poverty
impacts; the intended and unintended consequences on the welfare of different groups (e.g. gender, location,
age); factors adding to or detracting from the targeted impact; effect of man-made and natural disasters on
programme deliverables, impact on workers productivity; monitoring and accountability mechanism, challenges
faced in programme implementation; opinions of factory workers and other stakeholders about this programme.
Next section 2 reviews literature followed by methodology adopted for this study in section 3. Discussion on
results is availale in section 4, finally section 5 concludes the study and provides policy recommendations.
The income transfers received by the poorest workers might have a limited effect on poverty alleviation efforts
because of multiple reasons. First the amount of social transfers is normally quite small. Second social transfers
reduce the work incentive, as a result the non-transfer income of the poorest households decreases. Van de Wall
(2004) asserts that the public welfare programmes in Vietnam did not target the poor significantly during 1990s.
However, the pattern of social transfers and poverty reduction was different in post 1990s era. There was a
ecause the new transfer schemes provide better results. There is a stable
relationship between the transfer money and the poverty reduction, 2004 witnessed a 5% fall in national poverty
However, the impact of the poverty reduction programmes varies from place to place (European Commission,
2010). The same programme might reduce poverty by 94% in Africa whereas it reduce 25% in Brazil. Results
state that around 50% to 80% of the funds were spent on food items reducing hunger in the
reduced the stunting by 10% and infant mortality by 25% in Mexico. In Brazil, this social protection programme
outs by 63%, further 24% students had an additional year of schooling.
very content with the provided welfare programmes in the industry. Swapna
and Samuyelu (2011) analyses the worker welfare programmes in Andhra Pradesh. Employing the primary data,
it find that coal mining firms need to improve housing, education for children, and sanitation facilities.
contrast, Satyanarayana and Reddy (2012) reports that most of the industrial workers in cement industry are
satisfied with basic welfare facilities including transportation, medication, clean drinking water, recreational
acilities, education for children, and accommodation. However, around 40% workers are not satisfied with
bonus scheme and consumer cooperative stores provided by industry. A link between bonuses and labor
Labour welfare activities are getting more attention in the business entities (Browning, 2008). These activities
improve the current living standard of households. However the welfare money might discourage the household
ssets. The net decrease in asset portfolios raises poverty among the working
class. In this scenario, only a few households have enough resources to invest in private assets but the majority
run. The following Table 1 summarizes some key worker welfare programmes across
1 Some Famous Worldwide Welfare Programmes
Programme Title Number of
Beneficiary
Household
Monthly
Disbursement
(in US $)
Population Targeted
Programa Familias 500,000 40-80 per child Household heads, females
1995
Cycles,
Sewing
Machines
1997
• Marriage
Grants
2000
• Death
Grants
• Educational
www.iiste.org
The WWF has been operational since 1971 but no recent study is available on its impact evaluation so the
present study aims to fill this gap in literature. It aims to determine the employment, socioeconomic, and poverty
consequences on the welfare of different groups (e.g. gender, location,
made and natural disasters on
toring and accountability mechanism, challenges
faced in programme implementation; opinions of factory workers and other stakeholders about this programme.
for this study in section 3. Discussion on
results is availale in section 4, finally section 5 concludes the study and provides policy recommendations.
n poverty alleviation efforts
because of multiple reasons. First the amount of social transfers is normally quite small. Second social transfers
transfer income of the poorest households decreases. Van de Walle
(2004) asserts that the public welfare programmes in Vietnam did not target the poor significantly during 1990s.
However, the pattern of social transfers and poverty reduction was different in post 1990s era. There was a
ecause the new transfer schemes provide better results. There is a stable
relationship between the transfer money and the poverty reduction, 2004 witnessed a 5% fall in national poverty
n programmes varies from place to place (European Commission,
2010). The same programme might reduce poverty by 94% in Africa whereas it reduce 25% in Brazil. Results
state that around 50% to 80% of the funds were spent on food items reducing hunger in the poor regions. It
reduced the stunting by 10% and infant mortality by 25% in Mexico. In Brazil, this social protection programme
outs by 63%, further 24% students had an additional year of schooling.
very content with the provided welfare programmes in the industry. Swapna
and Samuyelu (2011) analyses the worker welfare programmes in Andhra Pradesh. Employing the primary data,
en, and sanitation facilities. In
contrast, Satyanarayana and Reddy (2012) reports that most of the industrial workers in cement industry are
satisfied with basic welfare facilities including transportation, medication, clean drinking water, recreational
acilities, education for children, and accommodation. However, around 40% workers are not satisfied with
bonus scheme and consumer cooperative stores provided by industry. A link between bonuses and labor
Labour welfare activities are getting more attention in the business entities (Browning, 2008). These activities
improve the current living standard of households. However the welfare money might discourage the household
ssets. The net decrease in asset portfolios raises poverty among the working
class. In this scenario, only a few households have enough resources to invest in private assets but the majority
summarizes some key worker welfare programmes across
Population Targeted
Household heads, females
2002
Educational
Grants
3. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
64
and children
2 Bolivia Juanci to Pinto 500,000 2 per child Public school children
3 Brazil Bolsa Familia 11,100,000 30 per household,
7 per child
Extremely poor and poor
households
4 Chile Chile Solidario 256,000 14 per child Extremely poor households
5 Colombia Familias en
Accion
1,700,000 For education:
8-33 per child
For health:
28 per child
Extremely poor households
and children
6 Dominican
Republic
Solidaridad 461,000 29 per household Extremely poor households
and children
7 Ecuador Bono-de-
Desarrollo
Humano
1,060,000 15 per household Households and children
8 El Salvador Comunidades
Solidarias Rurales
100,000 For education and
health:
15 per household
Extremely poor households
And children
9 Guatemala MiFamilia
Progresa
250,000 For education and
health:
20 per household
Extremely poor households
and children
10 Honduras Programa-de-
Asignacion
240,000 For education and
health:
5 per household
Poor households and
children
11 Jamaica Program of
Advancement
100,000 100 per household Poor households
12 Mexico Oportunidades 5,000,000 Education:
12 to 23 per
household
Extremely poor households
12 Panama Red de
Oportunidades
70,000 50 per household Extremely poor households
14 Paraguay PROPAIS II 5,800 120 per household Extremely poor households
and children
15 Peru Juntos 454,000 33 per household poor households and
children
Fiszbein and Schady (2010) make a great analysis of all these welfare programmes.
3. Methodology
Keeping in view the nature of this study, the present study limits itself with qualitative research tools. In this
setting, it is imperative to capture the impacts of WWF on community, worker productivity and labour market.
Two renowned qualitative techniques were employed including Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key
Informant Interview (KII). The former arranges the discussions of all the potential stakeholders to resolve the
problems of industrial labour whereas the later conducts direct interviews with government officials and other
potential stakeholders.
These FGDs and KIIs were supported by specific structured and semi-structured objective specific
questionnaires. Covering the dynamics of present study, it required mapping of the target population including
community residents, particular group associated with a geographical region (ethnic groups, minorities, racial
groups, women etc.). Majority of beneficiaries and government officials (who were interviewed and are
associated with the WWF) are having more than 20 years of experience. They are well aware of the structural
changes that occurred in the WWF over the time. All the stakeholders have tried to give a deep insight of their
experience regarding the WWF. Some of the beneficiaries shared their experiences as a case study for the
assessment of the WWF. Following is a detailed description of the above mentioned qualitative techniques.
4. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
65
3.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
The present study conducted 10 focus group discussions (2 per instrument), and following criterion was
observed while conducting these FGDs:
• Participation was provincially representative
• Representation was also ensured in a manner that most income groups of industrial sector workers were
available
• In terms of educational attainment we ensured maximum possible representation from each levels i.e.
primary, secondary and tertiary
• In terms of sectoral distribution we had a fair representation from several sub-industrial sectors e.g.
textile, leather, oil and gas, consumer goods etc.
3.2 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)
The KIIs were supportive in collecting the information from the government officials and other potential
stakeholders on all the instruments. A KII is a private and friendly communication to have indepth detail, clarity
and the nuance on the topic in hand (Kenya, 2012; Rubin and Rubin, 1995). This is a simple but an effective
technique, these interviews pursue the dimensions of the research topic in a descriptive way.
The present study conducted 10 KIIs of the government officials and other potential informants. Following
criterion was observed while conducting KIIs:
• Response from federal government officials was acquired
• Responses from at least two government officials from provincial offices were acquired
• Responses from industrial factory workers and labour unions were acquired
• Specific interviews were also conducted with community leaders at provincial level
4. Results from Qualitative Exercise
This section discusses the programme assessment and grievance resressal mechanism; welfare changes resulting
from the welfare grants including housing schemes, educational grants, medical grants, vocational trainings,
marriage grants, death grants; and social impacts of these grants including regional and gender specific impacts,
gender and age specific impacts, natural calamities and 18th
constitutional amendment scenario. For convenience,
this section has been divided into 3 subsections.
4.1 Programme Assessment and Grievance Resressal Mechanism
The industrial workers assert that the WWF operations have improved over-time with reduced time cost. During
the 1990s, the claim of rights requires 1 year however it reduced to 6 months after 2000. Still there are payment
delays originating from the lengthy documentation process. Though the amount of welfare grants has increased
over the time but without considering the inflationary trend, the inflation has increased manifold as compared to
these grants. Industrial workers believe that educational grants are the most valuable for ther children. Many of
them are serving in engineering field, medical institutions, and leading national institutions. The educational
grants promote quality education which is not affordable otherwise.
Misuse of welfare grants especially the housing grants ignites a tension in community. It is reported that some of
the factory workers backed by the political parties allot houses without any legal right. Then they sublet it to a
third party on high rent. This triggers conflict in the society and needs serious attention for its resolution. Further
the poor grievance redressal mechanism adds to the miseries of poor workers. Following flow chart (2) describes
the steps involved in the complaint registration mechanism:
5. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
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66
Flow Char 2: Complaint Registration Mechanism (Source: Key Informant Interviews)
On the other hand, government officials claim that the WWF has improved its disbursement procedure over the
time. During the 1990s, disbursements to workers were made through cheques involving a number of days.
Now-s-days, it is transferred directly into their bank accounts which reduced the time cost significantly. Further
the socioeconomic impacts of these grants are quite significant and many are serving in a multiple ways.
Educational grants not only increases the literacy rate but also secures good jobs. The trickle-down effect
generates many doctors, engineers and social scientists etc. Housing schemes, marriage grants and death grants
also have an impact on workers but in a limited way. Mostly these instruments act as buffers and smooth
consumption patterns of households.
The officials confess that there is no formal complaint registration mechanism at the federal level in the WWF
office. Complaints are registered informally at the provincial offices and are solved there. Further the tight
scrutiny mechanism at the provincial level delays grievance redressal, and the WWF is working to identify and
eliminate factors involved in these delays.
4.2 Grants and Welfare Changes
The existing law and procedures of the WWF provide assistance to the industrial workers in housing schemes,
educational grants, medical grants, vocational trainings, marriage grants and death grants. This section discusses
the welfare impact of each instrument separately.
4.2.1 Housing Schemes
Industrial workers state that housing is a good initiative by the WWF helping a number of poor families.
However, the houses are limited in number and the WWF needs to increase the number of houses over the time.
Living conditions in many houses are not up to the mark in the existing labour colonies. The weak institutional
mechanism for the repair and maintenance is badly affecting the workers. Further there are several procedural
problems involved in getting the house allotments (please see Figure 1 for details in annex). The residential
quarters should be allotted only to the factories operating in the area. If a factory is not operational, its workers
should not occupy houses in colonies.
The houses with damaged footings are very common which is the result poor drainage system. The
amalgamation of drainage and drinking water creates a great threat to health. Sanitary conditions are not
adequate in the labour colonies, for instance only 4 sweepers are available in a labour colony that comprises
more than 500 houses. These housing colonies lack basic facilities like parks, and street lights. The housing
facility is available to the industrial workers as long as they are working in the factory, the workers have no right
to stay in the houses after retirement. The workers demand the title of ownership for the houses because it is
difficult to finance housing when one is retired. The government officials agree that the housing scheme needs
improvements. However, it has facilitated almost 60,000 industrial workers to date. Right now, the WWF is
Secretary
Worker
Union
leader/
Assistant
Director
Deputy
Director
Director
Union
leader/
Assistant
Director
Deputy
Director
Director
Workers
issued
resolved
6. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
67
serving the industrial workers with 114 housing schemes while 26 schemes are in process.
4.2.2 Educational Grants
The low wage rate in the industry and rising educational expenses both has made the life difficult. The
educational grants enable the children of workers to study in prestigious educational institutes. In the past, only
limited institutes were affiliated with the WWF. However, presently, a student can avail admission in any
institution recognized by Higher Education Commission (HEC). Education contributes a lot in mitigating the
miseries of deprived industrial workers and their families. There are many good examples in which the
extraordinary students also represented the country at international level (please see Figure 2 for details in
annex).
Data reveals that that Punjab secures the highest share in educational grants because it comprises the highest
number of industrial units. Second is Khyber Pakhtunkawa, third is Sindh, fourth is the federal area (Islamabad)
and finally it comes the Balochistan. Further all the provinces have varying patterns of educational grants over
the time. This pattern is almost the same for the Punjab and Balochistan while there is a change in relative
positions of other provinces overtime. From 2004 to 2009, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh are very close but
there is a significant increase in educational grants in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa after 2009 (for details, please see
Figure 3 in annex).
The above mentioned comparison can be more significant if it takes into consideration the total expenditures
incurred by the WWF (please see Figure 4 in annex). It is obvious that both provinces Sindh and Punjab are
taking major shares in the total budget, and the pattern remains the same up to 2011. However, after 2011, the
share of Sindh in total expenditures is increasing while it is falling for Punjab. The remaining areas such as
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and Islamabad all have a little share in total expenditures. This asymmetry in
expenditure absorption across provinces requires an in-depth study by the government officials.
Previously, educational coverage was limited and students could get just fee while rest of the expenses were
financed by workers themselves. Currently, the WWF has changed its policy and grants full fee with other
educational expendiutres. This practice has gian fruitful results and caused a positive trend in enrolments.
Further, the documentation procedure is very long to get the scholarship facility for their children (details are
available in annex).
The government officials affirm that the WWF provides free education for workers' children. It provides free
books, uniform and a monthly stipend. They are aware of the limited number of schools and other shortcoming
and are working on it. Further, the WWF also finances the educational expenditures of students studying abroad.
The educational grants play a key role in the socioeconomic uplift of industrial worker households.
4.2.3 Medical Grants
The medical coverage for the industrial workers is provided under the umbrella of social security dispensaries
and government hospitals. The workers are entitled to free health examination, medical treatment and medicine
but only the working labour. The retired workers are not entitled to these facilities. They have served the
industry for their entire life, but have to seek for alternative treatment options in their old age. Other options are
quite expensive and difficult to access (please see Figure 5 in annex for details). Further a weak monitoring and
evaluation system is resulting in staff absenteeism and medicine shortages in these WWF dispensaries.
The government officials replied that no direct way is available for medical grant. The WWF approves funds for
dispensaries and for hospitals nearby to the residential colonies. In addition, the WWF funded a 200 bed hospital
in Sukkur and plans another 500 bed hospital in Islamabad. It was not clear as to what factors were considered
while deciding upon Sukkur and Islamabad as locations for these hospitals. There areas are already rich in
medical facilities and there are other less developed places which need attention. However, some officials say
that these are political decision.
4.2.4 Vocational Trainings
A number of vocational training institutions are operating under the auspices of the WWF but they do not
maintain an up to the mark standard ( please see the Figure 6 in annex). The present job market is very vibrant
and it is difficult for the young technicians to be employed at a reasonable place. There are also many other
impediments such as low wage rate and structural underemployment. It would be useful if the WWF promotes
such vocational training that could meet the demands of industry. Currently the syllabus of these vocations
trainings institutes is an arcade, not in line with industry demands.
It seems that the WWF vocational trainings lack a clear vision. This training might be more productive if
provided with a clear visualization and broader focus. The technicians should be facilitated with modern tools
and machinery. There should be backward and forward linkages of the technical training in the industry. The
location of these institutions is an important factor, the majority of these institutions are limited in number and
are located at distant places making it difficult to access.
The representatives from government state that the WWF has launched the metric-tech project that improves
technical skill and provides career counselling. This project will enable the youth to choose an appropriate field.
7. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
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68
This would be helpful to the workers' families in pursuing the employment opportunities. All these technical
education programmes are independent and the WWF is the governing body.
4.2.5 Marriage Grants
Marriage grants mainly support dowry in the wedding ceremonies and are provided in monetary terms. These
grants are subject to many reforms; initially it was Rs. 30,000 which later on increased to Rs. 100,000 recently.
Previously, this grant was available only for one daughter of a worker, however recently the government has
increased its cover for all the daughters (please see Figure 7 in annex for details). The workers assert that the
persistent inflation had devalued the currency and these grants should be at par with inflation rate. Government
is restricting their access to these grants by applying conditions, only those workers can avail these grants who
have served the industry at-least 3 years.
Currently the marriage grants are available only for girls, workers want to extend it for their boys as well. The
late disbursement of funds is the most common problem reported by workers. Previously, applications were
accepted after every three months, and funds were released in a shorter time period. But now the applications are
collected once a year causing delays. The time taking scrutiny of documents prolonging this process further, and
disbursement process might take 2-3 years.
The government representatives highlighted that past reforms have facilitated many workers. The workers are
provided Rs. 100,000 for one marriage case but with a condition. This condition states that only one worker can
apply for the marriage grant having a minimum service experience of three years. This restriction aims to
discourage the flow of applications as the WWF has limited financial resources. This grant has facilitated
130,596 marriages over the time. Moreover, the daughters of deceased workers are also eligible for this grant.
It is evident that most of the marriage grants are secured by the Punjab province because it has the highest share
in the industry (from the Figure 7 in annex). Second and third positions are secured by Sindh and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa respectively. The fourth position is covered by Balochistan, finaly the federal area (Islamabad)
comes at last. With a little variation, this trend persists among all the provinces over the time (see Figure 8 in
annex). Since Punjab and Sindh both host industrial hubs in Pakistan that partially explains why they have more
share in total expenditures as compared to other provinces. As the amount of money for marriage grant is same
in each province so there is a close correlation between the number of marriage grants and the total expenditures.
4.2.6 Death Grants
The industrial workers earn marginal incomes which makes a difficult survival. If any of the workers die, the
family of a deceased is deprived of many basic facilities. To protect such miserable families, WWF provides a
death grant of Rs. 500,000 (please see Figure 10 in annex for details). However there are delays in the
disbursement of these grants which are causing problems. A disbursement might delay 3-4 years if there are
legal complications.
After the death of her husband, a widow has to wait for a certain time period to leave the house. This religious
compulsion creates a delay in the preparation of documents. After that, she cannot do everything on her own in a
male dominated society. Complex documentation practices require time and effort to precede the process.
Additionally the social norms of for example in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Balochistan do not allow widows to
physically go door to door for filing of information. These grants can be more helpful to the widows if are
provided through one window operation.
The provincial analysis portrays that Punjab has the highest share in the death grants. Then comes the Sindh,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan and finally comes the the federal area (please see Figure 11 in annex). The
WWF provides the same amount of money for each death grant to each province. Though the total number of
death grants in Punjab province is higher than any other province, yet total spending in the Sindh province is
very close to the Punjab (please see Figure 12 in annex). This inconsistent spending pattern requires a more in-
depth study at the provincial level.
4.3 Social Impacts of the WWF Grants
This section analyzes the impact of WWF grants through regional lens (urban vs. rural) and gender lens (male vs.
female). It also takes into consideration the personal characteristics of workers (e.g. age and work experience).
Finally, it would focus on dispensation of WWF services disturbed by natural calamities.
4.3.1 Regional and gender specific Impacts
The WWF housing colonies are located at both urban areas and peri-urban/rural areas. A caretaker is provided in
each colony looking after the basic utilities such as clean drinking water, electricity and sanitation etc. These
facilities are relatively good in urban areas as compared to the peri-urban areas where sanitation is the major
problem. The caretakers are unable to work properly because of limited funds and narrow municipal services. A
systematic mechanism for waste disposal is missing, so people throw garbage in nearby grounds. Over the time,
the waste and garbage has mixed with ground water and has created hygienic problems. Health problem arise,
and mostly children become their victims. Workers of the peri-urban areas demanded serious actions to
overcome all these shortcomings in peri-urban areas.
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4.3.2 Gender and age specific Impacts
Females face serious mobility problems, and are constrained by social norms. The female officers at the WWF
office are rare, leading to communication gap which further adds to their miseries. The females in peri-ruban
industries are less aware of their rights, the situation is relatively better in urban areas. Females pay a high
transaction cost for the preparation of their grant documents. Technology at the female skill development centres
is obsolete and needed to be updated. The certificates issued by these centres get a little probability of being
hired in the private sector.
Age is an important factor in association with the welfare activities. A worker can avail the WWF grants as long
as s/he is serving the industry, there is no post retirement incentive or grant. The poor workers feel much worried
when they retire because they can not access basic medical facilities, no schools for their children and no houses.
Hence, the welfare measures provided by the WWF are not sustainable. Such post-retirement difficulties are felt
more acutely by female workers who are recruited after the death of a spouse. In overall terms, the marriage
grant instrument does add towards gender empowerment given that it is a direct cash transfer which reduces the
incidence of exclusion at least in the short term.
4.3.3 Natural Calamities
The WWF also provides assistance to earthquake and flood victims. Serving around 3293 beneficiaries across
the country, it disbursed a grant of Rs. 50,000 to each affected worker in 2005. The devastating floods in 2010
affected the entire country and a number of industrial workers lost their property and other valuables. The Prime
Minister announced a support of Rs. 1,000 million for the flood affected industrial workers. This timely
provision of funds saved substantial number of workers from poverty. During 2011 floods, WWF distributed
food items of Rs. 50 million in the Sindh province.
However the benefits given under WWF are little if compared to losses incurred in these areas. A quick
rehabilitation of the educational infrastructure is required such as the construction of schools and technical
institution. The social security hospitals and the housing colonies are also severely damaged by these natural
calamities which needed a quick rehabilitation. If the proper rehabilitation activities are not started timely, they
might cause severe damage to the human lives. The government officials assert that they are working on housing
schemes, education, death and marriage grants in the flood affected areas.
4.3.4 The 18th
Constitutional Amendment and WWF
Though the government has legislated for the 18th
constitutional amendment but practically the operational
mechanism of the WWF is controlled by the federal government. During the KIIs, the provincial officials
asserted that provinces have no framework to run WWF at provincial level. Development of such framework
might take several years. This require provincial WWF laws to be enacted by the provincial assemblies. If
provinces are unable to draw a consistent framework, federal government would have to run the operational
mechanism under the available standard operating procedures. In theory, however having such a programme at
the federal level is a clear violation of 18th
amendment. The federal government should work closely with
provincial governments in devising its operational capacity.
5. Conclusion
Welfare programmes have become an integral part of social protection schemes as they promptly address the
problems of labour with lesser transaction costs. These programmes work on short-term and long-term basis and
ultimately help towards poverty reduction and social capital accumulation. They target poorest of the poor and
their children, some facilitate the elderly whereas some operate under universal framework. These programmes
also have a gender dimension whereby women are empowered through specific interventions.
Government of Pakistan (GoP) has been facing challenges in ensuring welfare of its industrial workers. It faces
difficulties in the implementation of the macro-level labour reforms (e.g. the implementation of minimum wage
– revised annually), however it is striving to put in place social safety nets such as Benazir Income Support
Programmes. Within the overall ambit of social protection, the government has retained the Workers Welfare
Fund (WWF) organization even after the 18th Constitutional Amendment which requires social sector
programmes to be devolved to the provincial governments in order to improve service delivery at the provincial
and sub-provincial levels. The provincial governments have however been urging the federal government to
hand over the reins of WWF.
Previously, no recent study is available for the impact analysis of WWF, so the present study aims to fill this
vacuum with the help of qualitative research tools. A total of 10 FGDs (2 per instrument) and 10 KIIs (2 per
instrument) were conducted to collect the qualitative data. The key issues raised in our FGDs and KIIs
fundamentally focus on the operational efficiency of WWF. Many success stories are identified in this study
explaining how each instrument has benefited the targeted beneficiaries. However it also identifies grievances of
current and past WWF beneficiaries that need to be addressed.
The first important concern highlighted was access and certainty to education grant. Two issues hinder timely
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receipt of such grant namely: colossal amount of documentation required to claim the right, and delays involved
in fee disbursement. The schools provided under WWF also have access problems. Several of them are
substantially far from the colonies in which workers’ children are residing. Second it has been noticed that
construction of new housing schemes is moving at a slower pace with compromised quality. Furthermore the
maintenance of housing (repair work) is not being done on a regular basis making many of the housing units
unsatisfied. Third sanitation and sewerage issues in these colonies are creating health and environmental hazard.
Fourth common places such as parks and grounds for children have been encroached and no dedicated effort was
observed by our team in which WWF has taken up this issue of encroaching with the municipal authorities or
even the highest officials within WWF and the Ministry. Five the health facilities are provided with
discrimination and rent-seeking. The employer’s recommendation also plays a big role in this provision. A one
window operation for both emergency cases and those health facilities is required. The workers retired from
WWF cannot access health facility (and any other WWF instrument), this fact is still waiting for justification by
WWF.
6. Policy Recommendations
In the light of above mentioned finding, the present study presents the following recommendations:
• Educational grants are investment in education having far reaching impact on economic growth. The
scale and scope of these grants should be increased.
• The amounts of welfare grants are increased on an arbitrary basis, a scientific base with the help of
dynamic micro-simulation is more desirable.
• Modern skill development centers for females should be increased.
• The families of workers should be provided respectable post-retirement living standards.
• Quick rehabilitation of educational infrastructure, social security hospitals and the housing colonies is
required for earthquake and flood hit areas.
• Finance division should not divert WWF savings towards its budgetary financing.
• Strong synergies should be created with other social safety nets on-ground to achieve efficiency,
particularly with Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP), Zero-Hunger Programme, Provincial cash transfer
programmes etc.
• Evasion from rules, law and malpractice can be reduced through the biometric system connecting both
Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) and National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA).
• There is a need to improve the process of grant disbursements, introduction of online system can
expedite this slow process.
• Currently, high transaction costs are attached in filing of claims. There is a need to squeeze the number
of documents required for claiming grants.
• It is recommended that WWF should follow the examples set by Emergency Relief Cell, BISP and
NADRA in automating their processing and disbursement procedures. One window operation and e-governance
can imply a faster assessment on regular basis.
• A formal grievance redressal mechanism should be introduced using easy and cheap technology such as
the Short Message Service (SMS) in order to register a complaint.
• For better monitoring and evaluation purpose, verification of workers should be interlinked with
national identification system.
• A compliance unit should be formulated to ensure future feedback on reforms.
• A set of dedicated foreign and local trainings should be designed, it would give exposure to the WWF
management of similar programmes abroad.
• To increase the efficiency, WWF staff should be regularly evaluated through result based management
and key performance indicators.
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Annex
Figure
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of Pakistan
Figure 2
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 3 Trends in Number of Educational Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
39938
0
20000
40000
60000
Plots Developed
385
Punjab
0
5000
10000
2004 2005 2006
Numberof
Grants
Punjab
0972(Online)
72
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House Bombay.
Figure 1 Total Residential Schemes up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of Pakistan
2 Total Number of Educational Grants up to 2012
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Trends in Number of Educational Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
13852
8092
Houses Flats
5695815213
21711
385 2971
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
www.iiste.org
ndustries in India. International
In The ethnographic interview,
Focus groups: theory and practice’, SAGE
Swapna, P., & Samuyelu, N. (2011). Social security regarding employee or labour welfare. VSRD-IJBMR, 1(7),
Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 661-
a study with particular reference to
8092
Flats
2011 2012Islamabad
12. Public Policy and Administration Research
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
Figure 4 Total Expenditures on Educational Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 6 Total Schools and Technical Institutions up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 7 Total Number of Marriage Beneficiaries up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
0
1000
2000
2004 2005
InMillion
Rupees
Punjab Sindh
24
Industrial Homes Community Centrres
Schools/Colleges
11677
Punjab
0972(Online)
73
Total Expenditures on Educational Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 5 Total Welfare Measures up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Total Schools and Technical Institutions up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Total Number of Marriage Beneficiaries up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
KPK Balochistan Islamabad
4
40
Community Centrres Hospitals/Wards, Dispensaries
119
10
Schools/Colleges Technical Institutions
6150143738
11677
1496 1378
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
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2011 2012
Total
44
Dispensaries
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
Figure 8
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 9
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
0
5000
10000
2000 2001 2002 2003
Numberof
Grants
Punjab
0
500
1000
2000 2001 2002 2003
InMillionRupees
Punjab Sindh
Punjab
0
1000
2000
2000 2001 2002 2003
InMillion
Rupees
Punjab
0972(Online)
74
8 Trend in Number of Marriage Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Total Expenditures on Marriage Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 10 Total Number of Death Grants up to 2012
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Figure 11 Trend in Death Grants Overtime
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
7552
1945
1122
491 222
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
www.iiste.org
2011 2012
Islamabad
2010 2011 2012
Total
2011 2012
Islamabad
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Figure 12 Total Expenditures on Death Grants
Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development
Documents required for the scholarship
1. Copy of Computerized National Identity Card (CNIC) of the workers attested by the employer.
2. Copy of factory registration certificate under the Factories Act 1934, Mines Act 1923 and the Shops and
Establishment Ordinance 1969.
3. Copy of Factory Card duly attested by the employer.
4. Worker job description duly attested by the employer.
5. Copy of Social Security card (R-5) or EOBI card duly attested by the employer.
6. Copy of Appointment letter duly attested by the employer or a certificate of service in original bearing
complete contents of employment.
7. Copy of student card attested by the head / authorized officer of the educational institution.
8. Copy of CNIC or B Form of the student issued by NADRA and attested by the employer
9. Certificate of enrolment issued by the head or authorized officer of the educational Institution.
10. In case, if the educational institution is other than the public entity, then a copy of notification regarding
registration or affiliation of the institute concerned with government, directorate, HEC etc.
11. An affidavit by the student on a stamp paper of Rs. 20, duly attested by the Oath Commissioner bearing
the undertaking to refund all the educational expenses incurred on his/her education if he / she left the education
at an incomplete stage of the respective class/ programmed.
12. Original payment vouchers, or copies thereof duly attested by the head of educational Institute /
authorized officer regarding educational expenses /boarding charges/mess charges or other expenditure.
Questions for Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Note: This focus group discussion (FGD) is intended for WWF beneficiaries males and females (25-49 years),
officials, community elders
1. Since when are you part of WWF as a beneficiary or official?
2. Which WWF benefits have you accessed to date?
3. Have you noticed any changes in the operations of WWF with respect to the filing and claiming of
rights, liaison (communication) with officials, accessing payments and raise in allocation etc.
4. How has your household benefitted economically and socially?
5. How has its impact on the community?
6. Have you had any grievances (complaint) in this regards?
7. How have your grievances been addressed?
8. Does a formal grievance redressal (compensation) mechanism exit
9. In your opinion how have WWF receipts helped you in terms of economic, educational or social uplift?
10. Has there been any negative consequences of such receipts at the community level?
11. Have there been any differences across gender with regards to WWF receipts e.g. discrimination while
disbursement of funds, liaison with officials etc.
12. In your opinion how can WWF operations be further streamlined (simplified) for better service to
clients?
Questions for Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)
1. What are the recent reform measures taken to improve the working of WWF?
2. How complaints of industrial workers are addressed?
3. How complaints are registered?
4. What are your future plans about the expansion of fund?
5. On what basis, educational grants are provided?
6. Along with the education, children needscounselling for their career development. Is the government
0
500
1000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
InMillion
Rupees
Punjab Sindh KPK Balochistan Islamabad
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doing something for this?
7. What are the nature of educational grants and their scale?
8. How do you maintain the acceptable standards of education?
9. Had the government taken any measure to improve the work efficiency in industrial workers?
10. Do you feel that funds should be transferred from educational grants towards skill development?
11. Did you provide any vocational training in school?
12. Specify its training capacity for males and females?
13. Does it plan to improve the working conditions in the organizations? The case of recent accident in
Karachi.
14. Do you provide any medical coverage if industrial workers or someone in their family is sick?
15. How do you provide medical grants in case of emergency?
16. What are your plan to expand and to improve the housing schemes?
17. How many categories are there under this housing schemes?
18. How much do you pay in case of death grants?
19. How much do you pay in case of marriage grants?
20. How long does it take for the disbursement of funds?
21. What is the mode of payment?
22. Did the 18th
constitutional amendment change of operational structure of WWF?
23. What will be the new role of the provincial governments and the federal government?
24. Is there any systematic mechanism to check out the impact of the WWF grants and its feedback.
25. Has there been any past study produced on the working and operations of WWF?
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