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Structure of science

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STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE ( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) Presented by- Shagufta Perween Group-2
Structure of science ( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) ‫سائنس‬ ‫ہماری‬ ‫اطراف‬ ‫و‬ ‫اکناف‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ماحول‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پائے‬ ‫جانے‬ ‫والی‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫اشیاء‬ ‫سے‬ ‫متعلق‬ ‫مسلسل‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ترتیب‬ ‫وار‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫فراہم‬ ‫کرتی‬ ‫ہے‬ - ‫اس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫ماحول‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ہونے‬ ‫والی‬ ‫تبدیلیاں‬ ‫اور‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫وضاحت‬ ‫اور‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫سواالت‬ ‫کے‬ - ‫حل‬ ‫تالش‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کوشش‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫ہے‬ Science provides continuous and systematic information about the various objects found in the environment around us – it seeks to change the environment and its explanation and to find solutions to various questions.
‫سائنس‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫طرز‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہمارے‬ ‫ذہن‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫نیا‬ ‫انداز‬ ‫فکر‬ ‫عطا‬ ‫کرتی‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫کا‬ ‫کام‬ ‫ائی‬ّ‫چ‬‫س‬ ‫کی‬ ‫تالش‬ ‫ہے‬ Science is a way of thinking that gives our minds a new way of thinking. The work of science is the search for truth.
‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫کو‬ ‫دو‬ ‫حصوں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تقسیم‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫گیا‬ ‫ہے‬ (The structure of science is divided into two parts):- 1) Substantive structure of science ( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) 2) Syntactic structure of science( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) 1964 ‫سائنس‬ ‫مطابق‬ ‫کے‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کے‬ ‫بروفر‬ ‫اور‬ ‫جوزف‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫منحصر‬ ‫پر‬ ‫اقسام‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ہے‬ In 1964, According to Joseph and Bruffer science depends on two types of structure
( 1 ) ‫ساخت‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ (Substantive structure of science) ‫اور‬ ‫معلومات‬ ،‫خیاالت‬ ٰ ‫اعلی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫تصورات‬ ‫رابط‬ ‫باہمی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہوتی‬ ‫مشتمل‬ ‫پر‬ ‫سائنسداں‬ ‫احساسات‬ ‫اور‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رکھتے‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫ہوتے‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫کارآمد‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تحقیق‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کو‬ This structure of science consists of high ideas, information and concepts that are interconnected and its information and feelings are very useful to scientists in their research.
‫نظریات‬ ‫اور‬ ‫تعریفات‬ ،‫معلومات‬ ‫بنیادی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتے‬ ‫دیے‬ It provides basic information, definitions and ideas. ‫حصوں‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫یا‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫تقسیم‬ ‫میں‬ : - The Substantive structure of science can be divided into two parts: - ( ۲ ) ‫معلومات‬ ‫نظریاتی‬ ( ۱ ) ‫معلومات‬ ‫تجرباتی‬ (Experimental knowledge) (Theoretical knowledge)
‫اصلی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫ساخت‬ (Substantive structure) ‫تجرباتی‬ ‫معلومات‬ (Experimental knowledge) 💥Direct Observation ( ‫راست‬ ‫مشاہدہ‬ ) 💥 Instrumental observation ( ‫تجربے‬ ‫یا‬ ‫آالت‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫کئے‬ ‫ہوئے‬ ‫مشاہدات‬ ) 💥Fact (‫)حقائق‬ ‫نظریاتی‬ ‫معلومات‬ (Theoretical knowledge) 💥 vocabulary ( ‫مجموعی‬ ‫الفاظ‬ ) 💥 Concepts (‫)تصورات‬ 💥 Principles (‫)اصول‬ 💥 Theories (‫)نظریات‬ 💥 Generalisation (‫)تعمیم‬ 💥 Laws (‫)کلیات‬ 💥 Hypothesis (‫)مفروضات‬
( 2 ) ‫ساخت‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ (Syntactic structure of science) ‫سائنسی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫طریقوں‬ ‫کن‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫بتایا‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫گروپ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ان‬ ‫سے‬ ‫طریقوں‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫سکتے‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کیے‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫نئے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سکتی‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جانچ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کیے‬ ‫جا‬ ‫سکتے‬ ‫ہیں۔۔‬ This group explains the ways in which scientific information can be obtained and the different ways in which new information can be obtained.
The Steps are as follows:- (1)Method- ‫طریقہ‬ (2)Process- ‫عمل‬ (3)Attitude- ‫رویے‬
Special thanks to: Dr. Baig Muntajeeb Ali Sir Md. Aftab Alam Sir

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Structure of science

  • 1.
    STRUCTURE OF SCIENCE (‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) Presented by- Shagufta Perween Group-2
  • 2.
    Structure of science( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) ‫سائنس‬ ‫ہماری‬ ‫اطراف‬ ‫و‬ ‫اکناف‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ماحول‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پائے‬ ‫جانے‬ ‫والی‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫اشیاء‬ ‫سے‬ ‫متعلق‬ ‫مسلسل‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ترتیب‬ ‫وار‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫فراہم‬ ‫کرتی‬ ‫ہے‬ - ‫اس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫ماحول‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ہونے‬ ‫والی‬ ‫تبدیلیاں‬ ‫اور‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫وضاحت‬ ‫اور‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫سواالت‬ ‫کے‬ - ‫حل‬ ‫تالش‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کوشش‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫ہے‬ Science provides continuous and systematic information about the various objects found in the environment around us – it seeks to change the environment and its explanation and to find solutions to various questions.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫کو‬ ‫دو‬ ‫حصوں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تقسیم‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫گیا‬ ‫ہے‬ (The structure ofscience is divided into two parts):- 1) Substantive structure of science ( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) 2) Syntactic structure of science( ‫سائنس‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ) 1964 ‫سائنس‬ ‫مطابق‬ ‫کے‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کے‬ ‫بروفر‬ ‫اور‬ ‫جوزف‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫منحصر‬ ‫پر‬ ‫اقسام‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ہے‬ In 1964, According to Joseph and Bruffer science depends on two types of structure
  • 5.
    ( 1 ) ‫ساخت‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫کی‬‫سائنس‬ (Substantive structure of science) ‫اور‬ ‫معلومات‬ ،‫خیاالت‬ ٰ ‫اعلی‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫تصورات‬ ‫رابط‬ ‫باہمی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫دوسرے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫ہوتی‬ ‫مشتمل‬ ‫پر‬ ‫سائنسداں‬ ‫احساسات‬ ‫اور‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رکھتے‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫ہوتے‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫کارآمد‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تحقیق‬ ‫کی‬ ‫اس‬ ‫کو‬ This structure of science consists of high ideas, information and concepts that are interconnected and its information and feelings are very useful to scientists in their research.
  • 6.
    ‫نظریات‬ ‫اور‬ ‫تعریفات‬،‫معلومات‬ ‫بنیادی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتے‬ ‫دیے‬ It provides basic information, definitions and ideas. ‫حصوں‬ ‫دو‬ ‫کو‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنس‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫یا‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫تقسیم‬ ‫میں‬ : - The Substantive structure of science can be divided into two parts: - ( ۲ ) ‫معلومات‬ ‫نظریاتی‬ ( ۱ ) ‫معلومات‬ ‫تجرباتی‬ (Experimental knowledge) (Theoretical knowledge)
  • 7.
    ‫اصلی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫حقیقی‬ ‫ساخت‬ (Substantive structure) ‫تجرباتی‬ ‫معلومات‬ (Experimentalknowledge) 💥Direct Observation ( ‫راست‬ ‫مشاہدہ‬ ) 💥 Instrumental observation ( ‫تجربے‬ ‫یا‬ ‫آالت‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫کئے‬ ‫ہوئے‬ ‫مشاہدات‬ ) 💥Fact (‫)حقائق‬ ‫نظریاتی‬ ‫معلومات‬ (Theoretical knowledge) 💥 vocabulary ( ‫مجموعی‬ ‫الفاظ‬ ) 💥 Concepts (‫)تصورات‬ 💥 Principles (‫)اصول‬ 💥 Theories (‫)نظریات‬ 💥 Generalisation (‫)تعمیم‬ 💥 Laws (‫)کلیات‬ 💥 Hypothesis (‫)مفروضات‬
  • 8.
    ( 2 ) ‫ساخت‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫کی‬‫سائنس‬ (Syntactic structure of science) ‫سائنسی‬ ‫سے‬ ‫طریقوں‬ ‫کن‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫بتایا‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫گروپ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ان‬ ‫سے‬ ‫طریقوں‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫سکتے‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کیے‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫نئے‬ ‫ذریعے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جن‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫سکتی‬ ‫جا‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جانچ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کیے‬ ‫جا‬ ‫سکتے‬ ‫ہیں۔۔‬ This group explains the ways in which scientific information can be obtained and the different ways in which new information can be obtained.
  • 9.
    The Steps areas follows:- (1)Method- ‫طریقہ‬ (2)Process- ‫عمل‬ (3)Attitude- ‫رویے‬
  • 10.
    Special thanks to: Dr.Baig Muntajeeb Ali Sir Md. Aftab Alam Sir