Il Surrealismo si fonda sull'idea di un grado di realtà superiore connesso a certe forme d'associazione finora trascurate, sull'onnipotenza del sogno, sul gioco disinteressato del pensiero. Tende a liquidare definitivamente tutti gli altri meccanismi psichici e a sostituirsi ad essi nella risoluzione dei principali problemi della vita
Il Manifesto viene preceduto da una polemica, quando Breton dichiara che Simbolismo e Cubismo erano ormai superati. La polemica riguarda anche il nome del movimento, che non sarebbe stato una novità, bensì già utilizzato da Guillaume Apollinaire nella sua critica sull'Orfismo. Il Manifesto verrà inserito come prefazione ad un testo di Breton dal titolo Poisson Soluble, una raccolta di prose delle quali 32 sono automatiche.
Il Surrealismo si fonda sull'idea di un grado di realtà superiore connesso a certe forme d'associazione finora trascurate, sull'onnipotenza del sogno, sul gioco disinteressato del pensiero. Tende a liquidare definitivamente tutti gli altri meccanismi psichici e a sostituirsi ad essi nella risoluzione dei principali problemi della vita
Il Manifesto viene preceduto da una polemica, quando Breton dichiara che Simbolismo e Cubismo erano ormai superati. La polemica riguarda anche il nome del movimento, che non sarebbe stato una novità, bensì già utilizzato da Guillaume Apollinaire nella sua critica sull'Orfismo. Il Manifesto verrà inserito come prefazione ad un testo di Breton dal titolo Poisson Soluble, una raccolta di prose delle quali 32 sono automatiche.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory. It begins with an introduction to Giddens and his rejection of views that see social structures as either completely determining human agency or views that see humans as completely free. It then examines key aspects of Giddens' theory, including the duality of structure, the types of social structures, and the concepts of agency and the relationship between micro and macro levels of analysis. Finally, it discusses connections between Structuration Theory and human geography, particularly in understanding urban environments and the complex relationships between individuals and social forces within cities.
Anthony Giddens is a prominent British sociologist known for his theory of structuration and holistic view of modern societies. He has authored over 34 books published in 29 languages. Giddens grew up in a lower-middle class family in London and was the first in his family to attend university. He received degrees from the University of Hull, London School of Economics, and PhD from King's College, Cambridge. Giddens started his career teaching social psychology at the University of Leicester.
This document discusses the use of structuration theory in information systems research. It covers several key points:
1) Structuration theory examines the relationship between individuals and society, and how the two are interdependent rather than independent.
2) While Giddens did not focus on technology, structuration theory is believed to have potential for understanding the role of technology in society.
3) Studies using structuration theory in IS research have often misinterpreted or selectively used Giddens' original ideas, failing to consider his full theoretical perspectives.
The document summarizes Wanda Orlikowski's 2000 paper that proposes a "practice lens" for examining how technologies are enacted in organizational settings. It suggests technologies and their use are continually evolving through human interaction rather than being static artifacts. An empirical example examines how the Lotus Notes software was used differently by various user groups in an organization, enacting multiple "technologies-in-practice." The practice lens views human agency as ongoingly constituting the structures around a technology through its recurrent use.
The document discusses how businesses can use Twitter to engage customers and prospects. It outlines common business goals for using Twitter like building followers, branding the experience, and adding value to conversations. The document also provides statistics on Twitter demographics and recommends best practices for businesses like using tools and addons, engaging in conversations on mobile, and leveraging retweets to amplify messages.
Adaptive Structuration Theory proposes that group decision making is influenced, not determined, by factors such as composition, communication networks, and norms. It moves beyond theories of strict determinism or phases of group development. The theory describes how groups both reproduce existing social structures through interaction but can also adapt rules and resources to accomplish goals and transform structures over time through communication.
1) The document discusses the concept of agency and its potential uses and applications in archaeology. It outlines the early development of agency theory through thinkers like Bourdieu and Giddens.
2) Agency can help archaeologists study individual actions and social change over time by examining patterns in material culture that represent shared behaviors or "doxa". Identifying changes in doxa may reveal instances of individual agency.
3) The document argues that for agency theory to truly impact archaeology, archaeologists must develop methods specific to identifying agency in the archaeological record and use agency to help interpret issues like technology, social roles, and worldviews.
This document provides an overview of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) including its origins, key concepts, and criticism. It describes ANT's development by French sociologist Bruno Latour and how it views innovation as the result of socio-technical networks rather than a distinction between social and technical factors. The document outlines some of ANT's core principles such as impartiality and symmetry when examining actors. It also discusses key ANT concepts like translation and moments of translation in how actors become aligned. Criticism of ANT notes its lack of consideration of power dynamics and highly descriptive nature.
The document discusses networks and network theory. It defines what a network is and provides examples of networks in nature, society, and technology. It also discusses key network concepts like nodes, edges, average path length, clustering coefficients, and different types of networks including random, lattice, and small-world networks. Power laws and scale-free networks are also covered.
The document discusses agency theory, which addresses the conflict that can arise between principals and agents in organizations. It defines key agency theory concepts like asymmetric information and defines agency theory assumptions around self-interest and bounded rationality. It provides examples of how agency theory applies to the relationship between shareholders and managers, and the role of audit committees in addressing agency problems. The document also discusses criticisms of agency theory and calls for making it more institutionally sensitive.
Introduction forFidel, R., Mark Pejtersen, A., Cleal, B., & Bruce, H. (2004). A multidimensional approach to the study of human information interaction: A case study of collaborative information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(11), 939-953.
This document describes an F-shaped score analysis method for evaluating website homepage design strategies. The method involves:
1. Chunking homepage content into categories like Promote, Product, Tools, etc.
2. Assigning scores to content chunks based on their visual attention area on the page.
3. Comparing scores across websites to identify different homepage design patterns.
The document provides an example analysis of 8 telecom company homepages using this method to classify their strategies.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Anthony Giddens' Structuration Theory. It begins with an introduction to Giddens and his rejection of views that see social structures as either completely determining human agency or views that see humans as completely free. It then examines key aspects of Giddens' theory, including the duality of structure, the types of social structures, and the concepts of agency and the relationship between micro and macro levels of analysis. Finally, it discusses connections between Structuration Theory and human geography, particularly in understanding urban environments and the complex relationships between individuals and social forces within cities.
Anthony Giddens is a prominent British sociologist known for his theory of structuration and holistic view of modern societies. He has authored over 34 books published in 29 languages. Giddens grew up in a lower-middle class family in London and was the first in his family to attend university. He received degrees from the University of Hull, London School of Economics, and PhD from King's College, Cambridge. Giddens started his career teaching social psychology at the University of Leicester.
This document discusses the use of structuration theory in information systems research. It covers several key points:
1) Structuration theory examines the relationship between individuals and society, and how the two are interdependent rather than independent.
2) While Giddens did not focus on technology, structuration theory is believed to have potential for understanding the role of technology in society.
3) Studies using structuration theory in IS research have often misinterpreted or selectively used Giddens' original ideas, failing to consider his full theoretical perspectives.
The document summarizes Wanda Orlikowski's 2000 paper that proposes a "practice lens" for examining how technologies are enacted in organizational settings. It suggests technologies and their use are continually evolving through human interaction rather than being static artifacts. An empirical example examines how the Lotus Notes software was used differently by various user groups in an organization, enacting multiple "technologies-in-practice." The practice lens views human agency as ongoingly constituting the structures around a technology through its recurrent use.
The document discusses how businesses can use Twitter to engage customers and prospects. It outlines common business goals for using Twitter like building followers, branding the experience, and adding value to conversations. The document also provides statistics on Twitter demographics and recommends best practices for businesses like using tools and addons, engaging in conversations on mobile, and leveraging retweets to amplify messages.
Adaptive Structuration Theory proposes that group decision making is influenced, not determined, by factors such as composition, communication networks, and norms. It moves beyond theories of strict determinism or phases of group development. The theory describes how groups both reproduce existing social structures through interaction but can also adapt rules and resources to accomplish goals and transform structures over time through communication.
1) The document discusses the concept of agency and its potential uses and applications in archaeology. It outlines the early development of agency theory through thinkers like Bourdieu and Giddens.
2) Agency can help archaeologists study individual actions and social change over time by examining patterns in material culture that represent shared behaviors or "doxa". Identifying changes in doxa may reveal instances of individual agency.
3) The document argues that for agency theory to truly impact archaeology, archaeologists must develop methods specific to identifying agency in the archaeological record and use agency to help interpret issues like technology, social roles, and worldviews.
This document provides an overview of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) including its origins, key concepts, and criticism. It describes ANT's development by French sociologist Bruno Latour and how it views innovation as the result of socio-technical networks rather than a distinction between social and technical factors. The document outlines some of ANT's core principles such as impartiality and symmetry when examining actors. It also discusses key ANT concepts like translation and moments of translation in how actors become aligned. Criticism of ANT notes its lack of consideration of power dynamics and highly descriptive nature.
The document discusses networks and network theory. It defines what a network is and provides examples of networks in nature, society, and technology. It also discusses key network concepts like nodes, edges, average path length, clustering coefficients, and different types of networks including random, lattice, and small-world networks. Power laws and scale-free networks are also covered.
The document discusses agency theory, which addresses the conflict that can arise between principals and agents in organizations. It defines key agency theory concepts like asymmetric information and defines agency theory assumptions around self-interest and bounded rationality. It provides examples of how agency theory applies to the relationship between shareholders and managers, and the role of audit committees in addressing agency problems. The document also discusses criticisms of agency theory and calls for making it more institutionally sensitive.
Introduction forFidel, R., Mark Pejtersen, A., Cleal, B., & Bruce, H. (2004). A multidimensional approach to the study of human information interaction: A case study of collaborative information retrieval. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(11), 939-953.
This document describes an F-shaped score analysis method for evaluating website homepage design strategies. The method involves:
1. Chunking homepage content into categories like Promote, Product, Tools, etc.
2. Assigning scores to content chunks based on their visual attention area on the page.
3. Comparing scores across websites to identify different homepage design patterns.
The document provides an example analysis of 8 telecom company homepages using this method to classify their strategies.
Informetrcs (2010)課堂導讀: Chapter 3
De Bellis, N. (2009). Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to cybermetrics: Scarecrow.
The document discusses the history and development of cybernetics. It describes how systems have become increasingly complex over time, making it impossible for individuals to master all fields of knowledge as Leonardo Da Vinci once did. Cybernetics emerged in the 1940s as an interdisciplinary science focused on understanding systems through the study of feedback and self-regulation. Pioneers like Norbert Wiener drew insights from examples of homeostasis in biological systems and worked to design machines that could self-regulate like living things through feedback loops. This established cybernetics as a new way of understanding how complex systems function and adapt.
This document discusses various creative thinking tools and techniques that can be used to generate research topic ideas, including unlearning, positive-negative-interesting analysis, means-ends analysis, mind maps, concept maps, discussion, and the 6W1H questioning framework. It also provides examples of how these techniques can be applied, such as using means-ends analysis to break down the purposes, values, functions, and processes involved, or using mind maps to visually organize ideas.
Information Behavior: Theories, Models & Studies (20091208)Charles (XXC) Chen
This document discusses different conceptual frameworks for studying information behavior. It covers cognitive approaches, which focus on how individuals perceive and process information based on their world views and mental models. Social approaches are also discussed, which examine how social contexts and relationships influence information meaning and value. The document provides examples of classic models from these perspectives, such as Ellis's information seeking model and Chatman's work on information poverty.
The document discusses the role of an information architect and user experience design. It provides examples of how information architects work with designers to structure websites and ensure the architecture meets user needs. The information architect's role is to organize information and ensure the structure and navigation of a site works intuitively for users.
The document discusses different metaphors used in web design and development such as interfaces, films/multimedia, buildings/spaces, systems/applications, and industrial products. It provides examples of teams, deliverables, and artifacts for each metaphor. The document was presented by Charles Chen and provides further reading on communicating design and effective prototyping.
4. Wanda J. Orlikowski JoAnne Yates
Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Sloan Distinguished Professor of
Management Management
Professor of Information Professor of Managerial
Technologies and Organization Communication
Studies Deputy Dean
5. Structuration Theory Genre Theory
1984
Giddens (1984) Miller (1984)
Structuration Theory Genre as Social Action
1986
Barley (1986)
CT Scanner
1988
Yates (1989)
1990 Memo
1992
Orlikowski (1992) Orlikowski (1992) Yates & Orlikowski (1992)
Lotus Notes Duration of Tech. Genre as Structuration Rule
1994
Orlikowski & Yates (1994)
Genre repertoire
1996
Yates, Orlikowski & Rennecker (1997)
Collaborative genres
1998 Yates, Orlikowski &
Yoshioka, Herman, Yates
Yates, Orlikowski (1998) Okamura (1999) Yates & Orlikowski (2002)
& Orlikowski(2001)
Genre systems Explicit and implicit Genre systems
structuring of genre Genre taxonomy
7. 結構化理論 Structuration Theory
結構化一詞我最初是從法語借用來的
structuration
我想要強調社會生活的川流不息。我們應當不
僅僅把社會生活看作遠處的社會,或者僅僅看
作近處的個人的產物,而是應當把它當作人們
Anthony Giddens
1999 所進行的一系列持續不斷的活動和實踐,這些
activity and practice
活動與實踐同時還複製著較大規模的機構與制
度。這就是最初的想法。
通過能動和結構,我把反覆發生的社會實踐置
agency structure social practice
於社會科學涵義的核心位置。
Giddens, A、Pierson, C.(2002)。現代性:紀登斯訪談錄(Conversations with Anthony Giddens)(尹
宏毅譯)。台北:聯經。 頁52
8. 資源 resources
規則 rules
結構
Structure
行動
結構與能動二重性
Duality of structure and
agency: the structure is the
medium and the outcome of
the actions of the agent.
能動者
= 社會實踐
Social Practice
Action Agent
9. Karl Marx
Sociology: Capital
(1867)
1880
Émile Durkheim
Sociology: Structure
1900 (1895) Edmund Husserl
Max Weber
Sociology: Action
(1915)
1920
George Herbert Mead
Mind, Self, and Society
1940 (1934) Talcott Parsons
The Structure of Social Action
(1937) Alfred Schutz
Erving Goffman The Phenomenology of the Social World
1960
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 在場世界、共同在場、共同知識
routines例行生活
(1967)
(1959)
1980
2000 Anthony Giddens
Structuration Theory
(1984)
10. 客觀描繪社會結構 詮釋社會互動意義
Objectivism Interpreation
Collectivism Individualism
Max Weber
Émile Durkheim Sociology: Action
Sociology: Structure
(1915)
(1895)
Talcott Parsons Alfred Schutz
The Phenomenology of the Social World
The Structure of Social Action
(1967)
(1937)
Erving Goffman
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
(1959)
結構 能動
Structure Agency
Anthony Giddens
Structuration Theory
(1984)
16. 組織研究應用結構化理論: 結構與能動者的迭代
The iteration of structure and agents
技術是一種社會上的物體,而非物理上的物體。
而結構是一種過程,而非存在的實體。
“Technology is treated as a social rather than a physical object, and structure
is conceptualized as a process rather than an entity.”
Barley 1986
Barley, S. R. (1986). Technology as an Occasion for Structuring: Evidence from Observations of CT Scanners and the Social
Order of Radiology Departments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(1), 78-108.
18. 文體(文類)
Genre
• 傳統文學文體: 是基於主題與形式的類別,如悲劇、喜劇、
小說、史詩等
In traditional literary scholarship (e.g., Holman, 1972), the term genre was typically and loosely defined to mean a
classification based on form and topic, such as a tragedy, a comedy, the novel, and the epic.(p.300)
• 修辭學文體: 被區分的更細,包含了形式、主題、聽眾、情
境等。
• Bitzer (1968:8)的修辭情境(Rhetorical situation):
• 目的(某事需要被完成) exigence
• 聽者(被傳達或被影響的) an audience
• 限制(構成情境的:人物、事件、對象、關係)constraints
19. 修辭文體
Rhetorical genre
文體是一種社會行動
• 是一種社會知識:一種物體、事件、偏好、與
目的的共同建構;
• 不只是將它們連結在一起(歸類),也創造了
他們(意義建構)
• 一種具體化的社會需求。為了回應這種具體化
的社會需求,人們訂定各種類型的修辭文類活
動。
Miller, C. (1984). Genre as social action. Quarterly Journal of speech, 70(2), 151-167.
20. 組織傳播中的文體
Genres of Organization communication
• 組織傳播文體(如,推薦信或提案書)是一種類型化傳播行
動,由周期性情境所形成。
A genre of organizational communication (e.g., a recommendation letter or a proposal) is a typified communicative
action invoked in response to a recurrent situation.
• 文體由內涵(substance)與形式(form)所構成
• 內涵: 指社會動機、主題類型、在傳播中被傳達的主旨
• 形式: 指可觀察的文字傳播物質(如,書信內的敬語,計畫書
的標準章節)
• 根據 Giddens 的結構化理論,文體是一種社會規則。
21. 備忘錄(便箋)在組織傳播中的興起與制度化
Emergence and Institutionalization of Memo Genre in Organization Communication
制度面: 組織傳播的文類
組織傳播的行動
Mid 1800s: 1870-1920: 1920s-1970s: 1970s-1990:
小企業 企業增長。系統化管理理論興起, 標題(from, to, 電子郵件系統。
企業外部或遠距溝 內部溝通由口語轉為傾向書面文件 subject, date)的標
通使用商業書信 準化 打字機與專業打字員
打字機與專業打字員
商業書信用語的簡 吊掛檔案夾系統
吊掛檔案夾系統(vertical filing)與單 化 (vertical filing)與單行
行文件名稱 文件名稱。
23. 以文體進行組織傳播研究的方法
Methods of Studying Genres of Organizational Communication
• 同時性分析:找出既有文體的傳播、媒體使用與情境脈絡
Synchronic analysis: identify the existing genres influencing communication and media use within
certain contexts
• 歷時性分析:探究在組織傳播行動中,文體的生產、再生產
與演變過程
Diachronic analysis: investigate the production, reproduction, and change of genres through
communicative action over time
• 歷史性研究:Yates 進行便箋研究的方法
• 實地研究
• 實驗研究的難題
Problems in laboratory experiments
25. Gerardine DeSanctis Marshall Scott Poole
Thomas F. Keller Professor of David and Margaret Romano
Business Administration at Duke Professorial Scholar
University University of Illinois at Urbana-
1954 – 2005, R.I.P. Champaign
26. 為何要冠上 “Adaptive(適應)”?
• 理論背景與動機:
組織中採用先進資訊技術與資訊管理工具,希望將組織變得
更好,但往往事與願違。為甚麼?
• “科技發明忽略了人們如何使用它。因此,科技實際被使用的
情境通常與預期不同。面對新科技,人們會選擇適應它,或
選擇抗拒它;而人們使用電腦的行為無奇不有……”
…the effects of advanced technologies are less a function of the technologies themselves than of how they are used by people. For this reason, actual behavior
in the context of advanced technologies frequently differs from the intended“ impacts (Kiesler 1986, Markus and Robey 1988, Siegel, Dubrovsky, Kiesler and
McGuire 1986). People adapt systems to their particular work needs, or they resist them or fail to use them at all; and there are wide variances in the patterns of
computer use and, consequently, their effects on decision making and other outcomes.
• 目的:
透過AST,闡明先進技術的背後的社會結構,與人們運用先
進技術的過程及影響。進而能改進設計,規劃更好的教育訓
練計畫、與更妥善的將技術導入組織中,以促進組織生產力。
27. AST 的信念
• “適應結構化理論認為,資訊科技的導入引發調適的結構化過
程,能導致組織社會互動中的規則與資源改變。”(pp.142-3)
AST argues that advanced information technologies trigger adaptive structurational processes which,
over time, can lead to changes in the rules and resources that organizations use in social interaction.
29. DeSanctis & Gallupe (1987)
組織變革研究學派 DeSanctis and Poole (1988)
DeSanctis and Dickson (1988)
觀點學派 特徵 理論
決策學派 著重技術工程 決策理論
嚴格的決定論
decision theory (Keen and Scott Morton 1978)
Decision-making School
任務技術
靜態的行為模型 task-technology "fit" (Jarvenpaa 1989)
實證主義取向的研究方法論 垃圾桶模式
"garbage can" models (Pinfield 1986)
個殊(ideographic?)、跨領域的研究設計
社會技術學派 著重於技術與社會結構 社會科技系統理論
sociotechnical systems theory (Bostrom
Social Technology School and Heinen 1977, Pasmore 1988)
鬆散的決定論 結構符號互動理論
混合的行為模型
structural symbolic interaction theory
(Saunders and Jones 1990, Trevino et al. 1987)
實證與詮釋論取向的研究方法論 應用 結構化理論/模型
Barley's (1990) application of structuration theory;
Orlikowski's (1992) structurational model
適應性結構化理論
adaptive structuration theory
制度學派 著重社會結構 分隔制度
非決定論(by chance?)
segmented institutional (Kling 1980)
Institutional School
社會性資訊歷程
純粹歷程的行為模型 social information processing (Fulk et al. 1987,
Salancik and Pfeffer 1978, Walther 1992)
詮釋取向研究方法論 符號互動論
symbolic interactionism (Blumer 1969, Reichers 1987)
正宗結構化理論
structuration theory (Giddens 1979) research designs
30. AST 中的結構
• “適應結構化理論著重於社會結構,技術與制度所提供的規則
與資源是人類活動的基礎”
AST focuses on social structures, rules and resources provided by technologies and institutions as the
basis for human activity.
• “資訊科技是社會結構”
Advanced Information Technologies as Social Structures
正當性結構 支配結構 意義結構
Legitimation Domination Signification
科技的精神 功能架構
結構的模態 Spirit; Structural features
Modality 預期使用者如何看待這 如: DeSanctis & Gallupe 定義三層次
項技術;設計者的意圖 GDSS
結構中的互動 ? ? ?
Interaction
• NOTICE: 不同於Giddens所定義的結構
31. 科技的構面與命題 P7.
P6.
P5.
P4.
P3.
P2.
P1.
Major Constructs and Propositions of ASI 資訊科技與其他社會結構來源、預期
根據全體內部系統的不同,導致不同
根據資訊科技的挪用類型,而有不同
在群體互動中呈現的新社會結構持續
在社會互動中,產生新的結構來源,
資訊科技結構的使用會依據任務、環
資訊科技提供的社會結構有「功能」
挪用程序、符合任務的決策程序,將
類型的資訊科技挪用
的群體決策程序
的被挪用
如技術、任務、環境結構等
境與其他社會結構來源的不同,而有
與「精神」兩方面。不同的功能與精
會產生期望中的資訊科技使用結果。
所不同anstructuresappropriatedvary depending nature then
神會導致不同的社會互動形式social interaction.
The sources of structure emergewill the technology, the rules AIT
Group decision processes will vary depending on as on the group's
Newnature structures emerge in group interaction thetask, and and internal
social of AIT appropriations as
system
appropriations.
resources of
environmental AIT are are applied during the course of
in a given context and
of
科技的結構: Given AIT in other may vary over time.
reproducedstructuresinteraction social be on the task, the environment,
Use provide social structures that can structure, and ideal appropriation
AITsofAIT andgroup sources of dependingdescribed in terms of their
• 功能 processes, and decision processes that fit uary in at of social structures.
and other contingencies that offer alternative tasktheir spirit and desired
features and spirit. To the extent that AITs thesources hand, then structural
outcomes of AIT use will result.
features sets, different forms of social interaction are encouraged by
限制 the technology.
複雜度
完整度
• 精神 決策產出:
決策程序 • 效率
領導 • 品質
效益 • 一致性
衝突管理 • 承諾
氛圍
結構的挪用: 決策程序:
• 挪用動作 • 概念產生
• 挪用的忠誠度 • 參與
• 設備使用 • 衝突管理
其他結構來源: • 任務產出 • 影響行為
• 持續挪用 • 任務管理
• 任務
• 組織環境
新社會結構:
• 規則
群體的內部系統: 進行中的結構來源: • 資源
• 互動風格 • 科技產出
• 知識與經驗 • 任務產出
• 對其他知識的感知 • 組織環境產出
• 對挪用的同意
32. Appropriation 挪用/盜用
• 一群使用者,在特定時間、脈絡中應用特定技術規則或資源。
我們把這種直接的、可見的行動證據,視為挪用技術的結構
化過程。
“a group's application of a specific technology-based rule or resource within a specific context and at a
specific point in time. We will call the immediate, visible actions that evidence deeper structuration
processes appropriations of the technology (Ollman 1971).”
33. 挪用動作的類型編碼表
Types of Appropriation Moves
挪用動作 類型
直接使用(保留既有結構) 直接挪用
Direct Use Direct appropriation
參考其他結構 代用/部份使用
Relate to Other Structures Substitution
結合使用
Combination
擴大/引申
Enlargement
對照
Contrast
迫使採用(解釋結構) 迫使
Constrain the Structure Constraint
對結構的判斷 採用
Express Judgments About the Structure Affirmation
負面
Negation
中立
Neutrality
34. 歷時性分析
Diachronic Analysis
1. 描述科技的結構
Describe the structure of the AIT
2. 描述其他結構
Describe other available structures
3. 描述群體的組成
Describe the group composition.
4. 發展科技挪用的假設
Develop hypotheses about AIT appropriation.
5. 評估科技挪用的程度、信任度、設備使用、挪用的態度
Assess extent of AIT appropriation, degree of faithful we, types of instrumental uses, and attitudes toward appropriation.
6. 發展決策過程的假設
Develop hypotheses about decision processes.
7. 評估決策過程
Assess decision processes.
8. 發展決策產出的預測,與新社會結構
Develop predictions about decision outcomes and new social structures.
9. 評估決策產出
Assess decision outcomes.
10. 描述新社會結構
Describe new social structures.