(F)
8
Introduction
Paper begins in a meaningful way and not with the beginning of
human history. Introduction includes
consideration of the background circumstances of your
invention.
Thesis Statement
A sophisticated thesis statement is present, which goes beyond a
simplistic good or bad judgment on the
invention.
Interpretation and Analysis
There should be no filler statements. Make sure to acknowledge
the implications of your invention.
Use of Evidence
Use concrete examples that are taken directly from your
sources. Do not speak in generalities or
abstraction. Tie your writing to the specific and to details.
Research Sources
A minimum of 5 textual sources (3 academic, 2 popular) need to
be present in the paper. Sources need

to be relevant, interpreted accurately, and successfully
incorporated throughout the essay.
Organization and Paragraph Development
Essay is logically organized. Transitions smoothly connect each
idea from one paragraph to the next.
MLA Format and Citations
1" margin, correct heading, essay text is double-spaced in 12pt.
Times New Roman font. Paper is a
minimum of 5 full pages. Essay is given an engaging title
beyond "Essay #3" Specific examples are
properly cited parenthetically with page number reference and
in the Works Cited page.
Grammar, Spelling, and Punctuation
Use of correct grammatical conventions and punctuation. Lack
of spelling errors.
Style and Tone
Style, tone, and word choice are appropriate to audience
specifications. Lack of clichés, personal
pronouns, contractions, slang, and abbreviations. Varied
sentence structure.
Conclusion
Presents a coherent conclusion that successfully draws essay to
an end without being repetitive.

TOTAL FINAL GRADE:
POINTS EARNED
Grade Rubric: Essay #3: Invention Research Paper
Binxin Li
week2
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
For those three videos, the most interesting thing for me is the
rapid growth online marketplace all over the world. As the TED
speaker said, the online marketplace has two sides: the bright
side and the dark side. It is true, now some small local stories
may even face a worse situation than some economic recession
period. For my own story, when I was in China last winter, I
almost never go out of my house. If I lack some daily items, I
could just order those things online and pick them up in front of
my house very soon. The APP named"MeiTuan". Sometimes it
surely hurt part of the local economy. However, with the
expansion of the service, more and more local stories also are
included in their services list. I think this is just the speaker
talked about, all the participators within the purchasing action
would benefit: for me, I could easily get the item I need; for
MeiTuan, they could get the services fee; for local stories, they
may get more potential opportunity to gain profit; and finally,
more people may get a job as a deliveryman.
In addition, I think the online marketplace is one new kind of
shopping style, and more and more people become to accept it.
From my research, the growth of online shopping is much faster
than in-store
shopping: https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/us-
ecommerce-sales/

Bottom of Form
You can use the student post as example
Student 1. I will update the file for student 2
Anishka Gupta
Week 2
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
The internet is changing the way we work, socialize, create and
share information, do shopping, organize the flow of people,
ideas, and things around the globe. Every innovation has some
good and some bad impact on the country’s economy that might
affect or increase the revenue of small or big businesses.
According to the general online shopping statistics, online
shopping is growing so fast that the global online shopping
market size is predicted to hit 4 trillion in 2020. In the USA
alone, it is expected to have 300 million online shoppers by
2023 which are 91% of the country’s population. 69% of
Americans shopped online whereas 25% of Americans shop
online at least once per month. All these purchases are not
being made in a store which means these have a significant
impact on the local economy. Online purchases directly impact
the local economy as it reduces the amount of sales tax the state
was supposed to collect and other local taxes that towns and
counties collect. Many online retailers do not charge the
appropriate sales tax for items that they sell online; this is
beneficial for the big industry but not for the locals. For
instance, if a client buys a Christmas present from Amazon
rather than from a neighborhood business, that cash goes to the
national retailer rather than the buyer's locals.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethharris/2016/12/13/as-
shoppers-spend-more-online-local-economies-take-the-

hit/#639fe7392ce8
https://optinmonster.com/online-shopping-statistics/
Bottom of Form
Last Name 1
Student Name
Kristin Riley
RHET 1302
Date
Getting Away with Lying: The Polygraph’s Validity in Criminal
Investigation
For as long as humans have lied to one another, attempts have
been made to develop
various methods to accurately separate the truth-tellers from the
deceivers. These original
mechanisms were usually unethical in nature, such as the
Bedouins of Arabia from 300 B.C, who
forced the accused to lick a hot iron in order to determine if
they were speaking the truth (Lewis
86). The invention of the modern polygraph introduced a new
way to evaluate deception by

utilizing a combination of psychology, biology, and technology,
rather than relying on gruesome
coercion alone. Developed during the early 20th century in the
United States, the polygraph test
has several attributors to its creation: William Moulton
Marston, John Augustus Larson, and
Leonarde Keeler (Synnott 60-61). A popular misconception
made by the general public is that
the device is a “lie-detector”, and can, almost magically,
ascertain whether or not a person is
completely guilty. However, there is no direct, fool-proof way
to measure lying. Instead, the
polygraph analyzes various physiological aspects of the person
being evaluated, such as blood
pressure, heart rate, and respiration (Lewis 87). While the
diagnostic results from these tests
should show accuracy in condemning a guilty person, the
polygraph is known for, “sufficient
false positive and false negative results [that] make the findings
in individual cases of
questionable value” (Steinbrook 123). Mental illness, emotional
confusion, and anxiety are all
uncontrollable factors that can lead to innocent people being
convicted of crimes they did not

commit, letting the actual perpetrators get away unpunished.
Since its initial adaptation in the
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field of criminal investigation, the validity of the polygraph has
been highly controversial for its
testing procedures, and is illegitimate in concluding whether or
not someone is telling the truth.
Even since its beginning, the history of the polygraph can be
summarized by years of
public criticism and debates of its credibility in the court of
law. In 1923, William Marston, who
emphasized systolic blood pressure as an indicator of deception,
wanted the results of the test to
be admitted as evidence in court cases, particularly Frye v.
United States (Synnott 61). However,
his attempt to make it admissible was unsuccessful because it
had, “not yet gained such standing
and scientific recognition among physiological and
psychological authorities” (USLegal). This
rule was known as the Frye Standard, exhibiting that the
polygraph was not accepted by the

scientific community, and therefore did not meet the legal
criteria to be reliable evidence
(USLegal). The first empirical evaluation of the polygraph did
not come until 41 years later in
1965, and was conducted by the US Committee on Government
Operations (Synnott 61). In spite
of the condemning results stating that, “People have been
deceived by a myth that a metal box in
the hands of an investigator can detect truth or falsehood,”
advocates for the instrument
disregarded the criticisms of the polygraph’s scientific
soundness (Synnott 61-62). Ironically,
those that were more likely to “beat the system” and show its
inability to be reliable were
advocates themselves, those who knew the device and its
limitations better than anyone. In fact,
William Casey, the director of the CIA during the 1980s, was a
supporter of the polygraph and
took the test every month because, “he knew he could beat
them” (Steinbrook 123). This
controversy surrounding the lack of methodical capability in the
device should have pushed for
greater research and development to improve its testing
procedures. But even in the beginning of

the 21st century, it was still being criticized for its poor quality,
its inability to improve on its
theoretical founding, and its heavily biased research (Synnott
60). Modern day polygraph tests,
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while far more technological and standardized than its
predecessors, still has a lot to be critiqued
on in its methods of detecting deception.
The testing procedures for most polygraph exams are highly
dependent on the person
who conducts it, since there is not a universally standard
approach. While the type of questions
asked depend on which methodology the test examiner
subscribes to, the most widely-used
version is the Comparative Question Test (CQT) (Synnott 67).
Once the individual is hooked up
to the various sensors and equipment, a pre-test is conducted in
order to establish a control-
group, as well as convince the examinee that the polygraph
actually does work (Steinbrook 89).
This is just one example of examiner bias, which can ultimately
influence the emotions and

anxieties someone feels during the interview, leading to skewed
data. The next part of the CQT
consists of comparing physiological reactions to relevant
questions (RQ) –regarding the current
crime- and the previous comparison questions (CQ) –applicable,
but not about the crime (Offe
291). It is assumed that truthful people will focus more on the
CQ, while those that are guilty
will react stronger to the RQ, since it directly addresses the
crime that they committed (Offe
292). However, the amount of significance the examiner places
on the CQ and explanation
during the pre-test can create differences in identification rates
for guilty individuals (Offe 299).
In the post-test phase, the physiological data recorded by the
machine, such as electrodermal
activity, arousal, and breathing, are analyzed most often solely
by the examiner. The amount of
influence they possess is significant, as they alone, “set the cut-
off points at which a given
response is indicative of deception,” and ultimately conclude if
the results indicate guilt in a
person (Synnott 68). If the examiner shows bias in their
questioning and has little psychological

training, this can result in the polygraph creating false positives
and false negatives. Essentially it
is the examiner, not the device itself, that has the true power in
convicting who they feel is guilty
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or innocent. However, this partiality is not the only factor that
makes the polygraph non-reliable
in the criminal justice system, as unethical methods of the test
are continuously used today.
One controversial approach to detecting deception is known as
the Reid technique,
named after psychologist John Reid, a polygraph advocate who
adapted this method for police
interviewing purposes (Gudjonsson 33). Rather than utilize the
technology that is primarily used
in polygraph exams, Reid believed that, “the individual
conducting the polygraph examination
was the real lie detector,” and therefore relied on interrogation
rather than scientific,
physiological measurements (Synnott 62). This nine-step
interviewing style is classified by

increasing the suspect’s anxiety levels, weakening their
resistance, confronting them with
questionable incriminating evidence, and then giving the
suspect a false sense of security
(Gudjonsson 34). While it is a fundamentally successful method
in obtaining confessions, the
manipulative nature of this test creates concerns over the Reid
techniques’ dubious ethical codes.
One of the major issues with guilt-presumptive interrogation is
that it can lead to one of the
worst possible outcomes for criminal investigation: false
confessions by innocent people. Steve
Drizin, legal director of the Center on Wrongful Convictions,
says that these examiners only give
suspects two options: “admit to the crime using the given
justification or confess without it,
leaving the suspect to appear like a monster” (Johnson).
Whether hooked up to a polygraph
machine or relentlessly hounded by condemning questions, the
subject is at the mercy of the test
examiner, who has the ultimate power in convicting a person of
deception or truth. And while
confessions can be either voluntary or police-pressured, there
are many factors that can lead to

one falsely admitting guilt. Intoxication, verbal threats, the age
of the suspect, and a
misunderstanding of the situation can all be crucial variables for
people that confess
(Innocenceproject). However, one of the most worrisome
aspects of techniques that are meant to
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determine truthfulness is the disregard of mental illnesses and
their effects on the examinee in
these testing conditions.
Those with mental disorders are at a high risk in interrogation
environments where
examiners have the capability to produce wrongful convictions
based on misleading data. When
the physiological aspects of the body related to arousal increase
during questioning, the
polygraph machine reads this as an indicator of lying. However,
while deception may be one
reason for this change, confounding factors such as anxiety,
anger, and fear may also provide an
explanation (Steinbrook 122). For those suffering from general
anxiety or panic-related

disorders, these uncontrollable emotions can drastically increase
due to the stressful nature of the
test. Because of this, the polygraph can falsely read this as a
sign of lying. Psychotic suspects
with illness-related delusions are especially liable to false
results when hooked up the device, as
cases show that, “the polygraph will find that the patients are
telling the truth, even when asked
about events that in fact did not occur” (Hirschmann 4). Lack of
medication, undiagnosed
suspects, and other psychological dysfunctions can further
diminish the polygraph’s already
questionable validity in detecting deception. False confessions
are especially probable in police
guilt-presumptive interrogation where examiners,” are not given
any special training on
questioning suspects with mental disabilities”
(Innocenceproject). With the already biased and
influential power interrogators have over examinees, mentally
ill individuals are at a
disadvantage if they exhibit abnormal behaviors and responses
to questioning. What results from
these wrongful admissions to guilt is the perpetuation of the
misleading correlation that mentally

ill people are more likely to commit crimes. Despite the
polygraph being founded on the basis
for incorporating psychology into the criminal justice system,
its testing standards do not
conform to that of the American Psychological Association
(Steinbrook 122-123). Coupled with
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the fact that it is not required for test examiners to have
psychological training, especially in
regards to mentally ill suspects, the polygraph’s legitimacy in
accurately determining truth is
further diminished.
The controversial history of the polygraph exhibits how both
human beings and machines
are not inherently reliable at tasks they are intended to be
experts at. In today’s time where
people are becoming progressively more dependent on
technology, this can lead to many
shortcomings if too much trust is placed in them. People rely on
machines to provide the correct
answers to questions that are impossible to know on one’s own,

whether it is a calculator or an
fMRI. High expectations are also placed on the specialists who
are trained to operate them, using
years of advanced education and experience to draw conclusions
from scientific data. In some
cases, this dependability can mean the difference between life
and death. For instance, even
though medically licensed doctors achieve over ten years of
schooling, “More than 5%, or about
12 million U.S. adults, could be misdiagnosed during an
outpatient visit,” and half of these
mistakes have the potential to provide worse outcomes (Rice).
Despite this high percentage of
diagnostic errors, Americans continuously place trust in their
doctor, since an expert has greater
knowledge of medicine than a novice does. For the criminal
justice system, the same issue
applies to suspects who are at the mercy of interrogators. Just as
a doctor can find an illness
where one does not exist, polygraph examiners have the
potential to determine guilt in an
examinee who has none. While a polygraph machine can create
results based on scientific
physiological data, it is ultimately up to a human to draw

conclusions from it. And as the history
of the polygraph and other deception-detection techniques show,
examiner manipulation, bias,
and disregard to mental illnesses can create outcomes that do
not accurately reveal the truth. This
kind of psychological pressure that examiners can place on
suspects can be seen in cases like
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Gary Gauger’s, who spent three years in jail and nine months on
death row after falsely
confessing to the murder of his parents (Eldeib). Despite the
actual results being inconclusive,
Gauger was so bewildered that he ultimately accepted the
“truth” that investigators told him, and,
“began to speculate how he might have killed his parents”
(Eldeib). Until progressive
development and research towards improving the polygraph’s
testing procedures are pushed, it
should not be seen as a reliable device in convicting people of
lying. Rather than continue
focusing on old foundational theories that view only specific
physiological reactions as

indicators of deception, researchers should look more into brain
activity correlations. In addition
to utilizing neuroscience-based technologies to find new
interrelationships, finding and
incorporating methods to diminish examiner bias should be also
be emphasized. Specialized
psychological training and experience needs to be a requirement
in order to become a polygraph
interrogator so that suspects with mental illnesses are not at a
higher risk for false convictions
than those without them. While technology can be upgraded to
become more efficient over time,
it is harder for humans to be able to improve themselves if they
do not understand that they too
are susceptible to making mistakes.
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Works Cited
Bunn, Geoffrey. “The Lie Detector, “Wonder Woman” and
Liberty: the Life and Work of

William Moulton Marston.” History of the Human Sciences,
vol. 10, no. 1, 1997, p. 91.
Eldeib, Duaa. “The Polygraph and Wrongful Convictions: Juan
Rivera, Kevin Fox and Gary
Gauger.” Chicago Tribune, 10 Mar. 2013.
Gudjonsson, Gisli H, and John Pearse. “Suspect Interviews and
False Confessions.” Current
Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 20, no. 1, 2011, pp.
33–37.
Innocence Project. “False Confessions or Admissions.”
Johnson, Krista. “City Alumna's Case Highlights Risk of False
Confessions.” Iowa City Press-
Citizen, Press Citizen, 16 July 2017.
Lewis, Jerry A, and Michelle Cuppari. “The Polygraph: The
Truth Lies Within.” The Journal of
Psychiatry & Law, vol. 37, no. 1, 2009, pp. 85–92.
Offe, Heinz, and Offe, Susanne. “The Comparison Question
Test: Does It Work and If So
How?” Law and Human Behavior, vol. 31, no. 3, 2007, pp. 291–
303.
Rice, Sabriya. “Misdiagnosis Could Affect 12M U.S. Adults
Annually, Study Finds.” Modern
Healthcare, 16 Apr. 2014.

Shmuel Hirschmann, et al. “The feasibility of the polygraph
examination in psychotic patients.”
WebmedCentral, 12 August 2014.
Steinbrook, Robert. “The Polygraph Test — A Flawed
Diagnostic Method.” The New England
Journal of Medicine, vol. 327, no. 2, 1992, pp. 122–123.
Synnott, John, et al. “A Review of the Polygraph: History,
Methodology and Current Status.”
Crime Psychology Review, vol. 1, no. 1, 2015, pp. 59–
83.USLegal, Inc. “The Frye
Standard and Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.”
Forensic Law.
Last Name 1
Student Name
Dr. Kristin N. Riley
RHET 1302
Date
Shocked to Death

In 1890, the electric chair was born thanks to the Gerry
Commission in the United States
and put to work the same year, in New York’s administration of
capital punishment (Essig 245).
The electric chair models a simple design; it often has leather
straps around the armrests, back,
and seat of the chair, a metal helmet electrode connecting to the
scalp of the person seated, and
another electrode connecting to the their legs. This chair
utilizes the alternating current (AC)
system to electrocute those who are secured in it (Gordan).
Although not practiced by the
majority of the states in America now, from the mid-1800s to
mid-1900s, the states that practiced
the death penalty adopted the electric chair to execute prisoners
using electrocution (Martschukat
914). Prior to the creation of the electric chair, the most
common form of execution in the United
States was hanging, but around the world, it consisted of the
guillotine, axing, strangulation,
firing squads, burning, poisoning, etc. As these methods of
execution were thought to be very
violent, since they can result in a slow and painful death,
supporters of capital punishment were

afraid the death penalty would eventually be deemed as a “cruel
and unusual punishment” and
written out of existence (Martschukat 913). To prevent this
extinction, one supporter in
particular, Dr. Alfred Porter Southwick, sought to find an
alternate method for legally killing
prisoners (Moran 70). He ultimately thought of death by
electrocution because he believed that
the use of electricity, which was a fairly new discovery that
society had considered very
powerful, was capable of swiftly killing those sentenced to
death, thus making the death penalty
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more humane (Moran 71). Being a dentist and not knowing
much about electricity, Southwick
requested the help of Thomas Edison, who at the time was
competing in the “Current Wars” with
George Westinghouse over their patented currents; direct
current or DC versus AC (Moran 74).
With Southwick’s work in the Gerry Commission and the aid of
Thomas Edison’s knowledge
and secret contributions, the electric chair was made in 1890

and adopted into the justice system.
Unfortunately, though, for Southwick and those who supported
the invention, the electric chair
did not last as a common tool used for the death penalty, as it
was ironically recognized to be a
“cruel and unusual punishment” by the government almost a
century later (Seitz 71). Through
the untimely occurrences of the hot-public-debate topic,
concerning capital punishment, and the
“Current Wars” between Edison and his rival, the electric chair
was brought into this world. The
creation and use of this invention desensitized society, in
regards to death, and simultaneously
numbed and stirred conversation over the ethical and moral
issues of the death penalty in the
United States.
While public hanging was the primary form of execution in the
early 1800s, this caused
controversy as a vast amount of people came to view the
executions as if “attending [a] show,
picnic basket in tow” (Capers 254). Prisoners were paraded to
their deaths as the public
insensitively viewed the disturbing executions that could last up
to forty-five minutes (Moran

68). These sore sights available to society, along with the
increased want for privacy, eventually
brought up fueled debate over public executions. Talk of capital
punishment then died down
once public execution in New York was abolished, but, this did
not stay for long, since some
people began arguing that the death penalty should not even
exist (Moran 68). Once again,
though, the public changed their minds when immigrants and
crime rates increased in the states
and they preferred the death penalty to remain intact (Moran
68). This shows contradictory levels
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of sensitivity in society that persists through the history of the
electric chair. The portion of the
public that argued against the death penalty eventually sided for
the death penalty when it was
the ethnic minorities that were being sent to be executed (Moran
69). Following this situation
was the Civil War, and due to the focus on the war, people’s
minds were too occupied to be

debating over the death penalty. But after the war, some looked
at the topic again with a changed
perspective but more sensitive view of death and demanded a
more humane way of killing
(Moran 69). Anti-gallows and death penalty organizations began
gaining popularity and
opposingly sparked a fear of losing the death penalty in others
(Seitz 39). This debate built up to
the point where scientists and others were beginning to get
involved as they looked into many
other possible ways to execute someone (Moran 70).
A supporter of the death penalty, dentist Alfred P. Southwick,
was especially motivated
to find an alternate method of execution in order to save capital
punishment (Martschukat 912).
In 1881, Southwick “witnessed the accidental electrocution of a
Buffalo drunkard” and “since
the man appeared to not suffer,” he wanted to incorporate this
concept of electricity in the death
penalty (Moran 70). The bluntness in which Richard Moran,
author of Executioner's Current:
Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the
Electric Chair, describes
Southwick’s experience with the electrocuted man, creates a

matter-of-fact tone that is void of
emotions. This adds to the theme of insensitivity during the
creation of the electric chair. By
1884, around election time, the public greatly demanded for
something to be done about the
method of execution. In response, New York Lieutenant-
Governor David Bernet Hill sought
important individuals and formed the Gerry Commission, in
which he also recruited Southwick
(Moran 71). With the Commission grew Southwick’s obsession
and “great enthusiasm” in
conducting “series of crude but deadly experiments” on animals
(Moran 71). The contrasting
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diction provided by Moran emphasizes that Southwick’s goal or
“enthusiasm” to use electricity
to “provide justice,” clouds his judgement over the reality of his
doings: killing. Although, the
joy he supposedly feels is not derived from the murdering of
innocent creatures, but rather his
discovery of using electricity for a “marvelously humane
method of execution,” the fact remains

that he is not bothered by the deaths of the animals or the
upcoming deaths to come with the
creation of the electric chair (Moran 71). Southwick was
engrossed in the study of electricity
similar to Edison, “Benjamin Franklin and his contemporaries,”
according to Martschukat,
author of the journal "The Art of Killing by Electricity: The
Sublime and the Electric Chair,"
who “had tested the destructive power of electricity on animals”
(909). This shows the vastness
of insensitivity that took place during the creation of the
electric chair with many people going
around electrocuting living things in the name of science and
“human progress.”
A little further into the development of the electric chair,
Southwick had actually sent out
questionnaires to the public asking which form of execution
they preferred (Moran 72). The
results tallied up to being predominantly in the category in
which if a change had to be made to
the death penalty, they would prefer execution by electricity
(Moran 73). At this point, people
still believed electricity would kill its victims painlessly and
effortlessly so it is understandable

as to why the majority of society was willing to accept this as a
form of execution as opposed to
the grueling hangings, but, Dr. J Mount Bleyer, a survey
respondent, had sent in a full explicit
report explaining various more promising alternatives to the
electric chair to Southwick (Moran
73). Bleyer suggested the use of morphine injections or
chloroforming prisoners (which is
actually used today: lethal injections and gas chambers) but
Southwick dismissed his ideas as he
was persistent and confident in his own working out (Moran
73). The dentist then needing
approval from the rest of his Commission to create the electric
chair, sought the help of “the
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greatest electrician of modern times,” Edison (Moran 75). Upon
first request, Edison had actually
rejected helping Southwick since he was actually against the
death penalty (Moran 74). But after
Southwick appealed to Edison’s pride and sense of progress,
Edison gave in with what will be

later be described as malicious or at least desensitized intent
(Moran 74). Edison helped
Southwick determine the most powerful and deadly current to
be used for the electric chair (AC)
and because of his “approval,” the Gerry Commission gladly
accepted Southwick’s electric chair
invention (Moran 71-75). Through ignorance and subtle
manipulation, Southwick pushed his
idea to be created just to keep the death penalty and also having
the glory of having “saved” it.
His ignorance can be identified with his stubborn exchanges
with Bleyer who actually presented
valuable alternatives yet Southwick down-right rejected them
and he also manipulates Edison
into unintentionally becoming a famous-figure- head in the
creation of the electric chair.
Although, Edison had been partially deceived to help Southwick
with his glorification
goals, he also had his own selfish reasons to accept. Edison, at
the time, was the “Current Wars,”
with his rival, George Westinghouse (Essig 11). He patented
direct current (DC) while
Westinghouse patented alternating current (AC). AC current
was far cheaper and was able to

reach long distances in a way “the vision of America could
become reality” (Martschukat 906).
The fact that Westinghouse’s capable of doing what the
country’s vision was and in all aspects
superior to Edison’s, was not fathomable to the “greatest
electrician” so he went about to prove
how dangerous AC current was (Martschukat 915). Edison
began “waging a propaganda
campaign” where he passed 1,000-volt AC current through
“animals ranging in size from cats to
horses” with the same desensitized obsession as Southwick,
Benjamin Franklin, and other
scientists (Gordou). While those others killed animals in the
name of science, Edison did so in
the name of financial profit and pride. He also takes this a step
further as he tells Southwick to
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use AC in the electric chair, in the name of “human progress.”
Moran explores the various
reasons as to why Edison may have pushed aside his beliefs of
the death penalty to help
Southwick, and narrows it down to the self-serving reason being

that he wanted to discredit
Westinghouse’s AC and gain popularity for his own DC (62).
Edison thought if people knew that
AC can be used to execute people then they will fear it and
instead use DC for everyday
purposes, thus profiting from it financially and through pride
since he had been using this
propaganda for so long. So he had actually donated/bribed
prisons to use Southwick’s electric
chair to help publicize the “dangerous” AC (Gordon). But,
unfortunately for him, the electric
chair and AC were “understood to give society a sense of
elevation” since “electrocution was
widely perceived as an advance of civilization” during the
initial uses (Martschukat 900). This
optimistic view of the electric chair did take a turn for the
worse, but not until nearly a century
later because of how much society had become excited and then
numb to the executions and
death penalty.
Once the electric chair was created, it was first used on August
6, 1890, in New York for
the execution of William Kemmler who was sentenced the death
penalty for having murdered his

girlfriend (Martschukat 915). Being the first execution by
electrocution, it “aroused intense
interest” in the neighboring areas and media and “political
string-pulling” occurred to “secure
places among the 25 witnesses” (Gordon). This excitement out
of context is normal, but seen
with the circumstances of death, it can be viewed to be morbid
and insensitive on the part of
society. Despite the laws abolishing public executions,
journalists “were eager to exploit the
sensational aspects of electrocution” so the public can
experience “a virtual front-row seat” view
of the execution (Seitz 46). This eagerness, similar to that of
Southwick’s when electrocuting
animals, is inappropriate since it is associated with the death of
a living being but during this
Last Name 7
time, it was seen as normal because society had become
desensitized through the creation of the
electric chair. The process of first execution began with
Kemmler being strapped into the electric

chair in the room opposite of the witnesses viewing the
execution through a one way glass
(Gordon). The executioner was also placed on the other side of
the glass so the prisoner is unable
to see him (this was done so the executioner does not hold the
burden of killing the prisoner
directly as they are pressing the button to send the current
through their body). This method of
execution is incredibly dehumanizing the prisoner as they are
strapped and tied down, unable to
view anyone during their last moments, and overall have no
control over the situation. Just as
bad as the immoral practices of this killing, the actual execution
was faulty. What should have
ended quickly and effortlessly, resulted in Kemmler suffering a
“gruesome and prolonged death”
(Seitz 41). These were not the results the public was expecting-
the electric chair was meant to be
more humane than hanging and technologically advanced-but
they continued using it for a
century to come because society had become numb to all of the
violent executions of the past.
Even though with more uses of the electric chair there were
more successful executions, there

were also some terrible ones. This did not seem to bother other
states such as Ohio,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Virginia since they had
“adopted electrocution” as the exclusive
method of execution (Seitz 38). Other states adopted the electric
chair later on and the theme of
insensitivity was adopted with it. In 1997, after a mishap in
executing through electrocution in
Florida, the Attorney General Robert Butterworth jokes that
people who want to commit murders
should not do so in Florida as they “may have a problem with
[their] electric chair” (Capers 250).
This statement lacks appropriate emotions given that a man’s
head just caught on fire while
being executed. This insensitivity is best explained through
Caper’s analysis of Andy Warhol’s
Electric Chair series in which he explains the “spectacle became
a little redundant. We became a
Last Name 8
little anesthetized” (257). From the beginning of capital
punishment, the death penalty is meant
to 1) punish the criminal and 2) prevent other crimes by

showing the public the consequences of
misconducts, so they have the tendency to get violent (Moran
76). Because, society has
experienced such violence, they have become numb and
insensitive to the dehumanizing aspects
of it.
Not until the mid-1900s was when the public reengaged in
conversation of the ethics and
morality of capital punishment and the death penalty
(Martschukat 913). A big part in stirring the
conversation was artist Warhol’s painting series called Electric
Chair. This artist who is known
for vibrant repetitive pictures of “Campbell’s soup cans, Brillo
boxes,” “Marilyn Monroe and
Elizabeth Taylor” takes on a different tone to his paintings with
this grave series of an empty
electric chair in the center of an execution room (Capers 244).
He claims that the emptiness and
vagueness “points to the anonymity of most executions and to
our distance from them” (Capers
251) This analysis is reflects the history of the electric chairs,
because the public had
dehumanized the prisoners as test subjects for this invention
that remained an infamous star for

over a century. This simplistic artwork from 1964, similar to the
simple design of the electric
chair, by Warhol encouraged the questioning of the
effectiveness and morality of the death
penalty (Capers 243).
People did begin to question the death penalty, especially with
the use of the electric
chair. In 1995, Nicholas Ingram was sentenced to death and his
friend/attorney, Clive Smith,
viewed his execution by electrocution and reported back the
awful experience and lies the prison
covered up for years (Smith). The electric chair had promised to
provide an instantaneous death,
void of violence and pain. Smith challenges those promises by
asking, “Why carry on cooking
him [then]?” or, “tie him down so tightly?” or, “bind his mouth
firmly shut” (Smith). These
Last Name 9
broken promises are what led the electric chair to be declared as
a “cruel and unusual
punishment.” Now, replacing the electric chair in most states is

the lethal injection or gas
chamber, similar to those that Bleyer suggested over a century
ago. Still in some states, like
Tennessee, Florida, and Virginia, the electric chair can be used
in execution if the prison does
not have any drugs for lethal injection or by the prisoners’
choosing (Dockterman). The most
recent use of the electric chair was in 2013 during the execution
of Robert Gleason Jr. in Virginia
upon his request (Owens). Gleason was not the only criminal to
request execution by
electrocution; there were many before and also one currently in
waiting. Wayne Doty, a prisoner
in Florida is currently on the death penalty list and has
requested to be electrocuted rather than
injected with lethal drugs (Berman). His possible reasoning for
this choice was due to the mild
scandals surrounding the drug used for lethal injections and also
because he believes the electric
chair is the fastest and most humane form of execution
(Berman). The death penalty still remains
a highly controversial subject between people who have lost
sight of the killings and those that
are overly sympathetic. As society thinks it is moving forwards,

in this case, it is really just
enhancing the primitive ways of killing.
Last Name 10
Works Cited
Berman, Mark. "Florida Inmate Asks to Be Executed by Electric
Chair Rather than Lethal
Injection." The Washington Post. WP Company, 23 Oct. 2015.
Web. 27 Apr. 2018.
Capers, Bennett. "On Andy Warhol's 'Electric Chair'."
California law review 94.1 (2006): 243-60.
Print.
Dockterman, Eliana. "Tennessee Brings Back Electric Chair."
Time.com (2014): 1-2. Print.
Essig, Mark. Edison & the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and

Death. N.p.: Walker, 2005. Print.
Gordon, John Steele. "Thomas Edison's Deadly Game."
American Heritage 51.6 (2000): 15-8.
Print.
Martschukat, Jürgen. ""The Art of Killing by Electricity": The
Sublime and the Electric Chair." The
Journal of American History 89.3 (2002): 900-21. Print.
Moran, Richard. Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George
Westinghouse, and the Invention
of the Electric Chair. 1st ed.. ed. New York: New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 2002. Print.
Owens, Michael L. "Robert Gleason Got Death the Way He
Wanted It."HeraldCourier.com. N.p.,
17 Jan. 2013. Web. 27 Apr. 2018.
Seitz, Trina N. "The Killing Chair." North Carolina Historical
Review 81.1 (2004): 38-73. Print.
Smith, Stafford Clive. My Private View of a Ritual Death: To
Witness the Death in the Electric
Chair of Nicky Ingram is to be Appalled by the Barbarity of this
Method of Execution and
Outraged by the Flaws in the US System of Justice with its
Inbuilt Cruelty to Prisoners.,
1995. Print.

Last Name 1
Student Name
Dr. Riley
RHET 1302
Date
The Fibers Connecting America
The evolution of the American transportation system is a
remarkable driving force
towards the increasing interconnectedness of the states,
enormously benefitting individuals and
industries alike. The section of this diverse system that an
average American depends on the
most is perhaps the roadways. A major part of the roadways in
America that connects its
numerous states is the Interstate Highway system. Since its
conception, the Interstate Highway
system has expanded dramatically to 47,000 miles today
(Highway Finance). The system is

named after President Dwight D. Eisenhower who championed
its establishment. President
Eisenhower made the interstate system a presidential priority
and under his leadership, the
Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 was passed and signed into
law (Ike’s Interstates). The
network has fulfilled its purpose of making travel faster,
convenient, shorter and more efficient
for Americans. It has also intensified interstate commerce and
made everyday products both
affordable and accessible to consumers. However, it has not
adjusted itself to the changing
dynamics of the American population. A rapid and long-term
change is needed in the network to
accommodate those regions with rising populations into the
network and make highways more
accessible to them. The Interstate Highway System has fulfilled
its various intended
socioeconomic purposes. However, its adverse impact on certain
communities and lack of
adaptation still leaves room for betterment.
Last Name 2

The interstates were meant to serve multiple purposes, including
greater civilian mobility,
defense and commerce development. Since its conception, the
Interstate Highway System has
served these aspects well. One of the things that President
Eisenhower had experienced during
his time in the military is that road travel in America was
extraordinarily time-consuming and
inefficient (Ike’s Interstates; The Evolving Interstate). The
Interstate Highway System addressed
this problem by not only reforming existing infrastructure but
also increased its mileage and size.
This has allowed for congestion of traffic to reduce and made
mobility more efficient. The boom
in the sole-operators of vehicles and households owning more
cars could also be attributed to the
interstate system (The Evolving Interstate). Faster and more
efficient mobility across state lines
also led to increasing interstate commerce. The design of the
interstates made it easier for trucks
to move at greater speeds and extend the supply of goods to
greater lengths. As a result, every
American is dependent on the interstates today, either directly
or indirectly, since every single

product has been on the interstates at some point (Highway
History). This efficiency in supply in
turn is beneficial for the consumers as well since cheaper
transportation leads to lower and
sustained prices.
In terms of accessibility, it is undeniable that the interstates
have increased the amount of
traffic served. Statistically, the interstate system merely
comprises about one percent of
America’s National Highways. But, it is met by 24% of the
Nations traffic (Highway History).
This massive increase in the population served is also indicative
of the economic growth that the
interstates are responsible for. Increased roadway mobility is
reflective of expansive job
opportunities, meaning Americans can look for better jobs, even
at places far from where they
reside. This is in turn also gives Americans with a better choice
of where to reside adjusting to
Last Name 3
their socio-economic desires, while retaining their right to work
where they want and use the

interstates as convenient means of transportation to work.
While travelling as a part of the military during the Second
World War, President
Eisenhower had seen the destruction deplorable roads had
caused, including 230 recorded road
accidents (Ike’s Interstates). The lack of construction and
muddy conditions were particularly
dangerous for trucks to travel upon. The interstates have been
extremely effective at ensuring
effective truck travel across the nation. About 71% of all the
freight transportation in the U.S.
depends upon the highways (Highway History). In addition to
creating numerous jobs, the
interstates have helped intensify commerce. Small businesses as
well as industries have been
great beneficiaries of the interstates since efficient
transportation is tantamount to a sustained
trade environment, which also benefits the consumers.
The interstates have resulted in increased speeds at which
vehicles travel but they have
not disregarded safety. As an innovation, the specific standards
and designs of the interstates
have helped reduce fatalities dramatically. While safer vehicles
have done their part, a

combination of standards have enhanced safety. The interstates
have relatively wider shoulders,
slid-resistant pavements and better visible markings and signs,
all of which have resulted in a
safer driving experience. As a result, fatalities have dropped
from 6.05 per 100 million miles
travelled in 1956 when the construction began to 0.8 today. In
addition, this fatality rate is way
less when compared to all other roads, which have a rate of 1.44
(Highway History). Therefore,
the interstates have certainly achieved their purpose of more
efficient and safer travel for
vehicles of all kinds.
However, the positive impacts of the interstates cannot be
applied to every sector in the
present day. During the initial construction, the regions with
greater population and population
Last Name 4
density received more number of highways. But, the United
States has evolved since then and
domestic mobility, as well as concentration of immigration into
certain areas has greatly shifted

the dynamics of the population. The national population
recorded in the 1940 was 150 million,
half of what was recorded in 2010. The number of metropolitan
cities with a population of over 1
million has increased from 11 back then to 49, currently. Since
the purpose of the Interstates was
to reduce traffic, increase mobility and connect large cities to
each other, these population
changes should have led to significant changes in the system.
However, such transformation has
not happened. Since the interstates were planned and built, the
population has also increasingly
moved towards the southern and western states (The Evolving
Interstate). Southern states have
not only become the primary destination for domestic migrants
but also for immigrants
(Mapping Migration). However, the interstate network has not
kept up with these population
shifts. The system has gone through changes and expanded
every year with an increase of 10%
in mileage. But, the focus of this additions has not been
uniformly focused. These changes were
concentrates in the densest part of the network and not high
population growth areas (The

Evolving Interstate). Southern states have been leading in terms
of population growth, with about
38% percent of the entire U.S population living in the south
(U.S. Census Bureau). However, the
growth of the interstates has not matched the pace at which the
southern population is growing.
Maps of the interstate highway system published by the U.S.
Department of Transportation show
highly concentrated network of highways in the northeastern
part of the United States, when
compared to fewer highways passing through southern states
like Texas and Western states like
California, that have constantly led the nation both in terms of
total population and population
growth (U.S. Census Bureau). This slow-paced and lack of
adaptation of the interstate system to
Last Name 5
the population changes in the U.S. over the years and the status
quo is one of the major
disappointments for the concerned regions and a drawback of
the network as a whole.
The interstates catalyzed the move from cities to suburbs. The

increasing urbanization
within America’s cities had led to booming population. This led
to people deciding to move to
the suburbs. The interstates, through their promising
convenience for commuters, made this
decision possible for Americans who planned on living in the
suburbs but work in cities
(Highway to inequity). But, the overwhelming movement of
population had caused suburbs to no
longer be uncongested. Those people who left cities in hopes of
lesser crowds and traffic
congestion were left disappointed since the conditions were
getting as deplorable as the cities
(Lewis, p.291). This eventually led to the degradation of the
standard of living of those who
lived in these cities and suburban regions. By 1990, three out of
every four Americans drove to
their jobs alone. This rapid increase in both the crowd and cars
increased travel times. Andreas
Duany’s analysis of this rusting of the standard of living is apt.
He compares U.S. to nations like
France and Italy, where an average household does not own as
many cars as an average
American household. But, the people living in those nations

have more free time, since they do
not spend as much time commuting on clogged highways
(Lewis, p. 265). However, this
argument could be applied to only short-transit, mostly in cities.
It is crucial to recognize that the
U.S. is extremely bigger in size when compared to nations like
France and Italy. So, the
argument made by Duany would not wholly pertain to the
immense geography of the U.S.
Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that people in
nations like France and Italy often
prefer other means such as public transportation for short-
transit within their cities. Thus, the
interstates have reduced the use of cheaper and more efficient
forms of transportation like busses
and trains, and made them obsolete in many areas like the
South. This nonexistence of public
Last Name 6
transportation in crowded cities and suburbs for short-transit
further worsens their traffic and
increases travel time.
The interstates have had an adverse impact on racial minorities

and the poor. The
proposition that the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 brought
was rather attractive since the
cities got a huge chunk of federal funding for investing some of
the money from own pockets
into highway construction. This made city planners focus on
reforming their cities by looking for
lands that could be turned into highways. As mentioned before,
the population increase in cities
and suburbs was dramatic. The interstates were intended to
serve those densely populated
regions (The Evolving Interstate). But, people of certain races,
specifically African-Americans
could not move to those areas since they lacked an equal access
to jobs and were denied home
loans in certain areas through a practice called ‘redlining.’ So,
they crowded into smaller
neighborhoods, slums and rural areas (The Role of Highways).
In order to claim federal funds
and to serve their city and suburban populations, city planners
came up with a plan with a
discriminatory edge. They decided to destroy slums for the
purpose of building more highways
on those lands to serve urban and suburban populations (The

Role of Highways). This practice of
driving racial minorities would continue to be a symbol of the
discriminatory policies that the
interstate system gave birth to. For example, the completion of
the highway, I-81, which ran
through the urban center, had the same effect it has had in
almost all cities that put interstates
through their hearts. It decimated a close-knit African American
community (The Role of
Highways). These factors are reflective of the marginalization
of the vulnerable and inequality
generated by the interstate system. The use of eminent domain
was exploited to the extremes.
The officials used eminent domain to capture the dwellings of
the poor and focused more on
clearing that land rather than finding a new place for those
people to live, something that would
Last Name 7
lead at least one scholar to conclude that “racial politics guided
these unfortunate developments”
(Biles, p. 851). These policies did not result in a one-time
impact of the poor and racial

minorities leaving their homes and finding other places to live.
Moving meant leaving jobs and
disruption of education of their children, thereby keeping the
flow of misfortunes alive through
generations (Highway to Inequity). Thus, while the network
made life and travel easier for the
affluent, its cost was borne by the poor and racial minorities.
While the standard of living in
cities and suburbs was dropping, the standard of living for these
vulnerable populations was
becoming painfully nonexistent.
Overall, the Interstate Highway System has generated both
advantages and disadvantages
like any other innovation. The present appalling nature of the
interstates is the result of its lack of
adaptation to the changing trends in population. For instance, in
the Dallas-Fort Worth
metropolis and on the outskirts, the condition of these vital
highways is visible. Due to a lack of
renovation and timely alteration based on the changing
dynamics, I-45 has been left in a
vulnerable condition, with frequent accidents, jams and
slowdowns. This interstate highway
connects Dallas to Houston, the fourth most populated city in

the U.S. However, a huge part of I-
45 still only has two lanes open, with some parts with narrower
or no shoulders at all. This has
immensely increased travel times, while making the drive
harder for bigger vehicles. Therefore,
a proper revamping and maintenance of the system is needed to
ensure greater efficiency. Along
with that, the repetition of past mistakes and injustices must be
avoided, so that the interstate
system does not lead to isolation of a certain community but
rather serves as an effective means
of commute for all Americans. Nevertheless, the expansion of
the system should not be as
aggressive as to make other more efficient modes of small-
distance transit obsolete, especially in
cities. Hence, a better, more inclusive strategy is needed to
further enhance this ambitious project
Last Name 8
championed by President Eisenhower. Better plans, and
upholding of justice and the rule of law
is needed to make this system work for all Americans. The
further enhancement of this

incredible innovation depends on these factors which are
necessary to ensure the best and
effective use of American taxpayer money.
Last Name 9
Works Cited
Aisch, Gregor, and Robert Gebeloff. “Mapping Migration in the
United States.” The New York
Times, The New York Times, 15 Aug. 2014,

www.nytimes.com/2014/08/16/upshot/mapping-migration-in-
the-united-states-since-
1900.html.
Biles, R. (2014). “Expressways before the Interstates: The case
of Detroit, 1945-1956.” Journal
of Urban History, 40(5), pp. 843-854.
FHWA. “Highway Finance Data Collection.” U.S. Department
of Transportation/Federal
Highway Administration, 2011,
www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/hf/pl11028/chapter1.
cfm.
FHWA. “Highway History.” U.S. Department of
Transportation/Federal Highway
Administration, 2016, www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/history.cfm.
Karas, David. “Highway to Inequity: The Disparate Impact of
the Interstate Highway System on
Poor and Minority Communities in American Cities.” City of
Nashville, University of
Delaware , Apr. 2015,
www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Planning/docs/trans/E

veryPlaceCounts/1_High
way%20to%20Inequity.pdf.
Lewis, Tom. “Divided Highways: Building the Interstate
Highways, Transforming American
Life.” Cornell University Press, 2013.
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/16/upshot/mapping-migration-
in-the-united-states-since-1900.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/16/upshot/mapping-migration-
in-the-united-states-since-1900.html
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/pubs/hf/pl11028/ch
apter1.cfm
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/history.cfm
http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Planning/docs/tr
ans/EveryPlaceCounts/1_Highway%20to%20Inequity.pdf
http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Planning/docs/tr
ans/EveryPlaceCounts/1_Highway%20to%20Inequity.pdf
Last Name 10
Pfeiffer, David A. “Ike's Interstates at 50.” National Archives
and Records Administration,
National Archives and Records Administration, 2006,
www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/summer/interstat
es.html.
Semuels, Alana. “The Role of Highways in American Poverty.”
The Atlantic, Atlantic Media

Company, 18 Mar. 2016,
www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/role-of-
highways-in-american-poverty/474282/.
US Census Bureau. “Idaho Is Nation's Fastest-Growing State,
Census Bureau Reports.” The
United States Census Bureau, 20 Dec. 2017,
www.census.gov/newsroom/press-
releases/2017/estimates-idaho.html.
Weber, Joe. “The Evolving Interstate Highway System and the
Changing Geography of the
United States.” Journal of Transport Geography, Pergamon, 27
Aug. 2012,
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966692312001846.
http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/summer/int
erstates.html
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/role-of-
highways-in-american-poverty/474282/
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/role-of-
highways-in-american-poverty/474282/
http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-
releases/2017/estimates-idaho.html
http://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-
releases/2017/estimates-idaho.html

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S09666923120
01846
RHET 1302
Essay #3: Research Paper
Submit: Online via the Submit Essays button in Blackboard
Length: 5-7 pages
Sources: FIVE: A minimum of 3 Academic/ Scholarly and 2
Popular sources. You can have more
than five sources, but five is the minimum.
** Remember, you will complete the Proposal and Annotated
bibliography before you write your draft.
Purpose: All semester, we have been working on
communication and analysis. The main purpose of
this final essay is to understand that where you get information
from, matters. All sources are not
created equally. Being able to locate, critically examine, and
synthesizing several disparate sources in

order to construct an argument is one of the primary hallmarks
of independent thinking. (And, the
development of confident, independent thinking is the main
purpose of college education). Now, it is
your job to find the very best sources you can in order to
support an argument.
Audience: For this essay, you should assume that you are
writing for people who have some
knowledge of your subject matter. Therefore, it is not
necessary to cite things that are common
knowledge to you within your field of study.
Subject Matter: Choose one invention or innovation that is
interesting to you and write about it. It
can be from any time period or culture, but it has to be real.
Choose something specific that you can
find an abundance of research about.
Note: This is not a middle school research project. Your main
task is to show that you have done
significant research and that you are able to utilize your sources
in relation to one another. This
assignment is about the quality of your research sources—it is
not about the history of an invention.

You are simply using an invention as a focal point for research.
The paper is also not simply a
description of sources. You still have to have an argument in
your paper. Your argument will not be
about rhetorical appeals—this time you have to come up with an
original thesis statement.
Requirements:
1. Read the two articles posted in Blackboard about Inventions.
You can find them in the Essay
#3 Folder under Assignment Descriptions.
2. Choose one invention/ innovation to focus on. You may
choose something listed in one of the
articles posted in Blackboard if you would like to, but you
certainly don’t have to.
3. Research sources: You must utilize and discuss your sources
extensively throughout the entire
essay. This means you need to do more than simply drop in a
quote or two.
4. Thesis statement- you have to have one. Some ideas for the
direction of your thesis might
include arguments about: the significance of your invention in
relation to other similar
products; the transformation of your invention over time; the
long-term implications of the
invention; how your invention changed society at the time it

was created.
Examples of successful recent student paper topics: Virtual
Reality, Pacemaker, MMR Vaccine, Amazon, GPS, CRISP
Technology, Integrated Circuit, Drone, Iris Recognition
Technology, Deep Brain Stimulation, Automated Fingerprint
Identification System, 3D Printing, Self-Driving Car, Motion
Control Games, Prosthetic Limbs, Motion-Capture
Technology, Triptans, MRI, UNIX, IOT, Touchscreen, Voice-
Recognition Technology

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