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‫عمومی‬ ‫زولوژی‬
‫اول‬ ‫لکچر‬
‫پیولوژی‬ ‫پوهنحی‬
‫بیولوژی‬ ‫علم‬ ‫مطالعه‬ ‫هدف‬
2
.1
‫الهی‬ ‫اوامر‬ ‫به‬ ‫عمل‬
(
20
،‫عنکبوت‬ ‫سوره‬
17
‫سوره‬
‫و‬ ‫الغاشیه‬
53
‫فصلت‬ ‫سوره‬
.)
.2
‫سالمتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫صحت‬ ‫حفظ‬ ‫برای‬
.
.3
‫بدانیم‬ ‫خود‬ ‫را‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫مسولیت‬ ‫و‬ ‫نقش‬
.
.4
‫نمایم‬ ‫درک‬ ‫بهتر‬ ‫محیطی‬ ‫واقعات‬
.
‫بیولوژی‬
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬
What is Biology?
▰
Bios
‫و‬ ‫حیات‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫به‬
Logos
‫علم‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫به‬
(
،‫اوریاخیل‬
1398
.)
▰
‫است‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫وظیفوی‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ارثی‬ ،‫ساختمانی‬ ،‫اساسی‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫حجره‬
(
،‫اوریاخیل‬
1398
.)
3
Science
Biological Science Physical Science
•
‫فزیک‬
•
‫کیمیا‬
•
‫شناسی‬ ‫زمین‬
• Botany ‫شناسی‬ ‫نبات‬
• Zoology ‫شناسی‬ ‫حیوان‬
(
،‫اوریاخیل‬
1398
)
‫شکل‬
1
.
‫ایکوسیستم‬ ‫از‬ ‫بخش‬
(
Moore, 2017
)
.
‫زولوژی‬
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬
What is zoology?
4
20,000
‫استخوانی‬ ‫ماهیان‬ ‫نوع‬
300,000
‫نوع‬
‫قانغوزک‬ Cichlidae family
200
-
300
Miller-Harley, 2001)
)
‫شکل‬
2
.
‫افریقایی‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیکلید‬
(
‫الف‬
)
Cynotilapia afra
‫و‬
(
‫ب‬
)
Cyphontilapia fontosa
‫جدول‬
1
.
‫زولوژی‬ ‫مختلفه‬ ‫شقوق‬
.
‫الف‬
‫ب‬
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.1
‫متابولیزم‬
5
‫شکل‬
3
.
‫انواع‬
‫تعامالت‬
‫متابولیزم‬
(
https://deckerst.medium.com/understanding-ketogenesis-anabolism-and-catabolism-710cc96715af
)
.
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.2
‫حرکت‬
Movement
.1
‫عضالت‬ ‫انبساط‬ ‫و‬ ‫انقباض‬
(
‫شکل‬
4
-
‫الف‬
)
.2
Cillia
‫و‬
Falagel
(
‫شکل‬
4
-
‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬
)
.3
‫آمیبی‬ ‫حرکت‬
6
‫شکل‬
4
.
‫انقباض‬
‫و‬
‫انبساط‬
‫عضالت‬
(
‫الف‬
)
،
‫سیلیا‬
(
‫ب‬
)
‫و‬
‫فالجیل‬
(
‫ج‬
)
www.google.com/living/orgnanism/movement
‫الف‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ج‬
.2
‫حرکت‬
Movement
‫آمیبی‬ ‫حرکت‬
(Ameoboid Movement)
7
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
8

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.3
‫انکشاف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نمو‬
Growth and Development
•
‫زنده‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫زیاد‬
‫شکل‬
5
.
‫نمو‬
‫و‬
‫انکشاف‬
‫انسان‬
https://www.google.com/search?q=growth+and+development+
of+living+things
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
9

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.4
‫توافق‬
Adaptation
‫گی‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫با‬ ‫سازگاری‬
،‫ساختمانی‬ ‫توافق‬ ،‫فزیولوژیکی‬ ‫توافق‬
‫مورفولوژیکی‬ ‫توافق‬
‫شکل‬
6
:
‫خرس‬
‫ها‬
‫مناطق‬
‫گرم‬
(
‫الف‬
)
‫و‬
‫مناطق‬
‫سرد‬
(
‫ب‬
)
‫بمنظور‬
‫توافق‬
‫محیط‬
‫رنگ‬
‫های‬
‫جلد‬
‫شان‬
‫متغیر‬
‫است‬
.
https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/692966/
‫الف‬
‫ب‬
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
10

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.5
‫العمل‬ ‫عکس‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تخریش‬
Irritability
‫شکل‬
7
.
‫حساسیت‬
‫به‬
‫نور‬
‫وضعیتی‬
‫است‬
‫که‬
‫در‬
‫آن‬
‫نور‬
‫شدید‬
‫به‬
‫چشم‬
‫آسیب‬
‫می‬
‫رساند‬
https://www.google.com/search?q=Irritability+eye+agianst+light
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
11

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.6
‫تکثر‬
Reproduction
All life comes from living things
‫زوجی‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫تکثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫زوجی‬ ‫تکثر‬
.1
‫انشقاق‬
Fission
.2
Fragmentation
.3
Parthenogenesis
‫شکل‬
8
.
‫سپرم‬
‫و‬
‫تخمه‬
(
‫الف‬
)
،
‫انشقاق‬
(
‫ب‬
)
،
‫فرکمنتیشن‬
‫در‬
‫ستاره‬
‫بحری‬
(
‫ج‬
)
‫و‬
‫پارتینوجینیسس‬
‫در‬
‫زنبور‬
‫عسل‬
https://www.google.com/
(
‫الف‬
) (
‫ب‬
)
(
‫ج‬
) (
‫د‬
)
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
12

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.7
‫ساختمان‬
Structure
•
Protoplasm
‫شکل‬
9
.
‫حجرات‬
،‫حیوانی‬
‫نباتی‬
‫و‬
‫باکتریایی‬
https://www.google.com/
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
13

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.8
‫تنفس‬
Respiration
‫شکل‬
10
.
‫تنفس‬
‫هوازی‬
‫و‬
‫غیر‬
‫هوازی‬
https://www.google.com/
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
14

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.9
‫اطراح‬
Excretion
‫شکل‬
11
.
‫انواع‬
‫مواد‬
‫اطراحیه‬
‫در‬
‫حیوانات‬
https://www.google.com/
‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬
What is living thing?
15

‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬
:
.10
‫گی‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫وقت‬
Life span
•
‫منشأ‬ ‫شروع‬
•
‫انکشاف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نمو‬
•
‫بلوغ‬
•
‫مرگ‬
‫شکل‬
12
.
‫وقت‬
‫زنده‬
‫گی‬
‫انسان‬
https://www.google.com/
‫مأخذ‬
16
▰
،‫اوریاخیل‬
‫قدرت‬
‫هللا‬
;
،‫منیر‬
‫محمد‬
‫همایون‬
;
،‫عرفان‬
‫محمد‬
‫عارف‬
(
1398
)
‫زولوژی‬
‫عمومی‬
.
▰ Miler-Harley (2001) zoology, Fifth edition.
▰ Moore, Donald E (2017) zoology: understanding the animal world.
▰ Www.google.com
17
THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
Shahid.bio@ku.edu.af

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zoology

  • 2. ‫بیولوژی‬ ‫علم‬ ‫مطالعه‬ ‫هدف‬ 2 .1 ‫الهی‬ ‫اوامر‬ ‫به‬ ‫عمل‬ ( 20 ،‫عنکبوت‬ ‫سوره‬ 17 ‫سوره‬ ‫و‬ ‫الغاشیه‬ 53 ‫فصلت‬ ‫سوره‬ .) .2 ‫سالمتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫صحت‬ ‫حفظ‬ ‫برای‬ . .3 ‫بدانیم‬ ‫خود‬ ‫را‬ ‫اجتماعی‬ ‫مسولیت‬ ‫و‬ ‫نقش‬ . .4 ‫نمایم‬ ‫درک‬ ‫بهتر‬ ‫محیطی‬ ‫واقعات‬ .
  • 3. ‫بیولوژی‬ ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ What is Biology? ▰ Bios ‫و‬ ‫حیات‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫به‬ Logos ‫علم‬ ‫معنی‬ ‫به‬ ( ،‫اوریاخیل‬ 1398 .) ▰ ‫است‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫وظیفوی‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ارثی‬ ،‫ساختمانی‬ ،‫اساسی‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫حجره‬ ( ،‫اوریاخیل‬ 1398 .) 3 Science Biological Science Physical Science • ‫فزیک‬ • ‫کیمیا‬ • ‫شناسی‬ ‫زمین‬ • Botany ‫شناسی‬ ‫نبات‬ • Zoology ‫شناسی‬ ‫حیوان‬ ( ،‫اوریاخیل‬ 1398 ) ‫شکل‬ 1 . ‫ایکوسیستم‬ ‫از‬ ‫بخش‬ ( Moore, 2017 ) .
  • 4. ‫زولوژی‬ ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ What is zoology? 4 20,000 ‫استخوانی‬ ‫ماهیان‬ ‫نوع‬ 300,000 ‫نوع‬ ‫قانغوزک‬ Cichlidae family 200 - 300 Miller-Harley, 2001) ) ‫شکل‬ 2 . ‫افریقایی‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیکلید‬ ( ‫الف‬ ) Cynotilapia afra ‫و‬ ( ‫ب‬ ) Cyphontilapia fontosa ‫جدول‬ 1 . ‫زولوژی‬ ‫مختلفه‬ ‫شقوق‬ . ‫الف‬ ‫ب‬
  • 5. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing?  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .1 ‫متابولیزم‬ 5 ‫شکل‬ 3 . ‫انواع‬ ‫تعامالت‬ ‫متابولیزم‬ ( https://deckerst.medium.com/understanding-ketogenesis-anabolism-and-catabolism-710cc96715af ) .
  • 6. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing?  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .2 ‫حرکت‬ Movement .1 ‫عضالت‬ ‫انبساط‬ ‫و‬ ‫انقباض‬ ( ‫شکل‬ 4 - ‫الف‬ ) .2 Cillia ‫و‬ Falagel ( ‫شکل‬ 4 - ‫ج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ ) .3 ‫آمیبی‬ ‫حرکت‬ 6 ‫شکل‬ 4 . ‫انقباض‬ ‫و‬ ‫انبساط‬ ‫عضالت‬ ( ‫الف‬ ) ، ‫سیلیا‬ ( ‫ب‬ ) ‫و‬ ‫فالجیل‬ ( ‫ج‬ ) www.google.com/living/orgnanism/movement ‫الف‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ج‬
  • 7. .2 ‫حرکت‬ Movement ‫آمیبی‬ ‫حرکت‬ (Ameoboid Movement) 7 ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing?
  • 8. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 8  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .3 ‫انکشاف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نمو‬ Growth and Development • ‫زنده‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫زیاد‬ ‫شکل‬ 5 . ‫نمو‬ ‫و‬ ‫انکشاف‬ ‫انسان‬ https://www.google.com/search?q=growth+and+development+ of+living+things
  • 9. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 9  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .4 ‫توافق‬ Adaptation ‫گی‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫با‬ ‫سازگاری‬ ،‫ساختمانی‬ ‫توافق‬ ،‫فزیولوژیکی‬ ‫توافق‬ ‫مورفولوژیکی‬ ‫توافق‬ ‫شکل‬ 6 : ‫خرس‬ ‫ها‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫گرم‬ ( ‫الف‬ ) ‫و‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫سرد‬ ( ‫ب‬ ) ‫بمنظور‬ ‫توافق‬ ‫محیط‬ ‫رنگ‬ ‫های‬ ‫جلد‬ ‫شان‬ ‫متغیر‬ ‫است‬ . https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/692966/ ‫الف‬ ‫ب‬
  • 10. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 10  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .5 ‫العمل‬ ‫عکس‬ ‫یا‬ ‫تخریش‬ Irritability ‫شکل‬ 7 . ‫حساسیت‬ ‫به‬ ‫نور‬ ‫وضعیتی‬ ‫است‬ ‫که‬ ‫در‬ ‫آن‬ ‫نور‬ ‫شدید‬ ‫به‬ ‫چشم‬ ‫آسیب‬ ‫می‬ ‫رساند‬ https://www.google.com/search?q=Irritability+eye+agianst+light
  • 11. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 11  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .6 ‫تکثر‬ Reproduction All life comes from living things ‫زوجی‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫تکثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫زوجی‬ ‫تکثر‬ .1 ‫انشقاق‬ Fission .2 Fragmentation .3 Parthenogenesis ‫شکل‬ 8 . ‫سپرم‬ ‫و‬ ‫تخمه‬ ( ‫الف‬ ) ، ‫انشقاق‬ ( ‫ب‬ ) ، ‫فرکمنتیشن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ستاره‬ ‫بحری‬ ( ‫ج‬ ) ‫و‬ ‫پارتینوجینیسس‬ ‫در‬ ‫زنبور‬ ‫عسل‬ https://www.google.com/ ( ‫الف‬ ) ( ‫ب‬ ) ( ‫ج‬ ) ( ‫د‬ )
  • 12. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 12  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .7 ‫ساختمان‬ Structure • Protoplasm ‫شکل‬ 9 . ‫حجرات‬ ،‫حیوانی‬ ‫نباتی‬ ‫و‬ ‫باکتریایی‬ https://www.google.com/
  • 13. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 13  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .8 ‫تنفس‬ Respiration ‫شکل‬ 10 . ‫تنفس‬ ‫هوازی‬ ‫و‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫هوازی‬ https://www.google.com/
  • 14. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 14  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .9 ‫اطراح‬ Excretion ‫شکل‬ 11 . ‫انواع‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫اطراحیه‬ ‫در‬ ‫حیوانات‬ https://www.google.com/
  • 15. ‫است؟‬ ‫چی‬ ‫حیه‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫یا‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫موجود‬ What is living thing? 15  ‫زنده‬ ‫موجودات‬ ‫گانه‬ ‫ده‬ ‫خصوصیات‬ : .10 ‫گی‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫وقت‬ Life span • ‫منشأ‬ ‫شروع‬ • ‫انکشاف‬ ‫و‬ ‫نمو‬ • ‫بلوغ‬ • ‫مرگ‬ ‫شکل‬ 12 . ‫وقت‬ ‫زنده‬ ‫گی‬ ‫انسان‬ https://www.google.com/
  • 17. 17 THANKS! Any questions? You can find me at Shahid.bio@ku.edu.af