Structure of Nucleic acids
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this ppt describe the structure of DNA and RNA. it is best for those who are basic to cell biology and molecular biology. especially for first year students in life sciences.
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Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
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DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
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i collect this ppt from my faculty Dr. shafiqul islam. actulally this based on chemistry of nucleic acid.
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Sumeet Jani gave a presentation on DNA structure and function. The presentation covered what DNA is, its composition including the nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. It described DNA as a double helix with two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The structure allows DNA to efficiently store genetic information.
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This document provides an overview of DNA and RNA. It discusses the key differences between their structures. DNA has a double helix structure with deoxyribose sugar and binds with thymine. RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and binds with uracil instead of thymine. Both are made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The document also includes diagrams illustrating their structures and hydrogen bonding patterns. It poses questions to test understanding of the components and differences between DNA and RNA.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids
DNA
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
The Histones
Deoxynucleic acid ( DNA )
Importance of Nucleotides
Base pairing
Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
Transcription
Coding Strand and Template Strand
Steps of RNA synthesize
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Structure of DNA for medical school
The document describes the structure of DNA. It discusses how DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The nucleotides are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form two antiparallel strands that wrap around each other to form the iconic double helix structure. The structure was elucidated by researchers like Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick, with Chargaff determining the base pairing rules and Franklin providing X-ray crystallography data. The double helix consists of the sugar-phosphate backbones on the outside and complementary bases forming hydrogen bonds on the inside in the well-known A-T, C-G pairing.
DNA and It's Structure
DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
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Molecular biology is the study of macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins that are essential for life. The document discusses nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It defines DNA as containing the genetic material organized in chromosomes, while RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis. It describes the structures of nucleotides, DNA, RNA, and how DNA packages into chromatin and chromosomes.
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i collect this ppt from my faculty Dr. shafiqul islam. actulally this based on chemistry of nucleic acid.
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Sumeet Jani gave a presentation on DNA structure and function. The presentation covered what DNA is, its composition including the nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. It described DNA as a double helix with two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The structure allows DNA to efficiently store genetic information.
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This document provides an overview of DNA and RNA. It discusses the key differences between their structures. DNA has a double helix structure with deoxyribose sugar and binds with thymine. RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar and binds with uracil instead of thymine. Both are made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The document also includes diagrams illustrating their structures and hydrogen bonding patterns. It poses questions to test understanding of the components and differences between DNA and RNA.
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The Histones
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Importance of Nucleotides
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Denaturation and Renaturation
Determination GC content
Prokaryotic DNA synthesis
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Transcription
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Nucleic_Acids-_-An introduction
This a very brief presentation on Nucleic acids. I hope you will learn some very basic points on Nucleic acids.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotide units. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. There are different forms of DNA structure including A, B, and Z-DNA. RNA exists in several types including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA that play important roles in protein synthesis.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesis of proteins.
DNA and RNA
* CONTENTS Introduction to Nucleic acids History of Nucleic acids Structure of Nucleic acids Description of Nucleic acids Chemical structure of DNA and RNA Classifications of Bases Sites of Nucleic acids Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Conclusion References
* Structure of Nucleic acids NA structure is often divided into four different levels: Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure
* Primary structure: consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. Nucleotides consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar One or more phosphate groups
* Secondary structure This is the set of interactions between bases. In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes.
* Tertiary structure This is the locations of atoms in three-dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraits. A higher order than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
* Quaternary structure This is similar to that of protein quaternary structure. Although some of the concepts are not exactly the same. QS refers to a higher level of organization of nucleic acids moreover, it refers to the interactions of the nucleic acids with other molecules.
* NNuucclleeiicc AAcciiddss Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction
* There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
* DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides All nucleotides contain three components: 1. A nitrogen heterocyclic base 2. A pentose sugar 3. A phosphate residue
* Ribonucleotides have a 2’-OH Deoxyribonucleotides have a 2’-H
* Bases are classified as Pyrimidines or Purines
* Nucleus Cytoplasm replication DNA transcription RNA (mRNA) translation Proteins
* reverse transcription messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
* X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
* 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
Dna structure notes
This document provides information on the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA is made up of genes located on chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins. The structure of DNA is a double helix with nitrogen bases sticking out from the sides and pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. The sides of the ladder-like structure are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
DNA RNA
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are essential biological molecules found in the nuclei of living cells. DNA controls cellular functions and heredity by carrying the genetic instructions in its double-stranded structure. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and organic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix with base pairing between adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. RNA also carries out important cellular functions and exists in different types including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
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Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. The nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases (purines or pyrimidines) attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA contains the sugars deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Nucleic acids form double-stranded helical structures stabilized by base pairing between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA or adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA.
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This document discusses nucleic acids, their components, and DNA structure. Nucleic acids are made of polynucleotides composed of nucleotides. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, with DNA being double-stranded and RNA single-stranded. Nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases are either pyrimidines or purines. DNA structure forms a double helix with anti-parallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
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There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between strands. The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 revealed how genetic information is stored and replicated. RNA exists in various forms including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that aid in gene expression and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids have distinctive properties like UV absorption that allow for analysis of their structure and function.
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The document discusses the structure of DNA and genome organization. It describes that DNA is usually composed of two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other in a double helix structure. The backbone of each strand is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate residues, while the bases project inward. The two strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, with adenine pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine. Together, the sugar, phosphate, and base components make up the nucleotides that serve as the fundamental building blocks of DNA.
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This document summarizes the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of polynucleotide chains containing nucleotides with pentose sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions and are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary purine-pyrimidine base pairs. The Watson-Crick model established that DNA forms a right-handed double helix with the bases stacking internally and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the exterior spiraling strands.
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The document provides information about DNA and the process of DNA replication:
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond together in pairs to form the double helix structure.
- DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle to make an identical copy of DNA before the cell divides. It begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally.
- The two DNA strands separate and each acts as a template for new complementary strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are later joined.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for life. It exists in the cell nucleus, associated with proteins, and a small amount is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA has three main components - deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond with each other through hydrogen bonding - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the two antiparallel strands coiling around each other and connected by these hydrogen bonds between bases.
Basis of DNA
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that can store and copy information through its base-pairing properties. It is made up of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. DNA can replicate itself using its base-pairing rules to create complementary daughter strands. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into protein. Differential gene expression allows cells to carry out specialized functions despite having the same DNA.
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Nucleic_Acids-_-An introduction
This a very brief presentation on Nucleic acids. I hope you will learn some very basic points on Nucleic acids.
Chemistry of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotide units. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. There are different forms of DNA structure including A, B, and Z-DNA. RNA exists in several types including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA that play important roles in protein synthesis.
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Nucleic acid play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesis of proteins.
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* CONTENTS Introduction to Nucleic acids History of Nucleic acids Structure of Nucleic acids Description of Nucleic acids Chemical structure of DNA and RNA Classifications of Bases Sites of Nucleic acids Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Conclusion References
* Structure of Nucleic acids NA structure is often divided into four different levels: Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure
* Primary structure: consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. Nucleotides consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar One or more phosphate groups
* Secondary structure This is the set of interactions between bases. In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes.
* Tertiary structure This is the locations of atoms in three-dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraits. A higher order than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
* Quaternary structure This is similar to that of protein quaternary structure. Although some of the concepts are not exactly the same. QS refers to a higher level of organization of nucleic acids moreover, it refers to the interactions of the nucleic acids with other molecules.
* NNuucclleeiicc AAcciiddss Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction
* There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
* DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides All nucleotides contain three components: 1. A nitrogen heterocyclic base 2. A pentose sugar 3. A phosphate residue
* Ribonucleotides have a 2’-OH Deoxyribonucleotides have a 2’-H
* Bases are classified as Pyrimidines or Purines
* Nucleus Cytoplasm replication DNA transcription RNA (mRNA) translation Proteins
* reverse transcription messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
* X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
* 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
Dna structure notes
This document provides information on the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA is made up of genes located on chromosomes, which are made of DNA and proteins. The structure of DNA is a double helix with nitrogen bases sticking out from the sides and pairing with each other through hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine and guanine and cytosine. The sides of the ladder-like structure are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
DNA RNA
Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are essential biological molecules found in the nuclei of living cells. DNA controls cellular functions and heredity by carrying the genetic instructions in its double-stranded structure. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and organic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix with base pairing between adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. RNA also carries out important cellular functions and exists in different types including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Nucleic acid chemistry for 1st year medical 5 04-2016
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. The nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases (purines or pyrimidines) attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA contains the sugars deoxyribose and the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains the sugar ribose and replaces thymine with uracil. Nucleic acids form double-stranded helical structures stabilized by base pairing between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA or adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA.
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This document discusses nucleic acids, their components, and DNA structure. Nucleic acids are made of polynucleotides composed of nucleotides. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, with DNA being double-stranded and RNA single-stranded. Nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups. The bases are either pyrimidines or purines. DNA structure forms a double helix with anti-parallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
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The document discusses nucleic acids and their role in molecular biology. It covers the basic structures of DNA and RNA, including that DNA contains deoxyribose and is double-stranded in its normal state, while RNA contains ribose and exists in several forms involved in protein synthesis. It also summarizes the key discoveries leading to the understanding of DNA as the genetic material, including the elucidation of its double helix structure by Watson and Crick.
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There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between strands. The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 revealed how genetic information is stored and replicated. RNA exists in various forms including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that aid in gene expression and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids have distinctive properties like UV absorption that allow for analysis of their structure and function.
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The document discusses the structure of DNA and genome organization. It describes that DNA is usually composed of two polynucleotide chains twisted around each other in a double helix structure. The backbone of each strand is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate residues, while the bases project inward. The two strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, with adenine pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine. Together, the sugar, phosphate, and base components make up the nucleotides that serve as the fundamental building blocks of DNA.
Structure of DNA
This document summarizes the structure of DNA. It describes that DNA is composed of polynucleotide chains containing nucleotides with pentose sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions and are held together through hydrogen bonding between complementary purine-pyrimidine base pairs. The Watson-Crick model established that DNA forms a right-handed double helix with the bases stacking internally and the sugar-phosphate backbones forming the exterior spiraling strands.
DNA replication1.ppt
The document provides information about DNA and the process of DNA replication:
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond together in pairs to form the double helix structure.
- DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle to make an identical copy of DNA before the cell divides. It begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally.
- The two DNA strands separate and each acts as a template for new complementary strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are later joined.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for life. It exists in the cell nucleus, associated with proteins, and a small amount is found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA has three main components - deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases bond with each other through hydrogen bonding - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the two antiparallel strands coiling around each other and connected by these hydrogen bonds between bases.
Basis of DNA
DNA is a double-stranded molecule that can store and copy information through its base-pairing properties. It is made up of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. DNA can replicate itself using its base-pairing rules to create complementary daughter strands. Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into RNA and translation of RNA into protein. Differential gene expression allows cells to carry out specialized functions despite having the same DNA.
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2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Structure of Nucleic acids
- 1. 1 Lecture: 5 Cell biology Instructor: Shahid Zadran
- 2. Two types of Nucleic Acids • 1) De-oxy Ribonucleic acid • 2) Ribonucleic Acid 2
- 3. 3 DNA • It is linear polymer خطی پلیمر . • Mad up 4 specific Nucleotides ( از ۴ نوکلوتاید نوع هستند خاص ) • DNA is macromolecule which contain information ( اطالعات ) for protein synthesis and cell structure of living organism
- 4. 4 Monomer of Nucleic Acids اسیدها نوکلیک منومرهای • The monomer of DNA and RNA are called Nucleotide نوکلیوتاید. • Nucleotide have three parts: • 1. nitrogenous base • 2. Pentose sugar • 3. phosphate group
- 5. 5 Sugar in DNA and RNA قند ( ای این دی ) و ( ای این ار ) • DNA have deoxyribose sugar • RNA have Ribose Sugar
- 6. 6 Nitrogenous Bases • Nitrogenous bases occur in two shapes: • 1) purine: have two rings ( حلقه دو ) structure (Adenine,Guanin) • 2) pyrimidine: have single ring structure (thymine,cytosine,uracil)
- 8. 8 nitrogenous bases • Cytosine C • Thymine T • Adenine A • Guanine G DNA has four different bases:
- 9. Nucleoside • Sugar + Nitrogenous base is called Nucleoside. 9
- 10. 10 Chargaff’s Rule: • Adenine and Thymine always join together A T • Cytosine and Guanine always join together C G The Number of Adenine always equal to thymine and guanine always equal to cytosine in a
- 12. Primary Structure of DNA . ( ای این دی در اولیه ساختار ) 12
- 13. Primary structure of Nucleic acid • Nucleotides of DNA and RNA are linked through a covalent bond called phosphodiester bond. • This make a long chain of polynucleotides and are called primary structure of DNA or RNA • POLYMERIZATION occur in 5c 3c direction. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. Secondary structure of DNA ای این دی در دوم ساختار • Proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953 • Called DNA double helix structure ( ای دوګانه پیچ مار ساختار ) • Nitrogenous bases are towards center • Purine will always bind with pyrimidine through hydrogen bonds. • Purine with purine or pyrimidine with pyrimidine can not bind with each 15
- 16. Secondary structure • A=T have two hydrogen bonds • G---C have three hydrogen bonds • The two chains in double helix will be anti-parallel. • It means one strand will be (5-3) from top to bottom, and the other will be from (5-3) from bottom to top. 16
- 17. 17
- 18. Minor and Major Groove بزرګ دهانه و کوچک دهانه • Double helix of DNA form two groove called minor and major grove. 18
- 19. DNA Packaging ای این دی بندی بسته 19
- 20. 20
- 21. Nucleosome 21