Abstract: Experiments were-conducted to determine the influence of VAM fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride individually as well as in combinations on the growth of Ocimum sanctum L. Co-inoculation with VAM and Trichoderma harzianum resulted in maximum plant growth. Co-inoculated plants were recorded maximum shoot and root length, maximum fresh and dry weight, more leaves more flowers and maximum leaf initials than control. Mycorrhizal colonization was seen more than 80% in treated plants and only 20% in control. Spore counts were more in treated rhizosphere soils than the control. Among treated the percentage of growth parameters were maximum in Glomus fasciculatum + T. harzianum treatments than their counterparts and minimum in control.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
The influence of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butte...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Africa University farm, Mutare, Zimbabwe to evaluate the effects of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butternuts (Cucurbita moschata). The experiment was laid as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Cucurbita moschata was used as the test crop with evaluation being the yield, flowering pattern, branches, stems and fruit weight. Treatment groups included no pinching, pinching at 2nd node, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node. Treatments with pinching had the highest yield(18.80t/ha) and highest number of flowers(5.10) compared to plants with no pinching. Pinching plants at 6th node increased the number of branches compared to pinching plants at 2nd node. The number of stems were highest (3.65) in pinched plants (TRT 4) compared to plants which did not receive pinching. General trends showed that number of stems increased as pinching was done at a later stage. The number of fruits harvested in plants per treatment corresponded to the fruit weight gained. The greater the number of harvested fruits, the higher the corresponding weight and vice versa. These findings indicated that pinching plants at a later stage of its growth promotes the growth, flowering pattern and yield of plants.
In vitro evaluation of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum for its e...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT- Populus deltoides is the exotic species of poplar introduced in India in late 50s and has been grown significantly in North– western states. It is one of the most important commercial tree planted in agrosilvicutural system adopted by farmers of the region. Meanwhile, it is prone to number of biotic and abiotic agents, which affects the plantations and thus depreciates its quality. Hence, to prevent the loss and manage the diseases, apart from fungicidal use biocontrol strategy has been adopted. In the present study fifteen isolates of Alternaria alternata has been tested against Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride. Both the antagonists were at par in suppressing the fungal growth and did not achieve the significant level of inhibition. T. harzianum could be shown as better biocontrol agent than the latter owing to the percent growth inhibition shown by the isolates.
Key-words- Populus deltoides, Alternaria alternata, Biocontrol, Growth suppression
The influence of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butte...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Africa University farm, Mutare, Zimbabwe to evaluate the effects of pinching on the growth, flowering pattern and yield of butternuts (Cucurbita moschata). The experiment was laid as a Randomized Complete Block Design. Cucurbita moschata was used as the test crop with evaluation being the yield, flowering pattern, branches, stems and fruit weight. Treatment groups included no pinching, pinching at 2nd node, pinching at 4th node and pinching at 6th node. Treatments with pinching had the highest yield(18.80t/ha) and highest number of flowers(5.10) compared to plants with no pinching. Pinching plants at 6th node increased the number of branches compared to pinching plants at 2nd node. The number of stems were highest (3.65) in pinched plants (TRT 4) compared to plants which did not receive pinching. General trends showed that number of stems increased as pinching was done at a later stage. The number of fruits harvested in plants per treatment corresponded to the fruit weight gained. The greater the number of harvested fruits, the higher the corresponding weight and vice versa. These findings indicated that pinching plants at a later stage of its growth promotes the growth, flowering pattern and yield of plants.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
This article is written in the context of the control of weeds in the wheat crop. It includes integrated management of all the weeds of wheat. Written by Muhammad Hassan Student at University Sargodha in the instructions of Dr.Rafi Qamar(Assistant Professor Dept of Agronomy) .
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Effect of Trichoderma Fortified Compost on Disease Suppression, Growth and Yi...IJEAB
Trichoderma species are commonly used as effective biological control agents against phytopathogens especially the soil-borne fungi while some isolates are able to ameliorate plant growth. In the present study, Trichoderma fortified compost with different substrates were evaluated to reduce the pre-emergence and post-emergence seedling mortality, diseases of stem and root of chickpea caused by several soil-borne fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different growth stages in the field under natural epiphytotic conditions. Among the twenty isolates of T. harzianum, Co-7 showed the most effective antagonist against the test pathogens in dual culture method. In field experiment, subsequently it was used for inoculum preparation with colonized wheat grain and mixed with well-matured decomposed composting materials like, saw dust, cow dung, tea waste, water hyacinth and poultry manure. Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was found significantly effective in reducing pre-emergence and post emergence seedling mortality, disease incidence and disease severity of chickpea in the field. Interestingly, all the treatments significantly increased but Trichoderma fortified compost with poultry manure was the best to boost seed yield and quality.
The weed seedbank is the reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered in the soil profile. It consists of both new weed seeds recently shed and older seeds that have persisted in the soil for several years. Agricultural soils can contain thousands of weed seeds per square foot and understanding the factors impacting the dynamics of weed seedbanks can help in the development of integrated weed management (IWM) programs. Instead of solely considering crop yield loss, management could also include strategies to deplete the weed seed bank.
This article is written in the context of the control of weeds in the wheat crop. It includes integrated management of all the weeds of wheat. Written by Muhammad Hassan Student at University Sargodha in the instructions of Dr.Rafi Qamar(Assistant Professor Dept of Agronomy) .
Toxicity Studies on Methanolic Leaf Extract of Rothmannia Longiflora: Biochem...paperpublications3
Abstract: Aqueous decoction of leaves of Rothmannia longiflora is consumed by many people in the management of pain and inflammation in Nigeria and other African countries without considering its safety. The effects of the extract on functions of the kidney and the liver were investigated in 40 wistar albino rats. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 rats per group. The first group was the control and the other 3 groups were the study groups. The oral lethal dose of the extract was determined and was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg indicating its safety. Different doses of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg were administered daily to the study groups for the periods of 30 days (sub-chronic toxicity studies) and 90 days (chronic toxicity study). Kidney and Liver function tests were assessed using standard techniques. There was no statistically significant change in the hepatic profile with the extract treated groups and control. Similarly, the extract produced no significant change in the kidney function parameters. This result showed that extract did not produce a change in the kidney function following sub-chronic and chronic administration. However, the extract produced significant change in the liver function parameters at high dose after 90 days administration.
Abstract:To fulfill our interest, we tried our best to observe the current status of squirrels in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh there are generally 8 species of squirrels which are different in size, color but same in food habit are found. From them, we observed that Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus), Irrawady Squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus), Three Stripped Palm Squirrel (Funambulus palmarum) and Five stripped Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii) are widely distributed. A large number of variations were observed during winter and summer as we preferred these 2 seasons for our field study. All of them are frugivorous and sometimes feed on grass flowers too. Sometimes taking Insects as food fulfill the necessity of protein.
Relationship between Metal Ions in Gum Arabic (Acacia Senegal) and the Minera...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between metal ions in the gum polymer and those present in the soil under the tree stands. Samples of gum arabic and soils were collected from sites representing three main soil types viz (sand, clay and sandy clay or “gardud” under three rainfall (low, medium and high) conditions throughout the gum belt of North, South Kordofan and Blue Nile States. Gum and soil samples were analyzed to determine metal ions. Analysis of variance was used to determine the differences in metal ions of gums from different sites under different soils types and rainfall. The differences in rainfall isohyets in different soil types significantly affected calcium, potassium and magnesium contents and there was no significant effect on sodium content. From gum analysis the soil types were not significantly different in magnesium and sodium content. The difference exists only on calcium and potassium content in sandy soil, while clay soils contain higher potassium ions. Rainfall levels gave no significant difference on gum minerals in different soils except magnesium in sandy soil and calcium in sand and clay soils.
Comparative Study of Metabolites in the Imago of Silkworm, Philosamia Ricinipaperpublications3
Abstract: Acetylcholine is present in higher concentration in insects when compared with most other invertebrates & vertebrates & functions as a chemical mediator of nervous activity. In the present study, biochemical analysis of acetylcholine alongwith protein, trehalose and glucose on male and female adult moths of Philosamia ricini have been made during their 5 day life span. The results demonstrated that head of female adults contains quite higher concentration of acetylcholine than the male head and shows sexual dimorphism. On the converse, the pattern of protein content of heads reveals a slight increase in males over that in females. This sexual dimorphic study on P.ricini adult moths suggests that the cholinergic system of females is more active than that of males.
Health Issue Related to Excess Consumption of Soft Drink: Obesitypaperpublications3
Abstract: Soft drink consumption has expanded rapidly in our daily life so that soft drinks are currently become choice for millions of people and the largest single contributors to energy intake. Indian beverage market is 21% and Indian ranked 3rd largest beverage consumption after the USA and China. In India every year beverage consumption is nearly 120 billion litters. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks increase the risk of overweight, diabetes and cardiometabolic disease. Soft drinks have consequently been targeted as a means to help curtail the rising prevalence of obesity, particularly among children. Several factors might account for this increased risk, including increased carbohydrate load and increased amounts of dietary fructose. Fructose acutely increases thermogenesis, triglycerides and lipogenesis as well as blood pressure.
Effects of Phytochemicals in the Post Embryonic Development of the Lesser Mea...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coleopteran insects constitute the major insects causing havoc damage to the stored food grains both for human consumption and sowing. Lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is considered as a minor pest causing damage to different stored grains especially in poorly maintained grain processing warehouses. Additionally it is an important pest of poultry houses where it lives in poultry droppings and litter. Its larvae and adults are also suspected to be health risk to humans as they are the vector of pathogens of many viruses, bacteria and protozoa causing serious diseases in birds. Synthetic insecticides are widely used for the control of stored grain coleopteran pests but development of pesticide resistance, accumulation of toxic residues in food and consequent health hazards creating more and more problems than resolving them due to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum insecticides has been creating serious health hazards. These problems have led the scientists to introduce new insecticides that are equally lethal to the insects but very less harmful to the consumers. With a view to this objective the insecticidal efficacy of neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil have been tested to report their various physiological effects on A. diaperinus during post embryonic developmental stages. Adults are broadly-oval, moderately convex, black - 5.8 to 6.3 mm long in length. Eggs are about 1.5 mm in length, creamy white with slightly rounded ends. Their incubation period is 6-7 days. Larvae show 6 instars attaining 7 - 11 mm long at last instar. Pupae are creamy white to tan coloured, 6-8 mm long, with 6 days duration; the pharate adults appear brown that gradually become black. The larvae show decline in survivality; the size and weight gradually increase in successive instars. Treatment with different neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil depicted substantial decline in survival rate and sizes of larval instars starting from 4th instars. Increased duration of respective instars actually starts from third instars and increased duration of respective instars is maximum following nimbecidine treatment and minimum in mustard oil treatment.
Evaluating the Response Of Maize (Zea Mays L.), Varieties To Plant Population...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during 2011 small rainy season (Belg) at Elefeta Farmer Training Center (FTC), in west Badewacho Woreda, Hadiya Zone, with the objectives to determine the optimum proportion of maize-haricot bean intercropping for maximum productivity and economic benefit; evaluate the performance of different maize varieties intercropped with haricot bean; identify the optimum haricot bean population density of intercropped with different maize varieties; and Estimate economic benefits of maize haricot bean intercropping. Three varieties of maize (PHB3253 Jabi, PHB30G19 Shone and Local) were planted intercropped with four haricot bean population densities (D1 = 62,500; D2 = 125,000; D3 = 187500; D4 = 250,000) arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In this study, sole cropped maize’s varieties gave significantly (P<0.05)><0.05)> with 100 % haricot bean population density is recommended for intercropping for their better compatibility and economic benefit with haricot bean as compared to other varieties and population densities in the study area.
Evaluations of community policing project for peace and security in West Poko...paperpublications3
Abstract: This research sought to examine the evaluation of Community Policing project “Nyumba Kumi Initiative” for peace and security in West Pokot County. The objectives of the study were to establish the extent of community partnership in community policing in West Pokot, assess the nature of personal relationship (citizen involvement) in the improvement of security situation in West Pokot County and suggested effective strategies for peace and security in West Pokot. The study targeted both the security officers and public members who are involved directly or indirectly with security members. Data for this study was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The study adopted a constructivist (qualitative) and quantitative analysis based in West Pokot with data primarily collected through interviews.. The research was guided by a liberal peace theory which entailed mutual combination of factors used by community policing actors, and other actors on the relevance of peace and security by dealing with the conflict cycle from the structural causes of the struggle to its resolution and the assurance of a peaceful co-existence. The study established that insecurity in West Pokot reoccurs because of the adoption of ineffective methods of peace building, reconciliation and lack of community involvement. The study also found that complementary approach to peace building and policing efforts for long lasting peace is imperative. Today, a policing strategy which incorporates the communities as co-producers of their own security and safety has taken priority as a conflict management tool thus the birth of Community Policing or community oriented- policing. Community policing is one of the more significant recent developments in policing and the notion has been widely discussed and applied around the world. The recommendation established that the variety of conceptions about community policing highlight the complex nature of the notion and the many factors shaping its varied practices; police assumptions as to what constitutes good practice in community policing and what success might look like, deserve to be re-examined. The social constructions that police and citizens hold about community policing provide valuable sources of insight which challenge some of the conventional understandings regarding policing priorities.
Pharmacological and Biochemical Action of Angelica Sinensis (Dong Quai): Natu...paperpublications3
Abstract: The medicinal plants as well as the herbs are an important aspect of traditional Chinese medicine and even an enriched source of various chemicals. Among the medicinal herbs, Angelica sinensis, also known as Dong Quai is the most popular used as Chinese medicine. The main compounds found in the acetone extract of Angelica sinensis(AS-AC) are ferulic acid, butylidenephthalide, ligustilide, brefeldin A, angelicide , B-sitosterol, butyl phthalide, calcium channel-blocking compounds (which relax visceral organ muscle) ,carvacrol, coumarins (at least six coumarin derivatives(coumarin content in Dong Quai does not promote phototoxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effects, but exerts antispasmodic and vasodilatory effects)) including: angelol, angelicone ; essential oils, consisting mainly of Ligustilide , N-butylidenphthalide; ferulic acid, flavonoids, fixed oil ,furanocoumarins ,nicotinic acid ,phytosterols ,polysaccharides ,stigmasterol ,vitamins E, A and B12. This traditional Chinese herbal medicine has various pharmacological and toxicological effects i.e. Cardiovascular effects, Neurological effects, Musculoskeletal effects, Immunological effects/Amineoplastic activity/Antimicrobial activity, Anti-Inflammatory activity, Darmatological effects, Carcinogenicity, Estrogenic effects, Gastrointestinal effects. The aims of this review are to summarize the history and an account of the adverse effects and potential interactions of Dong Quai, and a discussion about therapeutic effects of this herb.
Influence of Farmer Group Membership on the Practice of Improved Agricultural...paperpublications3
The study examined the influence of farmer group membership on the practice of improved agricultural technologies by farmers in Nyamusi division of Nyamira County. Multi-stage and stratified sampling techniques were applied for sample selection. Data collection was done by use of semi-structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Among the descriptive statistic techniques used included Mean, Standard Deviations and frequencies. For Inferential statistics, chi-square and cross tabulation were used to establish relationships between dependent and the independent variables. A total of 332 questionnaires were filled by the sampled farmers but only 304 were completely and adequately filled and analysed. The analysed data was presented using tables. From the analysis 229(75.3%) of the farmers belonged to a farmer group while 75(24.7%) were not members of any farmer group. The results indicated that the relationship was significant at 0.005 and 0.006 for the practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination respectively. It can be concluded that membership in a farmer group increased the chance of a farmer practice of greenhouse farming and Artificial insemination. The study recommends that government should facilitate the Farmer Groups to transform their organizations into cooperatives in order to gain legal identify to transact business, increase their bargaining power and intensify their collective voices in policy engagement.
Assessment of Renal Function and Serum Levels of Alpha Tocopherol in HIV Sero...paperpublications3
Abstract: Increased Oxidative Stress markers in HIV/AIDS Patients may be as a result of free radicals generation and evidence is accumulating that Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) mimics AIDS progression but may be costly due to its Nephrotoxicity. In this research serum levels of Alpha tocopherol ( α- tocopherol), Urea, Creatinine as well as CD4 Counts were measured in 70 HIV Seropositive Patients (40 on HAART and 30 HAART-Naïve) and Thirty (30) apparently healthy individuals as controls in Federal Medical Centre Katsina, Nigeria.CD4 Counts, Serum Levels of Alpha tocopherol, Urea and Creatinine of HIV-HAART and HAART Naïve were 0.72±0.27mg/dl, 16.8±5.6 mmol/l, 237±123 µmol/l and 646±254cell/µl and 0.3±0.1mg/dl, 10.4±2.9 mmol/l, 91±26 µmol/l and 364±17 cell/ µl respectively. There were significantly (p<0.05) increased CD4 counts, serum levels of Alpha tocopherol, Urea and Creatinine in HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART compared to HAART- Naive. This is an indication that HIV/AIDS are predisposed to oxidative stress and that also HAART has debilitating effects on kidneys.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
Relative toxicity of selected insecticides against adult whitefly, t. vaporar...Sachin U.S
The present experiment was conducted to assess relative toxicity of selected insecticides against whitefly in the Entomology laboratory at College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2014-2015. Among the eleven treatments, imidachloprid, thiamethoxam and cyantraniliprole were highly toxic to adults which recorded 100 per cent mortality, four days after treatment. Cyantraniliprole recorded the highest adult mortality comparatively early than imidachloprid and thiamethoxam. Fipronil 80% WG, recorded 100 percent mortality five days after treatment which was followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at sixth day after treatment and recorded as next best treatments under laboratory condition against whitefly. Acephate 75% SP and azadirhactin 10000 ppm recorded highest level of mortality (100%) at seventh and eighth day after treatment, respectively which was followed by triazophos 40% EC, spinosad 480% SC and buprofezin 25% SC at eleventh day after treatment. Considering the result, cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were recommended for effective control of sucking pests in cotton ecosystem.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Post Emergence Herbicides on Growth of Wheat Crop and Their Associa...ijtsrd
The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2019 20 on sandy loam soil at Agricultural Research Farm Pili Kothi , Department of Agronomy, Tilak Dhari Post Graduate College, Jaunpur U.P. . The “Effect of post emergence herbicides on growth of wheat crop and their associated weeds” The experiment comprised of nine treatment combinations and tested in randomized block design RBD with four replications. Experiment consisted of one factors, viz. seven different herbicides in different doses different time applied weed control of wheat crop analysis in superior herbicide in weed control of wheat crop t1 Sulfosulfuron at 0.03 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t2 Metribuzin at 0.2kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t3 Carfentrazone ethyl at 0.025kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t4 Carfentrazone ethyl at 0.02kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28DAS, t5 Metsulfuron methyl at 0.004kga.i ha.Post emergence 28 DAS, t6 Sulfosulfuron Metsulfuron methyl at 0.03 0.004 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 28 DAS, t7 2, 4 D at 0.500 kg a.i ha. Post emergence 32 DAS, t8 Weed free two hand weeding , t9 Weedy check and results obtained in t6 Sulfosulfuron metsulfuron methyl 0.030 0.004 kg a.i ha 28 DAS superior compare to weedy check and similar in t8 weed free plots. Application of t6 Sulfosulfuron metsulfuron methyl 0.030 0.004 kg a.i ha 28 DAS Were recorded in minimum density of weeds m2 more number of tillers, recorded crop dray matter and at remain least weeds dry matter recorded gm2 as compare to other treatments. Neeraj Prajapati | Dr. Shrish Kumar Singh "Effect of Post-Emergence Herbicides on Growth of Wheat Crop and Their Associated Weeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49687.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/49687/effect-of-postemergence-herbicides-on-growth-of-wheat-crop-and-their-associated-weeds/neeraj-prajapati
Natural pesticides derived from plants are one of the best alternative approaches for the management of nematodes, as excessive use of chemicals eradicate beneficial organisms in the soil and disturb ecological equilibrium and ultimately cause environmental degradation. Six different weed plants viz., Achyranthes aspera L., Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. & JC wendl. Amaranthus spinosus L., Ranunculus pensylvanicus L.f., Cassia tora L., Oxalis stricta L. were collected from in and around the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The nematode eggs and juveniles were exposed at 24, 48 and 72 h in different concentrations (S, S /2, S /10, S /100, S is the standard concentration and S/2, S/10, S/100 is the dilution of Standard solution) of weeds extracts. The plant extract of weeds S. xanthocarpum and A. aspera exhibited highly promising mortality (86-100%) after 72 h exposure period respectively, while the plant extract of O. stricta and C. tora exhibited minimum promising mortality (48-52%) after 24 h of exposure period respectively. There was a gradual decrease in egg hatching with an increase in the concentration of aqueous extracts of weeds. A. aspera, S. xanthocarpum and A. spinosus were found to be most effective in reducing egghatching and increase in mortality of second stage juveniles of M. incognita. Efficacy of treatments improved with increase in their concentration and exposure period. Hatching of larvae and juvenile mortality were strongly influenced by concentration of plants extract.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Burnt Weed Smoke Can Enhance Plant Growth A Proper Weed ManagementYogeshIJTSRD
Weeds are serious issue around the world causing crop yield reduction in agricultural fields. However, several studies proclaim the uses of weed plant species as plant growth enhancer because of their unique phytochemical composition present in smoke when pyrolysed. This idea has been inspired by the discovery of karrikins, a class of smoke elicitors that cues the seedling germination in several plant species. The present review is mainly aimed towards the application of weed derived smoke to regulate the plant growth in positive manner. Smoke water prepared from pyrolysed weed emerged out as more powerful in promoting the plant development of agriculturally and medicinally. The smoke technology can be one of the useful management strategies in future with cost effective and environmental friendly inputs. Shaiphali Saxena "Burnt Weed Smoke Can Enhance Plant Growth: A Proper Weed Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39954.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39954/burnt-weed-smoke-can-enhance-plant-growth-a-proper-weed-management/shaiphali-saxena
Allelopathic Effect of Lantana Camara on Germinatiion and Growth of Chickpea ...IJAEMSJORNAL
An experiment was conducted in Department of Botany, BFIT, Dehradun, Uttrakhand during the months of February and March to understand the allelopathic effects of different concentrations taken through the leaf powder of Lantana camaraleaf on germination percentage and early growth of two pulse crops i.e. chickpea and green gram. The test was conducted in petridishes. Results showed that different leaf powder concentration cause great inhibitory effect on germination and growth of both the pulse crops. Results indicates that the allelochemicals were released from the leaf powder and inhabit the germination and growth of germinated crops.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Study of Growth Promotion Effect of VAM Fungi and Trichoderma Species on Medicinal Plant
1. ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (58-63), Month: April 2015 - June 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Paper Publications
Study of Growth Promotion Effect of VAM
Fungi and Trichoderma Species on Medicinal
Plant
Srinivasa Murthy K M1,
Narayanappa M2
1
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnanabhrathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
1,2
Department of Biotechnology, Government Science College, Hassan, india
Abstract: Experiments were-conducted to determine the influence of VAM fungi, Trichoderma harzianum and T.
viride individually as well as in combinations on the growth of Ocimum sanctum L. Co-inoculation with VAM and
Trichoderma harzianum resulted in maximum plant growth. Co-inoculated plants were recorded maximum shoot
and root length, maximum fresh and dry weight, more leaves more flowers and maximum leaf initials than control.
Mycorrhizal colonization was seen more than 80% in treated plants and only 20% in control. Spore counts were
more in treated rhizosphere soils than the control. Among treated the percentage of growth parameters were
maximum in Glomus fasciculatum + T. harzianum treatments than their counterparts and minimum in control.
Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Glomus fasciculatum, mosseae, trichoderma.
1. INTRODUCTION
Traditional medicines and remedies are gaining immense importance worldwide in the age of patents and intellectual
rights due to increasing demand of medicinal plants by both developing and developed countries. Ancient India is known
for the traditional medical practices. Many historical documents and medicinal descriptions provide evidence for ancient
traditional medical practices where plants were being used, for example Rigveda documented and prescribed around 67
medicinal plants. Plants are placed front line in traditional medicines due to their affordability and safety. Modern
therapies slowly focusing towards the ayurveda and other traditional practices, where plant extracts are widely being used.
Thus, exploitation of medicinal plants is being increased due to an increasing demand for their pharmaceutical value. This
leads the loss of biodiversity and fast disappearance of medicinal plants. A steady state is not established between the
utilization and rehabilitation of medicinal plants. It is the time to take up steps to narrow down the utilization and
cultivation gap and sustainable development strategies. Use of microbial inoculations is one of the methods to improve the
quality of growth and development of medicinal plants.
Mycorhizal roots are observed in nearly all native strands of plants in all parts of the world. The Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhizae (VAM) is the most common and widely occurring mycorrhizal association [1], [2]. It is one of the important
beneficial microorganisms in the rhizospheric soils and has potential use to medicinal plants for promoting growth and
productivity [3], [4], [5], [6]. AM fungi interact with a wide range of other microorganism in the rhizosphere. These are
stimulatory when they increase the growth response of the host in presence of other microorganisms [7]. VAM play a
dominant role in increasing phosphorus solubilization and uptake of P, N, Ca, S, K, Mg Mn, and Cl by plants [8], [9].
VAM actually helps in the plants by increasing the soil surface availability by growing through soil pore and paces and
affect phosphorus absorption beyond the depleted zone. Trichoderma spp., are free-living fungi, commonly found in soil
and rhizosphere. They are highly active in rhizosphere and foliar environments. They produce variety of compounds that
induce resistance responses in plants. Trichoderma strains have been recognized as biological agents since long time, for
2. ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (58-63), Month: April 2015 - June 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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the biological control of plant disease. And also know for their ability to increase root growth and development, crop
productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses, and uptake and use of nutrients in many plant.
Ocimum sanctum also known as Holy basil or tulsi is an aromatic plant in T. harzianume family Lamiaceae. In Ayurveda
Ocimum sanctum L. (tulsi) has been well documented for its therapeutic uses and described as Dashemani Shwasaharni
(antiasthmatic) and antikaphic drugs (Kaphaghna) [10], [11]. Devotees perform worship to it as a holy plant. Scientific
reports provided adequate evidences about the medicinal properties of Tulsi, i.e. antimicrobial [12], [13], [14], anti-
inflammatory [15], [16], immunomodulatory [17], adaptogenic [18], [19], [20], antidiabetic [21], [22], anti-carcinogenic
[23], [24], hepatoprotective [25], [26], radioprotective [27], neuroprotective [28], cardio-protective [29], [30], etc. Thus,
Ocimum sanctum contain important bioactive compounds may contribute to the health benefit.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Plant collection:
The same aged plants were collected from Dhanvanthari vana, Forest and Horticulture Department, Jnanabharathi
Campus, Mariyappanapalya; Soil used for planting was collected from Gandhi Bhavan Nursery, Jnanabharathi Campus,
Bangalore University, Bangalore.
Experiment:
The experiment was designed with the following treatments with O sanctum: (i) Soil (control); (ii) soil + G. mosseae; (iii)
soil + Glomus fasciculatum, (iv) soil + G. mosseae + Trichoderma harzianum; (v) soil + G. mosseae + Trichoderma
viride; (vi) soil + Glomus fasciculatum + Trichoderma harzianum; and (vii) soil + Glomus fasciculatum + Trichoderma
viride. Three replicates of each treatment were taken. Interaction between various treatments was studied after 30, and 60
days and following parameters were observed: Shoot length (in cm), Root length (in cm), Fresh weight (in gm), Dry
weight (in gm), No of leaves, No. flowers/seeds, No. of shoot branching, No. of leaf initials and finally Mycorrhizal
colonization (%) and VAM spore No./10g of soil. For dry weight, root and shoot pieces were dried in hot air oven at 80°C
for 12 h.
After 90 days of treatment soil samples were collected from the root zone of each plant. The soil samples were sieved for
AM spore populations by using „wet sieving and decanting technique‟ and quantification of AM spores was done by „grid
line intersect method‟ [31], [32]. The fine terminal roots were removed washed and stained with trypan blue according to
„rapid clearing and staining method‟ [33]. The percent AM root colonization was calculated by using following equation;
%AM root colonization = (Total number of root segments colonized / Total number of root segments examined) ×100
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the nutritional uptake of several plants and are directly responsible for the
increased growth and yield. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of AM fungi and
Trichoderma species on growth and physiological parameters of Ocimum sanctum. Results indicated that the plantlets
under investigation showed varied response to the inoculants in individual and in different combinations. Experimental
data, Shoot length (in cm), Root length (in cm), Fresh weight (in gm), Dry weight (in gm), were recorded in Table 1. No
of leaves, No. flowers/seeds, No. of shoot branching, No. of leaf initials were recorded in table 2 and Mycorrhizal
colonization (%) and VAM spore No./10g of soil were recorded in table 3.
Table 1: effect of VAM and T. harzianum, viride, individually and in combination on growth of O. sanctum.
Treatments& days Shoot length (in
cm)
Root length (in
cm)
Fresh weight (in
gm)
Dry weight (in
gm)
30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas
Control 34 42 12 15 8.80 11.80 2.50 3.13
G. mosseae 40 59 14 20 10.82 14.82 4.10 7.73
G. mosseae + T. harzianum 43 66 14 22 11.00 15.00 4.43 7.05
G. mosseae + 44 61 14 19 11.12 14.90 3.66 7.15
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T. viride
G. fasciculatum 48 65 15.5 22 18.25 22.00 4.34 5.40
Glomus fasciculatum + T.
harzianum
50 77 16 24 19.10 25.60 4.36 5.52
G. fasciculatum +
T. viride
49 66 14 18 17.61 24.10 4.64 4.95
Note: G. mosseae = Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum = Glomus fasciculatum, T. harzianum = Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride =
Trichoderma viride.
Table 2: effect of VAM and T. harzianum, viride, individually and in combination on growth of O. sanctum.
Treatments&
days
No of leaves No. flowers No. of shoot
branching
No. of leaf initials
30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas 30 days 60dyas
Control 100 160 0 2 3 3 8 15
G. mosseae 100 160 0 3 3 3 10 12
G. mosseae +
T. harzianum
120 200 4 8 3 4 10 36
G. mosseae +
T. viride
135 240 6 10 4 4 16 44
G. fasciculatum 155 290 8 15 3 4 12 37
G. fasciculatum +
T. harzianum
166 300 8 13 4 3 15 17
G. fasciculatum
+T. viride
150 289 6 16 5 5 10 12
Note: G. mosseae = Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum = Glomus fasciculatum, T. harzianum = Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride =
Trichoderma viride.
Table 3; Mycorrhizal colonization (%) and VAM spore no. /10g of soil
Treatment Mycorrhizal colonization (%) VAM spore No./10g of soil
Control 20 1
G. mosseae 80 5
G. fasciculatum 83 6
Note: G. mosseae = Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum = Glomus fasciculatum,
VAM and Trichoderma sps. significantly increased the shoot length of O. sanctum after 30 and 60 days of inoculation.
Results indicate that maximum increase in shoot length was observed in combination of Glomus fasciculatum +
Trichoderma harzianum after 30 days 50cm and after 60 days 77cm. Glomus fasciculatum alone registered increased
shoot length 48cm for 30 days and 65cm for 60days than Glomus mosseae 40cm for 30 days and 59cm for 60days, and
Glomus mosseae + trichoderma treatments 43.5±0.5 cm for 30 days and 63.5±0.5cm for 60days. Minimum shoot length
was recorded for control 34 cm for 30 days and 42 cm for 60days. In this study the inoculants increase the soil fertility
and altered the rhizosphere environment which had facilitated the uptake of nutrients by plants. Thus the shoot length
increased in the treated plants [34].
The maximum root length was registered for Glomus fasciculatum + Trichoderma harzianum treated plants after 30 days
16cm and after 60 days 24cm. Glomus fasciculatum alone registered increased root length of 15.5cm for 30 days and
22cm for 60days than Glomus mosseae 14cm for 30 days and 20cm for 60days, and Glomus mosseae + trichoderma
treatments recorded 14±0.5 cm for 30 days and 20.5±0.5cm for 60days. Minimum root length was observed for control
i.e., 12 cm for 30 days and 15 cm for 60days.
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The maximum fresh weight was recorded for Glomus fasciculatum + Trichoderma harzianum treated plants 19.10g, and
25.60g for 30 and 60 days respectively and followed by Glomus fasciculatum + T. viride, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus
mosseae+ T. viride, Glomus mosseae + T. harzianum and Glomus mosseae treatments. Minimum was observed in control
8.80g and 11.80 for 30 and 60 days respectively. 30 days treatments shown maximum dry weight for Glomus
fasciculatum + T. viride treated plants followed by Glomus mosseae + T. harzianum, Glomus fasciculatum + T.
harzianum, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus mosseae + T. viride. The minimum dry weight was
measured for control. After 60 days of the treatment maximum dry weight was observed in Glomus mosseae and
minimum in control and Glomus mosseae and trichoderma combinations had recorded more dry weight than Glomus
fasciculatum and Glomus fasciculatum combinations with trichoderma treated plants.
In accordance with observations of table 2, it was noted that the flowering occurred much earlier in treated plants than the
control and number of leaves were also maximum. The improved growth and flowering may be because of earlier
expression of developmental regulated genes, enhanced uptake of nutrients especially phosphorus and nitrogen. Results
indicate that the treatment doesn‟t shown significant variation in the number of shoot branches of the plants. But the
numbers of leaf initials were observed maximum for treated plants than control.
Results indicate that a varied degree of spore population and mycorrhizal root colonization has been reported in all
inoculated plants. Maximum spore population was observed in the plants treated with G. fasciculatum and T. harzianum
after 90 days of inoculation. Similarly, the intensity of mycorrhizal root colonization was found highest in the plants
inoculated with G. fasciculatum and T. harzianum (83%). And that demonstrate AM fungi enhances mycorrhizal root
colonization [35]. This may be synergetic effect of AM fungi and T. harzianum. Similar results were observed for Glomus
mosseae + T. viride treated plants, no of spores [35], and percentage of colonization was 80%. However some reports
suggests that VAM is decreasing the growth of plants in high phosphate available soils due to high p toxicity [36]
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, treatment of VAM fungi in combination with trichoderma species significantly enhanced the growth
parameters which included, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaves, number of shoots, flowers and leaf
initials, trichoderma also plays important role in the soil and enhance the plant growth. From data it is clear that
inoculation of VAM along with other biological control agents will enhance the plant growth, so more investigations are
needed to correlate the exact action and mechanism of biological control agents on VAM fungi.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I took an opportunity to acknowledge Chairman, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnanabharathi campus
and forest and Horticulture department, Jnanabharathi campus for their valuable support and cooperation.
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Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp: (58-63), Month: April 2015 - June 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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6. ISSN 2349-7823
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