STUDY OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS BY USING A TERNARY BLEND. THIS EXPERIMENT IS DONE BY DIESEL RK SOFTWARE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MOSCOW.

1. STUDY OF PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
BY USING TERNARY BLEND
Subhojit Roy, Soumyadeep De, Somnath Chattopadhayay, Atanu Pal,
Arghya Biswas, Oscar Singh,Nilanjan Jana, Sayan Das,
Subhrodwip Go chhait, Suvendu Das, Apurba Dhara, Susabhan Sen,
Arijit Biswas

2. INTRODUCTION
01
ABSTRACT
02
DATA TABLE
03
DATA ANALYSIS
04
CONCLUSION
05
CONTENTS

3. 01
INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION
• In twenty-one century, the most concerned topics are pollution and shortage of non-renewable
source of energy in future. As the world is continuously developed and new technologies are int
roduced, the demand of power source also increases with time. To fulfill this demand , fossil fue
ls are not sufficient enough. So the use of renewable source of energy is an important step tow
ards the future.
• In recent days, diesel engines are most preferable and commercially very useful engine because
of its high thermal efficiency and lesser fuel consumptions. But it’s also operated on consumpti
on of primary fuel. And there is too much emission of Cox, Nox , HC and other pollutant .
• To reduce this effect on environment and make it more eco-friendly the use of alternative fuels l
ike methanol, ethanol, butanol, pentanol, bio oil, hydrogen esters alcohols etc. with diesel is ver
y much important. Many research work have been already done on the diesel engine using bina
ry blend e.g. methanol with diesel, ethanol with diesel etc. with other additives and ternary ble
nd e.g. methanol, pentanol with diesel or pentanol, oil biodiesel with diesel etc. and they have a
lso approved some better performance on thermal efficiency , emission control and other perfo
rmance parameters and also reduce the emission of Nox, PM, Smoke and soot particles.
• But in some papers it shows negative effect on HC emission with increasing alcohol in blend.

5. INTRODUCTION
• Ethanol as an alternative fuel is very much popular among the researcher around the world. It is most
widely used alternative fuel with diesel because of its oxygenated characteristics that helps to increas
e the amount of oxygen in the fuel blend and thus resulting better performance of combustion and re
duce the emission of pollutant. And it can be easily produced from agriculture feedstock and also fro
m sugarcane, potato, cassava and corn .which shows its renewable form.
• Pentanol, a long-chain alcohol is also use as an alternative fuel now a days. It is also enriched with ox
ygen content which may help to improve the performance of combustion and can improve thermo-ph
ysical properties such as density, cetane number, flashpoint, viscosity and boiling point. In addition, lo
ng-chain alcohol-diesel fuel blend shows no phase separation and can normally run without any addit
ional additive to avoid phase separation .
• Although there are many research work have been done by using binary fuel blend and ternary fuel bl
end none of any researcher use the blend of ethanol plus pentanol with diesel. by using this ternery bl
end in diesel engine may improve some performance parameter and may also reduce the overall emis
sion of pollutant. And it may be better choice for use as alternative fuels in CI engine which is totally
unknown to everyone till now.
• To cover this gap, this experimental work is conducted by simulating D80P20 (diesel80% , pentanol20
%), D70P20E10 (diesel70% , pentanol20%,ethanol10%), D70P15E15 on DIESEL RK Software and also s
tudy the total performance parameter and combustion behavior of the engine . This simulation is don
e on 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 , 2.5 , 3 , 3.5 kw load with a constant speed 1500 rpm.

6. 02
ABSTRACT

7. ABSTRACT
A simulation study has been done for checking the performance parameters, combustion and exha
ust emission of a diesel engine by using diesel, ethanol and pentanol mixture. These test fuels
are mixed at different proportions and test has been done on diesel rk simulation software. Th
e test fuels are denoted as D100(Diesel), D80P20(80% Diesel,20% pentanol), D70P20E10(70%
Diesel,20% pentanol and 10% Ethanol) and D70P15E15(70% Diesel,15% Pentanol and 15% Eth
anol).The simulation runs at constant rpm and at different loads. By applying this condition, pe
rformance parameters, combustion and exhaust emission will be measured. During this test w
e will analyse the change in exhaust emission rate of the gases like HC, COx, NOx e.t.c. and als
o analyse the change in performance parameters and combustion rate.

8. Diesel-RK as an engine simulation tool
Diesel-RK is an Russian engine simulation tool. This is a full cycle thermodynamic engine simulation software wh
ere a wide variety of IC engine can be analyzed by creating a model engine. The following engines are two str
oke, four stroke SI petrol engines or CI diesel engines, DI diesel engines including PCCI, dual fuel engines (en
gines having few independent fuel injection system ) etc. Variety types of fuel or fuel blend can be simulated
and optimized. Diesel –RK is a thermodynamic tool and engine cylinders are considered as open thermodyna
mic system.
Main applications of DIESEL -RK are as follows:
• Torque curve and other engine performances prediction.
• Fuel consumption prediction and optimization.
• Combustion and emission analysis and optimization.
• Knock prediction.
• Valve timing optimization.
• EGR system analysis and optimization.
• Turbocharger and bypasses matching and optimization.
• Research and optimization of fuel injection profile including multiple injection, sprayer design and location a
s well as piston bowl shape optimization.
• Convert of diesel engines into gas engines.
• Dual fuel engine analysis.

9. 03
DATA TABLE

10. PROPERTIES OF FUELS
Properties Diesel n-Pentanol Ethanol D80P20 D70P20E10 D70P15E15
Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/s) (at 40
ºC)
2.72 2.89 1.13 2.754 2.595 2.507
Cetane Number 52 20 8 45.6 41.2 40.6
Lower Heating Value or Heat Cont
ent (MJ/kg)
42.49 34.65 26.83 40.922 39.356 38.965
Molecular weight (kg/kmol) 88.15 46.07 17.63 22.237 20.133
Specific vaporization heat (kJ/kg) 308.05 918.42 61.61 153.452 183.971
Vapour pressure (mm-Hg) at (? K) 0.4 6 55 1.52 6.98 9.43
O % 0 18.15 34.73 3.63 7.103 7.932
C% 86.13 68.13 52.14 82.53 79.131 78.3315
H% 13.87 13.61 13.02 13.818 13.733 13.7035
S% 0.01 0 0 0.008 0.007 0.007
Density (kg/m3) 0.832 0.815 0.758 0.8286 0.7454 0.70465
Surface tension (N/m) (at 20ºC) 0.0275 0.0247 0.015 0.02694 0.02569 0.02521

11. TEST ENGINE SPECIFICATION
Cylinder Bore, D, (mm) 87.5
Piston Stroke, S, (mm) 110
Compression Ratio 17.5
Number of Cylinders 1
Working Cycle Four-Stroke Cycle
Connecting Rod Length, (mm) 234
Ratio of Crank Radius to Connecting Rod 0.235
Normal Engine Speed, (rpm) 1500
Basic Engine Mechanism Design Crank Gear
Material of Cylinder head Iron
Average Thickness of Cylinder Wall Head, (mm) 6.12

12. 04
DATA ANALYSIS

13. DATA ANALYSIS (SPM vs. LOAD)
The graphs shown above shows the behaviour of different performance
parameters and exhaust gases vs load of the fuels.
• Spm vs load- The graph shows that D100 is highest spm producers among the others.It occurs generally because of improper
combustion and heavy fuel and that's why D100 is at the top. But other fuels are alcohol blended so spm is reduced. Higher
volatility and higher oxygen content ensures complete combustion and helps in reduction of spm.Also carbon amount is reduced
in blended fuels, its also a cause of their reduced spm amount.

14. DATA ANALYSIS ( ITE vs. LOAD)
• ITE vs load- The graph shows that the ITE of diesel alcohol blends is higher than D100.Ternary blend have the
highest values of ITE.This has occurred mainly due to the greater amount of oxygen content in alcohol blends
which ensures good combustion. Another reason is the longer ignition delay helps in reducing the heat loss
due to less time for heat dissipation from the cylinder

15. DATA ANALYSIS ( IGNITION DELAY vs. LOAD)
• Ignition delay vs load- Ignition delay generally occurs due to lower cetane number and higher self ignition
temp. Ignition delay of alcohol blends is more due to the lower cetane number and higher self ignition
temperatures than D100.During higher loads ignition delay decreases due to higher in cylinder temp.

16. DATA ANALYSIS ( FLA vs. LOAD)
• Factor of light absorption vs load- Factor of light absorption of alcohol blends is less than pure
diesel due to fact that pure diesel has less amount of oxygen so CO is formed, this so it means
more unburnt hydrocarbons which results in higher value of factor of light absorption than
blends where oxygen content is much more than pure diesel.

17. DATA ANALYSIS (CO2 EMISSION vs. LOAD)
• CO2 vs. load- Diesel creates higher CO2 emission because higher temperature and gets excess O2
from the air . In case of other ethanol and pentanol blend ,the CO2 Emissions were decreased
due to low C/H ratio and also temperature were decreased due to alcoholic effect from ethanol ,
so emission of CO2 is lower .

18. DATA ANALYSIS ( AIR FUEL RATIO vs. LOAD)
• Air fuel ratio vs load- The low sp. gravity and low calorific values of diesel alcohol blends demand more fuel for
combustion. So, the air fuel ratio of alcohol blends are more than that of pure diesel. The amount of alcohol s
hould be 1.28 times greater than pure diesel to achieve the same power output.

19. DATA ANALYSIS (BTE vs. LOAD)
• BTE vs. load- BTE of alcohol blends are higher than pure diesel due to the amount of oxygen in al
cohols. Greater oxygen content means better combustion which improves BTE.

20. DATA ANALYSIS ( BSFC vs. LOAD )
• BSFC vs. load- Due to the low sp. gravity of alcohol blends and their low calorific value, alcohol blends require
more fuel than pure diesel. So,alcohol blends cosume much more fuel than pure diesel.

21. DATA ANALYSIS ( NOx EMISSION VS LOAD)
• NOx vs. load- NOx emissions of DP20 is higher than pure diesel because of more amount of oxygen content in t
he blend. Oxygen in fuel contributes towards good combustion and temperature increases inside the cylinder.
Higher temperatures contribute towards more NOx emissions. Ternary blends have ethanol which has decreas
ed the temperature which in turn is the cause for less NOx emission for ternary blends.

22. CONCLUSION
After analysing the different behaviour of the fuels under different conditions we found out that
each and every fuel has some merits and demerits. Discussion has been done, based on
different performance parameters and emissions of different gases.
• Performance parameters like ITE and BTE is more for blend fuels that tells us that blending
diesel with alcohols increases the efficiencies. But parameters like Bsfc is more for blend fuels,
its a demerit for blend fuels because it means it consumes more fuel. Ignition delay is also more
than diesel. Oxygen amount in alcohol blends help in many aspects.
• Now coming to gas emissions NOx emission is more for blend fuels specially DP20 due to higher
oxygen content. Spm particles is more in case of diesel. So blending of diesel is helping in one
aspect i.e. Spm particles also ternary blends with ethanol does less NOx emission than diesel.
These points indicate that blending of pure diesel may help in improving performance, efficiency
and some emission characteristics. It has got some demerits too but these blended fuels may
become a good alternative fuel in the future.

23. REFERENCE
• L. XINGCAI ET AL. THE INFLUENCE OF ETHANOL ADDITIVES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND
COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINES. Received 26 June 2003; accepted 5
February 2004.
• Nicolae Vlad BURNETE*, Nicolae FILIP, István BARABÁS, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, B-
dul Muncii Nr. 103-105, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, România. DIESEL-ETHANOL BLENDS AND THEIR
USE IN DIESEL ENGINES.
• Tarkan SandalcJ,Yasin Karagöz, Emre Orak, and Levent Yüksek. An Experimental Investigation of
Ethanol-Diesel Blends on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of Diesel Engines.
• Abdullah et al. Effect of Pentanol-Diesel Fuel Blends on Thermo-Physical Properties, Combustion
Characteristics, Engine Performance and Emissions of a Diesel Engine
• Liangjie Weia,b,, C.S.Cheunga ,Zuohua Huangb, Effect of n-pentanol addition on the combustion,
performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine.

24. THANK
YOU