Study guide novel

What Is the Novel?
An invented prose narrative of considerable length , and
a certain complexitythat deals imaginatively with human
experience, usually through a sequence of events involving
a group of persons in a specific setting.

Narrative Styles
1- Novel.
2- Novella.
3- Short stories.

The earliest proponents
(Writers) of the novel
 Daniel Defoe .
 Samuel Richardson.
 Henry Fielding

Types of Novel
 Realistic Novel.
 Historical Novel.
 Gothic Novel.
 Autobiographical Novel.
 Stream of Consciousness Novel or Psychological
Novel.

Points of View
 First person (narration)point of view: The narrator
refers to him or herself as I, we or me, First person
narrators are characters inside the story, and will
provide most of the narrative.
 Second person (narration) point of view :The
narrator speaks directly to the reader as 'you,’ This
style is used more rarely in literature.
 Third person (narration) point of view :The narrator
refers to all characters in the story as 'he' or 'she' and
knows their thoughts and sees their actions even when
they're alone.

Example of first person
“I could picture it. I have a habit of
imagining the conversations between
my friends.
We went out to the Cafe Napolitain
to have an aperitif and watch the
evening
crowd on the Boulevard.”
This quotation not to be saved but
only to recognize

Example of second person
You are not the kind of guy who would be at a
place like
this at this time of the morning. But here
you are, and you cannot say that the
terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although
the details are fuzzy.”
only to recognize

Example of third person
“When Jane and Elizabeth were alone,
the former,
who had been cautious in her praise of
Mr. Bingley before, expressed to her
sister how very much she admired him.”
only to recognize

Jane Austen
 Jane Austen was a great woman novelist. She started
writing early when she was in her middle teens. Her
first serious work Elinor and Marianne, a novel in the
form of letter. Jane Austen's distinctive literary style
relies on a combination of parody, mockery, irony, free
indirect speech, and a degree of realism. She uses
parody and mockery for comic effect and to critique the
portrayal of women in 18th-century sentimental and
gothic novels. Education and reading, love and married
,morality,religion, politics, property and classes are her
familiar themes.

Jane Austen
 She wrote 6 complete novels :
Sense and Sensibility.
Pride and prejudice.
Emma.
Mansfield park.
Northanger Abbey
Persuasion.

Pride and prejudice
 First published in1813,Jane Austen’s second
novel.
 Originally called First Impressions.
 In pride and prejudice, Austen uses
conversation to reveal characters.
 NARRATOR · Third-person narration.
 CLIMAX · Mr. Darcy’s proposal to Elizabeth
 PROTAGONIST · Elizabeth Bennet

The novel’s opening words:
“It is a truth universally acknowledged,
that a single man in possession of a good
fortune, must be in want of a wife.”
only to recognize

q What are the news spread in the village ?
The news that a wealthy young gentleman named Charles Bingley
has rented Netherfield Park.
q what is the event that sets the novel in motion?
The arrival of Charles Bingley at Netherfield Park.
q what is the roll of the first ball?
The ball at Meryton is important to the structure of the novel since it
brings the two couples—Darcy and Elizabeth, Bingley and Jane—
together for the first time.
q why does Mrs. Bennett seem very eager to get her
daughters married?
She doesn't want her daughters to get married simply for the
prestige and wealth it may bring them. It is the entail, because Mr.
Bennet has no male heirs, upon his death his estate will go to Mr.
Collins. So she wants to secure their wealth and future.

q What was Elizabeth's reaction to charlotte Lucas engagement?
On hearing Charlotte will marry Mr. Collins, Elizabeth is at first unbelieving,
then astonished, horrified, and reluctantly accepting.
q why did Elizabeth shock about Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas
engagement?
Charlotte was in search of financial security and she gave up on ever finding
true love and to secure happiness.
q why did Charlotte agree to marry Mr. Collins ?
-She was 27 years old and she felt she was a burden to her family.
-she was in need of a comfortable life and financial security.
q what did Elizabeth accuse Mr. Darcy of ?
Preventing Wickham from getting a preferment due him as an inheritance
from Darcy's father, and separating Jane from Bingley.

Q How do Darcy's two proposals to Elizabeth differ?
The first one is all pride and conceit. He confesses to loving Elisabeth, despite his
bitter judgment (and he lists the disadvantages brought over by such a family
connection). He is proud of having separated Bingley from Jane and regrets not
being able to make himself the same favor he made to his friend.
The second one is full of humility, hope and modesty. He begs her to forgive his
ungentleman-like behavior. This is a new man, just as Elisabeth has been changed
by the recent events.

QHow do charlotte and Elizabeth differ on views of marriage?
Charlotte Lucas believes it is better to know as little as possible about
one's future husband, as the wife will have a lifetime to discover any
additional fault of character! She determines to marry as quickly as
possible in order to secure a comfortable future
Elizabeth believes in soul mates. She knows from her parents' example
that a marriage based on physical attraction cannot be a happy one if it
is not accompanied by mutual interests and respect. Therefore, she
wants to marry only a man she can respect and love all her life, that's
why she refuses several proposals of marriage.

 Q At Pemberley, Elizabeth observes Darcy’s treatment of
those things and people that are under his care — his estate,
his servants, and his sister. And she impressed by the whole
issue. Discuss
 A1 Darcy has stated that he is uncomfortable with
strangers, and the only settings Elizabeth had seen him in
were places that were not his home. She now, at his home,
realizes that he is a fine brother and a landlord with a great
sense of responsibility — admirable characteristics that she
had previously failed to detect.

 QDescribe Darcy’s feeling towards Lydia’s elopement.
 Rather than being ashamed at the disgraceful behavior of
Elizabeth's sister, he displays tenderness over Elizabeth's feelings
and well-being. Darcy feels that the disgrace is on himself, a result
of his earlier pride for not exposing Wickham's untrustworthiness.


conflicts
 There are two major conflicts in the novel which
develop the plot.
 The first plot centers around Mrs. Bennet’s
desperate attempts to find suitable husbands for
her marriageable daughters.
 The second plot revolves around Darcy trying to
win Elizabeth’s love.

Outcomes
 The outcome of the first conflict is a happy one.
Mrs. Bennet’s match-making problems are solved,
for her daughters are either engaged or married.
 The outcome of the second conflict ends in Darcy
accomplishes his goal, winning the love of
Elizabeth and her hand in marriage.

Minor Characters
 Mary Bennet: the third daughter of the bennet family.
 Catherine: the fourth daughter.
 Lydia Bennet: the youngest daughter, silly and thoughtless.
 Georgiana Darcy: Mr. Darcy’s sister.
 Colonel Fitzwilliam: Mr. Darcy’s cousin, handsome, well-behaved
 Lady Catherine de Bourgh: Mr. Darcy’s aunt.
 Caroline Bingley : Mr. Bingley’s sister. She tries to win Mr. Darcy for herself.
 Charlotte Lucas: Elizabeth’s friend, plain, unromantic, gets married to Mr. Collins.
 Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner : the uncle of the Bennet family and his wife, sensible,
knowledgeable and balanced.

Places
 Longbourn: A small village in Hertfordshire residence of the
Bennets. The name Longbourn is also used for the house in which
the Bennet family lives.
 Meryton : A village at a distance of about one mile from
Longbourn.it is where the militia regiment quartered for a time
 Netherfield Park: a house taken by Mr. Bingley on rent. It is at a
distance of three miles from Longbourn.
 Hunsford: A village very close to the residence of Lady Catherine
de Bourgh. It is the residence of Mr. Collins.
 Pemberley: residence of Mr. Darcy and his sister Georgiana.
 Brighton: The town where the soldier re-located and where Lydia
spends the summer with Colonel Forester


Fitzwilliam Darcy
 An extremely wealthy aristocrat, best friend of Charles
Bingley, a loving brother, a considerate master. Darcy is
proud, haughty and extremely conscious of class differences
at the beginning of the novel. He does, however, have a
strong sense of honor and virtue. Elizabeth's accusations
after his first proposal to her help him to recognize his faults
of pride and social prejudice. It is, in fact, precisely because
Elizabeth is not so afraid by his high social status as to be
afraid to criticize his character that he is attracted to her. The
self-knowledge acquired from Elizabeth's accusation and the
desire to win Elizabeth's love encourage him to change and
judge people more by their character than by their social
class.

Jane Bennet
 The eldest daughter of the Bennets who is pretty, shy,
calm, gentle and good-natured; she falls in love with
and marries Mr. Bingley. She refuses to judge anyone
badly, always making excuses for people when
Elizabeth brings their faults to her attention, although in
the end her judgments seem to be more accurate than
Elizabeth's overall and to do her much less harm. Jane
is a static character as she is basically a model of virtue
from the beginning, there is no room for her to develop
in the novel.

Mr. Bennet
 A country gentleman, who is the sometimes
irresponsible father of five daughters and the husband
of Mrs. Bennet. He is fond of books and can be witty
and amusing.

Mrs. Bennet
 The match-making mother of five daughters. The wife
of Mr. Bennet and "a woman of mean understanding,
little information, and uncertain temper," who
embarrasses her older daughters with her lack of class
and entertains her husband with her ignorance.

Charles Bingley
 Mr. Bingley is an amiable and good-tempered person.
He is not overly concerned with class differences, and
Jane's poor family connections are not a serious
deterrent to his attachment to her. Bingley is very
modest and easily swayed by the advice of his friends,
and is thus static throughout the novel. His character
and his love for Jane remain constant; the only thing
that changes is the advice of Darcy, which leads him
not to propose to Jane in the beginning of the novel but
to propose to her in the end.

George Wickham
 A charming and well-spoken young man, Wickham
uses his charisma to insinuate himself into the lives of
others. His behavior throughout the novel shows him to
be a gambler who has no scruples about running up his
debts and then running away. He has a mercenary
nature regarding women. Like Elizabeth, he can read
people easily ; however, he uses this knowledge to his
advantage. When he finds that Elizabeth dislikes Darcy,
for example, he capitalizes on her dislike to gain her
sympathies.

Mr. Collins.
 A clergyman and an extremely comical character because of
his mix of obsequiousness and pride, Mr. Collins is fond of
making long and silly speeches. For Mr. Collins, speech is
not a means to communicate truth but a means to say what
he thinks the people around him want to hear or what will
make the people around him think well of him. He is in line
to inherit Longbourn once Mr. Bennet dies, and wants to
marry one of the Miss Bennets to lessen the burden of the
entailment. When Elizabeth refuses him, he considers his
duty discharged and transfers his affections to Charlotte
Lucas.

 “Which do you mean?” and turning round, he looked for
a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew
his own and coldly said, “She is tolerable; but not
handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour
at present to give consequence to young ladies who are
slighted by other men. You had better return to your
partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your
time with me.”
 This dialogue takes place between Mr. Darcy and Mr.
Bingley. In the first ball at Meryton. Here Mr. Darcy is
answering Mr. Bingley when he suggested him to dance with
Elizabeth.

-"Can I have the carriage?"
- "No, my dear, you had better go on horseback,
because it seems likely to rain; and then you must stay
all night.”
- This is a conversation between Elizabeth and her
mother Mrs. Bennet. Here Elizabeth is asking her
mother to go on the carriage to Nethefield, after Miss
Bingley invited her, but Mrs. Bennet refuses because
she has a plan in mind.

“ My reasons for marrying are, first, that I think it a right thing for every clergyman
in easy circumstances (like myself) to set the example of matrimony in his parish;
secondly, that I am convinced that it will add very greatly to my happiness; and
thirdly—which perhaps I ought to have mentioned earlier, that it is the particular
advice and recommendation of the very noble lady whom I have the honour of
calling patroness. […] But the fact is, that being, as I am, to inherit this estate after the death of
your honoured father (who, however, may live many years longer),
I could not satisfy myself without resolving to choose a wife from among his daughters,
that the loss to them might be as little as possible, when the melancholy event takes
place—which, however, as I have already said, may not be for several years.
This has been my motive, my fair cousin, and I flatter myself it will not sink me
in your esteem. And now nothing remains for me but to assure you in the most
animated language of the violence of my affection. […]"
This is Mr. Collins proposal marriage to Elizabeth.
Instead of saying a romantic proposal, Mr. Collins lists his reasons
and motifs for getting married

Lydia will never be easy until she has exposed herself in some public place
or other, and we can
never expect her to do it with so little expense or inconvenience to her family
as under the present circumstances." "If you were aware," said .........., "of
the very great disadvantage to us all which must arise from the public
notice of Lydia's unguarded and imprudent manner—nay, which has already
arisen from it, I am sure you would
judge differently in the affair."
This is a conversation between Elizabeth and her father Mr. Bennet. She is
trying to persuade her father not to send Lydia to Brighton but He thinks that
sending Lydia to Brighton will minimize the damage, but it actually ends up
almost destroying the family

Edward Morgan Forster
 E.M. Forster, in full Edward Morgan Forster. British novelist,
essayist, and social and literary critic. His fame rests largely on his
novels Howards End and A Passage to India and on a large body
of criticism.
 he was brought up by his mother and paternal aunts. The
difference between the two families, his father’s being strongly
evangelical with a high sense of moral responsibility, his mother’s
more feckless and generous-minded, gave him an enduring insight
into the nature of domestic tensions, while his education as a
dayboy (day student) was responsible for many of his later
criticisms of the English public school.
 At Cambridge, he enjoyed a sense of liberation. For the first time
he was free to follow his own intellectual inclinations; and he
gained a sense of the uniqueness of the individual and of the
healthiness of moderate skepticism.

 What is the significance of the title?
 The title of A Passage to India is a reference to a poem
by Walt Whitman, “Passage to India”. Whitman in his
poem ends with the track, citing the example of the
great explorers – and the great empire builders. But
Forster’s novel with additional “A” suggests that there is
more than a ‘passage’ -.. There are more than one
perspective to see in India, and there is more than one
way to interpret the disorder.

Overview 1
 A Passage to India, published in 1924, was E.M.
Forster's first novel in fourteen years, and the last
novel he wrote. Subtle and rich in symbolism, the
novel works on several levels. On the surface, it is
about India—which at the time was a colonial
possession of Britain—and about the relations
between British and Indian people in that country. It is
also about the necessity of friendship, and about the
difficulty of establishing friendship across cultural
boundaries.

 On a more symbolic level, the novel also
addresses questions of faith (both religious faith and
faith in social conventions). Forster's narrative
centers on Dr. Aziz, a young Indian physician whose
attempt to establish friendships with several British
characters has disastrous consequences. In the course
of the novel, Dr. Aziz is accused of attempting to rape a
young Englishwoman. Although the charges against
Aziz are dropped during his trial, the gulf between the
British and native Indians grows wider than ever, and
the novel ends on an ambiguous note.
Overview 2

What is Chandrapore ?
 Chandrapore is the fictional Indian city in E. M.
Forster's novel A Passage to India. The separation of
the English settlement from the Indian is as distinct in
the character and attitudes of the people as it is in the
physical appearance of the houses and grounds.

 Part of his concern was to show the evils of political rule of one
nation over another.
 The major Indian characters in this novel are educated men who
are capable of independent action.
 Some of the older Indians judge the English both as a group and
as individuals.
 most of the English think of the Indians as a group. It is a rare
English person who dignifies an Indian as an individual.
 The conflict of the Oriental mind and the Western mind is an
important one in this novel.
 Forster suggests that the sheltered Indian women were often
women with lively minds whose opinions were sought and valued.
Their men enjoyed visiting with them as equals.
This part would be objective questions
(true or false, fill in the blanks or choose)

A passage to India summary
 Dr. Aziz, an Indian Muslim, arrives to his friend
Hamidullah’s house, where Hamidullah and Mahmoud
Ali are engaged in a debate over whether it is
possible for an Indian and an Englishman to be
friends. Hamidullah, who studied at Cambridge when
he was young, contends that such a cross-cultural
friendship is possible in England. The men agree that
Englishmen in India all become insufferable within two
years and all Englishwomen within six months..

 Hamidullah takes Aziz behind the (purdah) to chat with his
wife. Hamidullah’s wife scolds Aziz for not having remarried..
Aziz, however, is happy with his life, and sees his three
children at his mother-in-law’s house often.
 During dinner, Aziz receives a summons from his superior,
Major Callendar, the civil surgeon. Annoyed, Aziz bicycles
away to Callendar’s bungalow. When Aziz’s bicycle tire
deflates, he hires a tonga and finally arrives at Callendar’s
house to find that the major has gone and left no
message. Furthermore, as Aziz is speaking with a servant
on the porch, Mrs. Callendar and her friend Mrs. Lesley
rudely take Aziz’s hired tonga for their own use.

 Aziz decides to walk home. On the way, he stops at his
favorite mosque. To Aziz, the mosque, with its beautiful
architecture, is a symbol of the truth of Islam and love.
 Suddenly, an elderly Englishwoman arrives at the mosque.
He reprimands her, telling her that she has no right to be
there. but she tells him that she did remember to take her
shoes off. Aziz then apologizes. She introduces herself as
Mrs. Moore, and tells Aziz that she is newly arrived in India
and has come from the club. Moore is visiting her son,
who is the City Magistrate. He escorts Mrs. Moore back to
the club..

 Mrs. Moore returns to the Chandrapore Club, where
she meets Adela Quested, her companion from
England who may marry her son Ronny Heaslop.
 Adela wishes to see "the real India." She complains
that they have seen nothing of India, but rather a
replica of England.
 Fielding, the schoolmaster of Government College,
suggests that if they want to see India they should
actually see Indians.

 The Collector suggests that they have a Bridge Party.
 Mr. Turton invites several Indian gentlemen to the
Bridge Party at the club. The Indians are surprised by
the invitation. The Nawab Bahadur, one of the most
important Indian , announces that he appreciates the
invitation and will attend. Some accuse the Nawab
Bahadur of cheapening himself, but most Indians highly
respect him and decide to attend also.

 At the Bridge Party, the Indian guests stand idly at one side of the
tennis lawn while the English stand at the other.
 Mrs. Turton addresses the Indian women in crude Urdu, and then
asks Mrs. Moore and Adela if they are satisfied. One of the Indian
women speaks, and Mrs. Turton is surprised to learn that the
women know English.
 Mrs. Moore speaks to Mrs. Bhattacharya and asks if she may call
on her some day,… but becomes distressed when she believes
that Mrs. Bhattacharya will postpone a trip to Calcutta for her.
During the party, Mr. Turton and Mr. Fielding are the only
officials who behave well toward the Indian guests.

 Ronny and Mrs. Moore discuss his behavior in India,
and he tells her that he is not there to be pleasant, for
he has more important things to do there.
 Mrs. Moore reminds him that God put us on earth to
love our neighbors, even in India.
 Aziz did not go to the Bridge Party, but instead he
dealt with several surgical cases. It was the
anniversary of his wife's death.

 Dr. Panna Lal returns from the Bridge Party to see Aziz
and offers a paltry excuse for why he did not attend.
Aziz worries that he offended the Collector by
absenting himself from the party. When Aziz returns
home he finds an invitation from Mr. Fielding to tea,
which revives his spirits.
 The English distrust Fielding, partly out of suspicion of
his efforts to educate Indians as individuals. Fielding
also makes offhand comments that distress the
English.

 Aziz arrives at Fielding’s for tea as Fielding is dressing.
Though the two men have never met, they treat each
other informally, which delights Aziz. Fielding breaks
the collar stud for his shirt, but Aziz quickly removes his
own and gives it to Fielding.
 Mrs. Moore and Adela arrive too, The party continues
to be informal.
 The ladies are disappointed and confused because the
Bhattacharyas never sent their carriage this morning as
promised.

 Aziz denounces the rudeness of the Hindu
Bhattacharyas and invites the women to his own
house. To Aziz’s horror, Adela takes his invitation
literally and asks for his address.
 The last of Fielding’s guests, the Hindu professor
Godbole, arrives. Aziz asks Adela if she plans to settle
in India, to which Adela spontaneously responds that
she cannot. Adela then realizes that, in making this
admission, she has essentially told strangers that she
will not marry Ronny before she has even told Ronny
so herself. Adela’s words fluster Mrs. Moore.

 Adela again mentions the prospect of visiting Aziz’s
house, but Aziz invites her to the Marabar Caves
instead. Aziz attempts to describe the caves, but it
becomes clear that Aziz has never seen them.
 Suddenly, Ronny arrives to take Adela and his mother
to a polo match at the club and he ignores the Indians.
 Fielding reappears, and Ronny privately scolds him for
leaving Adela alone with Indians.

 Driving away from Fielding’s, Adela expresses annoyance at
Ronny’s rudeness.
 Adela mentions Aziz’s invitation to the Marabar Caves, but
Ronny immediately forbids the women to go. Ronny
mentions Aziz’s unpinned collar as an example of Indians’
general inattention to detail
 Mrs. Moore, tired of bickering, asks to be dropped off at
home.
 After the polo match at the club, Adela quietly tells Ronny
that she has decided not to marry him. Ronny is
disappointed, but he agrees to remain friends with her.

 The Nawab Bahadur happens by and offers Ronny and
Adela a ride in his automobile. Riding in the back seat,
the two feel dwarfed by the dark night and expansive
landscape surrounding them. Their hands accidentally
touch, and they feel a thrill.
 The car mysteriously breaks down on a road outside
the city. The car must have hit something, probably a
hyena.
 After a short while, Miss Derek drives past them offers
them a ride back to Chandrapore.

 When Adela and Ronny arrive back at the bungalow, Adela
says that she would like to marry Ronny after all. He
agrees.
 They go inside and tell Mrs. Moore of their plans.
 When Ronny and Adela tell Mrs. Moore of the strange car
accident, the older woman shivers and claims that the car
must have hit a “ghost.”
 Meanwhile, the Nawab Bahadur describes the accident to
others. He explains that it took place near the site where he
ran over and killed a drunken man nine years ago. The
Nawab Bahadur insists that the dead man caused the
accident that occurred this evening
 Aziz is skeptical, however, and feels that Indians should not
be so superstitious.

 Three days after the tea party, Aziz falls ill.
 Exaggerating his illness, he remains in bed and
contemplates a brief trip to a brothel in Calcutta to lift
his spirits.
 A group of Indian men crowd into Aziz’s room to inquire
about his health. Rafi gossips that Professor Godbole
has also fallen ill. The visitors briefly toss around a
suspicion that Mr. Fielding poisoned the men at his tea.

 At this moment, Fielding walks into the room.
 Meanwhile, the men begin to question Fielding about his
belief in God, the declining morality of the West, and what
he thinks about England’s position in India.. He explains that
he is not certain that England is justified in holding India and
that he is in India personally to hold a job.
 Before they depart, Aziz calls Fielding back inside.
 Aziz shows Fielding a picture of his wife, a custom
uncommon in Islamic tradition. Aziz tells him that he believes
in the purdah, but would have told his wife that Fielding is
his brother and thus she would have seen him,

 The Marabar Caves. Each of the caves include a
tunnel about eight feet long, five feet high, three feet
wide that leads to a circular chamber . On the highest
hill of the rock formations precariously rests a large
boulder, which is thought to be hollow. The hill is called
Kawa Dol.

 One day, Adela remarks that she would have liked to
visit them with Aziz. Aziz feels that he must make good
on his earlier offer. The outing involves many details
and much expense on Aziz’s part, but he organizes
everything and invites Fielding and Godbole, along with
the two ladies, to Marabar.
 Ronny gives permission for the women to go, as long
as Fielding goes along with them

 The train that travels to the hills leaves just before
dawn, so Aziz, Mohammed Latif, and many servants
spend the night at the train station to avoid being late.
 Mrs. Moore, Adela, and the women’s servant, Antony,
arrive early in the morning. Adela dislikes Antony and,
on Aziz’s suggestion, she bribes him and orders him to
go home.
 Though Fielding has not yet arrived with Godbole, Aziz
is not nervous, because he knows that Englishmen
never miss trains

 Suddenly, the train starts to move just as Fielding and
Godbole arrive at the station. Fielding yells that
Godbole’s overlong prayers have made them late, and
the Englishman tries unsuccessfully to jump on the
train
 Aziz becomes panicked and desperate, but Mrs. Moore
and Adela reassure him that the outing will continue
successfully without Fielding.

 The train reaches its destination and they ride elephants to
reach the caves. None of the guests particularly want to see
the caves. Aziz overrates hospitality, mistaking it for intimacy
and not seeing that it is tainted with a sense of possession.
 In one of the caves there is a distinct echo, which alarms
Mrs. Moore, who decides she must leave the cave.
 Out of the cave, Mrs. Moore begins to write a letter to her
son and daughter, but cannot because she remains
disturbed and frightened by the echo in the cave. She is
terrified because the universe no longer offers repose to her
soul.

 Aziz, Adela, and the guide climb up toward other caves
higher in the hills. Aziz’s mind is preoccupied with
breakfast preparations.
 Adela is also distracted, as she suddenly realizes that
she and Ronny are not in love. Adela asks Aziz if he is
married and if he has more than one wife. The second
question shocks Aziz, and he ducks into a cave to
recover. Adela follows shortly and enters another cave

 Aziz waits in the cave, smoking, and when he returns he
finds the guide alone. The guide does not know exactly
which cave Miss Quested entered, and Aziz worries that she
is lost. On his way down the path to the car that had arrived
from Chandrapore, Aziz finds Miss Quested's field glasses
and puts them in his pocket.
 He sees Fielding, who arrived in Miss Derek's car, but
neither he nor anyone else knows where Adela has gone.
 The train arrives to bring them back into Chandrapore. And
the expedition ends
 Mr. Haq arrests Dr. Aziz, but he is under instructions not to
say the charge. Aziz refuses to go, but Fielding talks him
into cooperating. Mr. Turton leads Fielding off so that Aziz
goes to prison alone.

 Mr. Turton, looking fanatical and brave, informs Fielding that
Adela has been “insulted”—presumably, sexually
assaulted—in one of the Marabar Caves. Adela herself has
lodged the complaint. Fielding protests that Aziz must be
innocent.
 Turton informs Fielding that there is to be an informal
meeting at the club that night to discuss the accusations.
Turton explains that Adela is quite ill, and he is furious that
Fielding is not as enraged as all the other English are. As
Turton rides back to his bungalow, he looks with self-
satisfied outrage at each Indian he passes.

 Mr. McBryde, a police, receives Aziz politely at the jail.
McBryde has a theory that Indians have criminal
tendencies because of the climate—thus, the Indians’
behavior is not their fault. Fielding arrives at McBryde’s
to get the details of the case. McBryde explains that
Adela has claimed that Aziz followed her into a cave
and made advances on her. She hit at him with her
field-glasses and he broke the strap. McBryde shows
Fielding the broken glasses, which the police have
found on Aziz’s person.
 Fielding wants to ask Adela if she is completely sure
Aziz attacked her. McBryde sends to Major Callendar
for permission, but Callendar refuses because Adela is
so ill

 Fielding continues to refuse to believe Aziz is guilty,
but McBryde begins to tell Fielding of a letter from a
brothel owner that has been found in Aziz’s house.
Fielding does not want to hear details. A police officer
arrives with evidence from Aziz’s bedroom, including
pictures of women. Fielding explains that the
photographs are of Aziz’s wife. Fielding asks to visit
with Aziz.
 Hamidullah waits outside the Superintendent's office;
Fielding tells him that evidence for Aziz's innocence will
come. Hamidullah wants Aziz to have Armitrao, a Hindu
who is notoriously anti-British, as his lawyer. Fielding
feels this is too extreme.

 Fielding tells Hamidullah that he is on the side of Aziz,
but immediately regrets taking sides, for he wishes to
slink through India unlabelled. Fielding has a talk with
Godbole, who is entirely unaffected by Aziz's plight. He
tells Fielding that he is leaving Chandrapore to return to
his birthplace. He wants to start a High School on
sound English lines.
 Fielding visits Aziz that afternoon, finding the doctor
miserable and incoherent. Fielding leaves and writes a
letter to Adela.

 At the meeting in the club, Major Callendar arrives to report
that Adela is recovered.
 Callendar gossips that Adela’s servant was bribed to remain
outside the caves, that Godbole, too, was bribed, and that
Aziz ordered villagers to suffocate Mrs. Moore. Callendar
loudly alludes to Fielding’s alliance with Aziz.
 Ronny arrives, and the men stand up and welcome him as a
martyr. Fielding, however, remains seated. Turton confronts
Fielding, who announces that Aziz is innocent.
 Fielding adds that he will resign from service in India if Aziz
is found guilty, and that he resigns from the club effective
immediately. Turton becomes furious, but Ronny tells him to
let Fielding go.

 Fielding spends the rest of the evening with the Nawab
Bahadur, Hamidullah, Mahmoud Ali, and others of the
confederacy. who have renewed Aziz’s bail request and
hired a famous anti-British lawyer from Calcutta.
 Miss Derek and Mrs. McBryde treat Adela’s sunburn.
Adela’s emotions swing wildly. She sobs, then tries to
logically review what happened.
 she entered, started the cave echo by scratching the
wall with her fingernail, then saw a dark shadow move
toward her. She hit at him with her field-glasses, he
pulled her around the cave, then she escaped. She
was never touched. Adela still hears the upsetting echo
from the cave.

 McBryde shows Adela a letter from Fielding, which has
been opened. McBryde explains that Fielding has
betrayed the English. Adela skims the letter and reads
the line “Dr. Aziz is innocent ”
 Ronny takes Adela home. Adela is happy to be reunited
with Mrs. Moore, but Mrs. Moore remains on the couch,
Adela tells Mrs. Moore about the echo she has been
hearing, and Mrs. Moore responds knowingly. Adela
asks Mrs. Moore what it is, Mrs. Moore predicts
morbidly that Adela will hear it forever.

 Mrs. Moore tells Ronny she will leave India sooner than
planned. She will not testify at the trial.
 wondering aloud if she has made a mistake about Aziz.
Adela thinks she heard Mrs. Moore say, “Dr. Aziz never
did it,” but Ronny insists Mrs. Moore never said such
words. Ronny finally convinces Adela that she is
remembering lines from Fielding’s letter...
 Ronny urges her not to wonder aloud if Aziz might be
innocent.

 Mrs. Moore returns, and Ronny asks her to confirm that
she never said Aziz was innocent. Indeed, Mrs. Moore
never made such a statement, but she nonetheless
responds matter-of-factly that Aziz is innocent
 Adela wishes she could call off the trial, but she
realizes how inconsiderate that would be to the men
who have gone to so much trouble for her.

 The lieutenant-governor’s wife offers to let Mrs. Moore
travel back to England in her cabin. Ronny is relieved
and excited.
 Mrs. Moore got what she desired: she escaped the trial,
the marriage and the hot weather, and will return to
England in comfort.
 Though Mrs. Moore does desire to go home, she feels
no joy as she has passed into philosophical and
spiritual thoughts about life and death and the eternal
forces behind life

 The hot season has begun, Adela goes to stay with the Turtons , in the
morning of the trial Adela resumes her morning kneel to Christianity.
 She complains of an echo in her ear.
 The Turtons arrive with her at the courthouse. They have to take a special
entrance because of a few Indian students who are protesting in front.
 They meet with Ronny and other Anglo-Indians in Ronny's office at the
courthouse. Because of conflict of interest, Ronny can't preside over
the trial, so his assistant, Mr. Das will preside.
 They all enter the courtroom together, preceded by special chairs to make
them appear more dignified than the rest of the attendees at the trial.
 The first thing that Adela notices is the punkah wallah, the Indian guy
who pulls the fan. He's of a very humble birth and happens to be quite
attractive.

 Mr. McBryde opens the case for the prosecution. He presents
various details about the picnic. he introduces one of his favorite
topics: "Oriental Pathology." He notes that Orientals tend to
be attracted to whites, but not the other way around.
 Somebody in the audience asks him whether this is the case when
the woman is far less attractive than the man..
 Callendar requests that Adela be moved to the platform for better
air. All of the English then move to the platform.
 They are all now facing the rest of the courtroom. The only
European who isn't with them is Fielding, who sits in the audience
with the rest of the Indians.
 Mahmoud Ali and Amritrao, both of whom are defending Aziz, ,
are protesting
 Mr. Das orders everyone except Adela off the platform.

 Mr. McBryde continues presenting the case. He adds that
Aziz was also Cruel to Mrs. Moore
 Mahmoud Ali accuses McBryde of shipping Mrs. Moore off
to England so she wouldn't give evidence exonerating Aziz.
 Das tells everyone that they can't talk about Mrs. Moore
because she isn't present to give evidence.
 Mahmoud Ali leaves the courtroom in anger
 Everyone in the courtroom and in the street chant "Mrs.
Moore," but it sounds like they're saying "Esmiss Esmoor.”?
 Finally, things calm down after Amritrao apologizes for
Mahmoud Ali's behavior and the crowds stop chanting
"Esmiss Esmoor."

 Miss Quested renounces by her own people and is drawn into a mass of
Indians and carried toward the public exit of the court.
 Fielding finds her, and tells her that she cannot walk alone in
Chandrapore, for there will be a riot. She wonders if she should join the
other English persons, but Fielding puts her in his carriage.
 Mahmoud Ali shouts "down with the Collector, down with the
Superintendent of Police,” but the Nawab Bahadur reprimands him as
unwise…
 A riot nearly occurs, but Dr. Pana Lal calms the situation.
 Although Dr. Lal was going to testify for the prosecution against Aziz, he
makes a public apology to Aziz and secures the release of Nureddin, for
there are rumors that he was being tortured by the police.
 The Nawab declares that he now rejects the title conferred upon him by
the British, and will now just be Mr. Zulfiqar.

 Fielding and Miss Quested remain isolated at the college and have
the first of several curious conversations. He asks her why she
would make a charge if she were to withdraw it, but she cannot
give a definitive answer.
 He thinks of 4 explanation but offers three : Aziz is guilty as her
friends think , she invented the charge out of malice which is
what Fielding's friends think ; or, she had a hallucination.
 The fourth explanation: that it was the guide who assaulted Adela,
but that option is inconclusive.
 Adela asks Fielding what Aziz thinks of her. Fielding
uncomfortably thinks about Aziz’s contempt for Adela’s ugliness.
Fielding tells Adela that Aziz is not capable of thought in his
misery, but is naturally very bitter.
 An underlying feeling with Aziz is that he had been accused by an
ugly woman;

 -Hamidullah arrives and is unhappy to see Fielding and Adela
together. - Hamidullah invites Fielding to the Nawab Bahadur’s
house for the victory celebration. Adela prepares to depart, but
Fielding invites her to remain at the college while he stays with
Aziz’s friends.
 While the two men discuss what to do with Adela, Hamidullah is
relieved to notice Ronny pull up. Fielding meets Ronny outside
and learns that Mrs. Moore has died on the voyage back to
England and has been buried at sea.
 He and Hamidullah agree not to tell Aziz about Mrs. Moore until
the next day.
 Fielding and Hamidullah leave for the Nawab Bahadur’s
celebration. On the way, Fielding overhears Hamidullah saying
that Adela should be fined twenty thousand rupees. Fielding is
distressed that Adela should lose her money and probably her
fiancé as well.

 At Mr. Zulfiqar's mansion, Aziz and Fielding discuss the
future.
 Aziz knows that Fielding wants him to not sue Adela,
for it will show him to be a gentleman, but Aziz says
that he has become anti-British .
 Finally, Aziz says he will consult Mrs. Moore and do
what she suggests.
 when Fielding blurts out that she is dead, Aziz does
not believe him.

 A legend sprang up that Ronny killed her for trying to save Aziz's life,
 The English do not respond to the rumors. Ronny knows that he was
inconsiderate to his mother at the end. but his conscience is not clear, for
he behaved badly to her.
 Ronny reminds himself that Mrs. Moore left India of her own volition..
 The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province, visits Chandrapore to survey
the aftermath of the Marabar case. Victory had made the Indians
aggressive, attempting to discover new grievances and wrongs. Fielding
finds himself drawn more and more into Miss Quested's affairs,
 Fielding helps her draft an apology to Aziz. The apology seems
unsatisfactory
 Aziz and Fielding begin to quarrel about Adela’s reparation payment.
Fielding resorts to a mention of Mrs. Moore, and finally Aziz gives in and
agrees to ask Adela only to repay his legal costs. As Aziz has predicted,
his generosity wins him no prestige among the English, who will believe
forever that he committed the crime.

 Ronny visits Adela at the college and breaks off their engagement.
 Adela and Fielding talk afterward. Fielding questions Adela about
the incident in the cave one final time.
 Indifferently, she accepts that it was the guide who assaulted her.
 She explains that only Mrs. Moore knew for sure.
 Adela leaves India. On her travel out of India, Antony tries to
blackmail her by claiming that she had an affair with Fielding, but
she turns him away.
 When Adela arrives in England, she vows to look up Ralph and
Stella
 and to return to her profession.

 A local consequence of the trial is a Hindu-Moslem entente.
 Mr. Das visits Aziz, seeking favors; he asks Aziz to write
poetry for the magazine he publishes.
 Aziz thinks that the magazine for which Mr. Das asks him to
write is for Hindus only, but Mr. Das tells him that it is for
Indians in general.

 He assumes that the rumor about Fielding and Adela is true
and resents it.
 One day Aziz picks Fielding up and tries to address the
rumor indirectly, mentioning that McBryde and Miss Derek
were caught having an affair. And Mrs. McBryde divorced
him.
Fielding is uninterested in this gossip, however. Finally, Aziz
mentions the rumor about Adela and Fielding, Fielding becomes
angry that Aziz thinks that he and Adela had an affair during
such a difficult time, but the two clear up the misunderstanding.
and plan to have dinner together. Aziz goes to the hospital and
Fielding goes to the post office. There, Fielding sees the
Collector, who invites Fielding back into the club.

 In the club fielding meets new faces. Major Callendar
has been replaced by Major Roberts, the new Civil
Surgeon,
 and Ronny has been replaced by Milner, the new Civil
Magistrate. New faces, but to Fielding, the same club.

 At dinner, Fielding tells Aziz that he is traveling to England briefly on
official business. Aziz changes the subject to poetry.
 Aziz asks if Fielding will visit Adela in England. Fielding indifferently
says that he probably will. At this gets annoyed, but says he has a
headache.
 At home, Aziz thinks of Fielding and convinces himself that Fielding did
have an affair with Adela.
 Aziz decides to take his children back home to Mussoorie as an excuse to
avoid seeing Fielding before Fielding leaves for England.
 Fielding senses something is amiss and writes Aziz a letter. But Aziz
doesn't like the letter. Aziz writes back that he won't be able to see
Fielding again before Fielding leaves for England because he has to take
his kids back to Mussoorie. Besides, when Fielding returns to India, Aziz
will probably be working away at some far-off Indian state.
 Aziz manages to further convince himself that Fielding has actually
married Adela.

 On Fielding way back to England. Fielding passes through Egypt,
Crete, and Venice.
 He found Egypt charming, as well as Crete and Venice. He felt that
everything in Venice and Crete was right (architecture and the
general environment) where everything in India was wrong,
 Hundreds of miles west of the Marabar Hills, Professor Godbole
stands "in the presence of God” during a Hindu birth ceremony.
 Godbole prays at the famous shrine at the palace at Mau. Godbole
is now the Minister of Education at Mau.
 By chance, while thinking about a wasp that he sees, Godbole
remembers Mrs. Moore even though she was not important to him.
 Dr. Aziz, who had taken part in the ceremony, leaves the palace at
the same time as Godbole and sees the Professor,

 who tells him that Fielding arrived at the European Guest House.
 Fielding is making an official visit; he was transferred from Chandrapore
and sent on a tour through Central India to see what the more
 remote states are doing with regard to English education.
 Fielding had married; Aziz assumes that his bride is Miss Quested
 Aziz had destroyed all the letters that Fielding had wrote to him after he
learned that Fielding had married someone he knew.
 Unfortunately, Aziz never read any letters past the phrase "someone he
knew" and automatically assumed it was Miss Quested.
 Aziz still remains under criminal investigation since the trial.who has
orders to watch Aziz as a suspected criminal.

who tells him that Fielding arrived at the European Guest House.
 Fielding is making an official visit; he was transferred from
Chandrapore and sent on a tour through Central India to see what
the more remote states are doing with regard to English education.
 Fielding had married; Aziz assumes that his bride is Miss Quested
 Aziz had destroyed all the letters that Fielding had wrote to him
after he learned that Fielding had married someone he knew.
 Unfortunately, Aziz never read any letters past the phrase
"someone he knew" and automatically assumed it was Miss
Quested.
 Aziz still remains under criminal investigation since the trial.
 At his home, Aziz discovers a note from Godbole. He reported a
note from fielding, announcing the arrival of himself, his wife, and
his brother-in-law
 But Aziz tears it up.

 One day Aziz goes to wander with his children, Ahmed, Jemila and
Karim.
 The children see Fielding and his brother-in-law, and tell Aziz. They
suggest throwing stones at them, but Aziz scolds them.
 Aziz greets Fielding, although he had not intended to do so. Aziz greets
the brother-in-law as "Mr. Quested,”
 but he says that his name is Ralph Moore.
 Fielding had married.Stella Moore,
 Fielding blames Mahmoud Ali for the ill will between them, for he knew
definitively that Fielding had married Stella.
 Aziz behaves aggressively and says that he forgives Mahmoud Ali.
 He leaves Fielding and returns to his house, excited and happy, but
realizes that he had promised Mrs. Moore to be kind to her children, if he
met them.

 At sundown that day Aziz meets Ralph in the guest house, he finds
him inherits a lot of his mother’s character
 Thinking fondly of Mrs. Moore, Aziz decides that he should take
Ralph out onto the tank to see the the Hindu Festival
 Suddenly, Aziz’s boat collides with Fielding’s boat. Stella throws
herself toward Fielding, and then forward toward Aziz. All four of
them fall into the warm, shallow water,
 After the boating accident, Aziz and Fielding suddenly revert to
their old friendship. They go for a ride in the jungles around Mau
before Fielding’s departure. They know they will never see each
other again.
 During the ride, Aziz gives Fielding a letter for Adela, thanking
her for her brave action at the trial.

 Fielding asks Aziz about Hinduism but Aziz admits he doesn't
understand Hinduism much either, so they decide to talk politics.
 Both of them have taken a harder line in their own positions since
they last met: Aziz is even more of a nationalist,
while Fielding scoffs at the idea that India can become an
independent nation.
 They discuss who should rule India. Fielding mockingly suggests
the Japanese, but Aziz wants his ancestors, the Afghans, to rule.
To Aziz, India will then become a nation.
 Aziz predicts that India will become its own nation in the next
generation, at which time he and Fielding might finally be friends.
 The two men embrace, and Fielding asks why they cannot be
friends now, as they both seem to want it.
 But the land and sky themselves seem to arise between Fielding
and Aziz, declaring, “No, not yet.”

Dr. Aziz
 Dr. Aziz, the main character of the novel, is a young Muslim
Indian Physician who works at the British hospital in
Chandrapore.Aziz is a skilled surgeon and a well-educated,
intelligent doctor,
 Dr. Aziz is a person of multiple characteristics. He exhibits
contradictions and rash attitude.
 The element of contradiction is the most distinctive feature
of his character. In the first chapter, when he is called by Mr.
Callendar he leaves the dinner instantly. On this,
Hameedullah asked him to clean his teeth. Aziz, in return,
replies, "If my teeth are to be cleaned, I don't go at all. I am
an Indian…This is his first emotional response to a
suggestion made by Hamidullah but on his way to
Callendar's home, he cleans his teeth thus contradicting his
own commitment.

 Dr. Aziz is an emotional person who sometimes sets
aside rationality and behaves as per his emotional
impulses without thinking of consequences. Because of
this habit he have had to regret upon his beahviour.
 He also behaves in a quite rash manner when Mr.
Fielding visits him two years after the trial. At this, he
does not meet him in a friendly manner as he thinks
that he has betrayed him and got married with Adela.

 The question that begins the novel, "Can an Indian be
friends with an Englishman?" is one that puzzles Aziz for
much of the novel.
 -He is high-spirited, fun-loving, and hospitable to an
exaggerated degree. When he is found in error, he is
tremendously sensitive.
 His feelings are genuine, however, and his loyalty to his
friends is unquestioned.

Mrs. moors
 An elderly Englishwoman who is Ronny, Ralph, and Stella’s
mother. Mrs. Moore meets Aziz and feels an instant
connection, and they become friends. Mrs. Moore is almost a
mystical figure, associated with Hinduism and spirituality.
 Mrs. Moore acts as a bridge between East and West without
even knowing it.
 Religion is also inadequate for her: While Professor Godbole
withdraws peacefully into himself from human turmoil, Mrs.
Moore's own withdrawal is far from peaceful

Miss Adela Quested
 She is presented as a plain young woman whose best qualities are
her innate honesty and a kind of courageous decency.
 Her approach to life is completely intellectual. She is sensible, but
not sensitive.
 She serves as an antithesis to Mrs. Moore, who is ruled by
emotional intuition. This difference in personality affects their
understanding of each other, and of others.
Adela Quested's name may not have significance, but it suggests the
"Questioner.” This is the role, at any rate, that Forster assigns to her.

Cyril Fielding
 The English principal of the government college.
 Fielding is an independent, open-minded man who likes to “travel
light.”
 He believes in educating the Indians and treats them like his peers,
which separates him from the other British expats who tend to be
more condescending to the Indians.
Fielding befriends Aziz and later, after Aziz has been accused of
attacking Adela, joins his defense team. In doing so, Fielding
renounces his English compatriots.
 Fielding goes on to marry Stella Moore

 -"You understand me, you know what others feel. Oh, if
others resembled you!"
- Rather surprised, she replied: "I don't think I understand
people very well. I only know whether I like or dislike
them."
- "Then you are an Oriental."
Tis is a conversation between Dr. Aziz and Mrs. Moore at their first
meeting in the mosque.
In this conversation, Aziz tells Mrs. Moore that she bases her
friendships on intuition, rather than on knowledge. Mrs. Moore's
spontaneous affection makes her an "Oriental," according to Aziz.

 "[…] [M]y belief is that poor McBryde exorcised you. As
soon as he asked you a straightforward question, you gave a
straightforward answer, and broke down.”
This is Fielding's theory about Adela’s situation, he thinks that once
Adela was finally asked to speak directly about the incident, she
was able to clearly perceive what happened.

"Because India is a part of the earth, and God has put us on the earth
to be pleasant to each other. God …is…love […] God has put us
on earth to love our neighbors and to show it, and He is omnipresent,
even in India, to see how we are succeeding […] The sincere if
impotent desire wins His blessing. I think everyone fails, but there are
so many kinds of failure.
Good will and more good will and more good will."
This quote is said by Mrs. Moore to her son , Ronny. She
chides him for his attitude toward Indians, but Ronny retorts that
he is in India to govern, not to "behave pleasantly"

Minor Characters
 Ronny Heaslop:The City Magistrate of Chandrapore.
 Mr.Turtan The collector, the man who governs Chandrapore.
 Major Callendar:The civil surgeon at Chandrapore, Dr. Aziz’s
superior.
 Professor Godbole:The Hindu colleague of Fielding's.
 Hamidullah:Dr. Aziz’s uncle and friend. Hamidullah, who was
educated at Cambridge, believes that friendship between the English
and Indians is more likely possible in England than in India.
 Mahmoud Ali: A lawyer friend of Dr. Aziz who is deeply pessimistic
about the English.

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