Stresspresent5 10
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The document discusses stress and the body's stress response systems. It explains that there are two main nervous systems - the sympathetic ("fight or flight") and parasympathetic ("rest and digest"). The sympathetic system activates the body's stress response, while the parasympathetic calms the body down. It notes that in modern life, people often get stuck in an overactive stress response, which can lead to health issues like heart disease or obesity over time. The document recommends strengthening executive functions, relaxation techniques, exercise, social support, and spiritual connection to help balance the stress response systems.
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Stress physiology
1) Stress is the body's response to challenges that prepares it for "fight or flight". Acute, short-term stress is adaptive but chronic stress takes a toll.
2) Chronic stress activates the hormone cortisol which initially helps the body resist stressors but over time leads to issues like high blood pressure, reduced immunity, memory problems and weight gain.
3) The body can recover from stress if the stressor is removed but prolonged stress without recovery can damage health and even lead to death from conditions like heart attack. Maintaining social connections, sleep, nutrition and exercise can help mitigate the effects of stress.
2. Body Response To Stress
The document summarizes key aspects of stress, including:
1. Stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between demands placed on an individual and their ability to cope.
2. There are two main pathways by which stress responses occur in the body - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway and the hypothalamic-autonomic nervous system-adrenal medulla pathway.
3. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway involves the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to release ACTH, activating the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids into the bloodstream, producing physiological effects like increased heart rate.
Stress (Physiology)
This is a presentation made on stress and related problems related to physiological aspects of it. It also explains General Adaption Syndrome i.e our bodies response to stressor hormone like Oxytocin and cortisol in basic 3 stages, also some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. It gives you general idea about the "Stress curve" .
Intro, hpa and sam
The document discusses the physiological response to stress, describing how acute stress triggers the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary pathway to prepare the body for fight or flight through reactions like increased heart rate, while chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over the long term through hormones like corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. It also notes there are individual differences in what causes stress and how people physiologically respond.
Stress and the human body
This document discusses stress, defining it as the emotional and physical strain caused by responding to pressure. It notes that stress is present from birth and can affect anyone. While some positive stress can motivate, excessive stress undermines performance and health. The body's fight or flight response releases stress hormones that increase heart rate and blood flow to prepare the body for emergency action. Constant stress can increase health risks like high blood pressure, heart attacks, and asthma attacks. However, stress can also be managed and used to advantage by letting go of unwanted thoughts and evolving as a person.
Effects Of Stress On The Nervous System
The document discusses the effects of stress on the nervous system. It describes how the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for expending energy and initiates the stress response, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and induces relaxation. Long-term chronic stress can lead to serious health problems. Stress causes the release of hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol from the adrenal glands. Excess cortisol can disturb neurotransmitters and be linked to depression, anxiety, insomnia, obesity, and pain. Stress can ultimately exhaust the adrenal glands over time. Conditions associated with adrenal exhaustion include increased infections, fatigue, headaches, cancer, and hypoglycemia. The document recommends managing
Sam & hpa systems
The SAM system is the fast reaction to stress and activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla to quickly release adrenaline and noradrenaline, producing the fight or flight response and associated physiological changes. The HPA system is slower acting and controls cortisol and other hormone levels, with the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to produce ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex into releasing cortisol, providing sustained energy for dealing with prolonged stressful situations.
The End Of Stress
This document discusses stress and its effects on the body and brain. It describes how stress is processed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hormones like cortisol. Prolonged or chronic stress can lead to allostatic load, damaging the hippocampus and amygdala over time and impairing memory, cognitive function, and immune response. The brain plays a key role in perceiving and responding to stressors, and rewiring of neural pathways through extinction learning in the prefrontal cortex is important for overcoming fear responses.
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Stress physiology
1) Stress is the body's response to challenges that prepares it for "fight or flight". Acute, short-term stress is adaptive but chronic stress takes a toll.
2) Chronic stress activates the hormone cortisol which initially helps the body resist stressors but over time leads to issues like high blood pressure, reduced immunity, memory problems and weight gain.
3) The body can recover from stress if the stressor is removed but prolonged stress without recovery can damage health and even lead to death from conditions like heart attack. Maintaining social connections, sleep, nutrition and exercise can help mitigate the effects of stress.
2. Body Response To Stress
The document summarizes key aspects of stress, including:
1. Stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between demands placed on an individual and their ability to cope.
2. There are two main pathways by which stress responses occur in the body - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway and the hypothalamic-autonomic nervous system-adrenal medulla pathway.
3. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex pathway involves the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to release ACTH, activating the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids into the bloodstream, producing physiological effects like increased heart rate.
Stress (Physiology)
This is a presentation made on stress and related problems related to physiological aspects of it. It also explains General Adaption Syndrome i.e our bodies response to stressor hormone like Oxytocin and cortisol in basic 3 stages, also some of the sympathetic and parasympathetic functions. It gives you general idea about the "Stress curve" .
Intro, hpa and sam
The document discusses the physiological response to stress, describing how acute stress triggers the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary pathway to prepare the body for fight or flight through reactions like increased heart rate, while chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis over the long term through hormones like corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. It also notes there are individual differences in what causes stress and how people physiologically respond.
Stress and the human body
This document discusses stress, defining it as the emotional and physical strain caused by responding to pressure. It notes that stress is present from birth and can affect anyone. While some positive stress can motivate, excessive stress undermines performance and health. The body's fight or flight response releases stress hormones that increase heart rate and blood flow to prepare the body for emergency action. Constant stress can increase health risks like high blood pressure, heart attacks, and asthma attacks. However, stress can also be managed and used to advantage by letting go of unwanted thoughts and evolving as a person.
Effects Of Stress On The Nervous System
The document discusses the effects of stress on the nervous system. It describes how the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for expending energy and initiates the stress response, while the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and induces relaxation. Long-term chronic stress can lead to serious health problems. Stress causes the release of hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol from the adrenal glands. Excess cortisol can disturb neurotransmitters and be linked to depression, anxiety, insomnia, obesity, and pain. Stress can ultimately exhaust the adrenal glands over time. Conditions associated with adrenal exhaustion include increased infections, fatigue, headaches, cancer, and hypoglycemia. The document recommends managing
Sam & hpa systems
The SAM system is the fast reaction to stress and activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla to quickly release adrenaline and noradrenaline, producing the fight or flight response and associated physiological changes. The HPA system is slower acting and controls cortisol and other hormone levels, with the hypothalamus signaling the pituitary gland to produce ACTH to stimulate the adrenal cortex into releasing cortisol, providing sustained energy for dealing with prolonged stressful situations.
The End Of Stress
This document discusses stress and its effects on the body and brain. It describes how stress is processed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and hormones like cortisol. Prolonged or chronic stress can lead to allostatic load, damaging the hippocampus and amygdala over time and impairing memory, cognitive function, and immune response. The brain plays a key role in perceiving and responding to stressors, and rewiring of neural pathways through extinction learning in the prefrontal cortex is important for overcoming fear responses.
Physiology of stress
The document discusses the physiology of stress through several topics:
1) It outlines the autonomic nervous system responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
2) It discusses psychological concepts related to stress including eustress (good stress), distress (harmful stress), and coping mechanisms.
3) Some coping mechanisms mentioned are controlling the stress source, limiting demands from others, relaxation techniques, exercise, and social support. Having support from a loved one is especially effective at reducing stress.
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An overview of what happens inside our body when we encounter situations where we have to quickly decide whether to fight freeze or flee away.
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This document discusses physiological stress and the body's response. It defines stress as pressures or demands (stressors) that force a response from the body. The stress response is an innate reaction to maintain homeostasis. Stressors can be physical, chemical, biological, or environmental events that disturb homeostasis. The body responds to acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) stress differently. The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are involved in the stress response. Repeated exposure to stress hormones can damage brain tissue and increase aging. Stress can indirectly cause physical illness by changing health behaviors like smoking or directly by suppressing the immune system. Both behavioral and physiological factors link stress to disease.
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The document discusses the fight or flight response and how it relates to stress. It explains that the fight or flight response was an evolutionary mechanism for responding to physical threats but now often gets triggered by psychological stress. Some tips provided for dealing with the response include deep breathing, removing yourself from the stressful situation, exercise like running or star jumps, relaxation techniques, massage, and regular exercise.
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The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in the central stress response system. The HPA axis activates in response to stressors and involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then signals the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, helping the body adapt. If stress continues long-term, the HPA axis can become dysregulated, impairing the body's defenses and health. The General Adaptation Syndrome model also describes the three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - that the body progresses
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The document discusses the physiology of stress in humans. It explains that stress is the body's response to any difficult event or stressor, whether physical, psychological, or social. The body's stress response evolved in our ancestors to help them fight or flee from threats. When stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, causing changes like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar that provide energy for fighting or fleeing. While this response was useful for surviving threats in the past, modern stressors are often chronic and the stress response can be harmful if constantly activated. Prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system over time.
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The document discusses the impact of stress on hormone production and symptoms. It explains that stress increases cortisol production, which uses the same building blocks needed to produce sex hormones. This leads to lower levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. The combination of lower sex hormones and increased stress hormones can explain symptoms like hot flashes, poor sleep, anxiety, and low libido. Managing stress and supporting overall wellness in the workplace can help increase productivity and employee satisfaction.
The Effects of Stress And The Brain
This document discusses the impact of stress on brain development and learning. It defines acute and chronic stress and explains how both trigger the stress response in the body. Prolonged stress can impair cognitive functioning through its effects on brain structures like the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Early life stress can also increase vulnerability to mental health issues. The document recommends learning stress management techniques and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to mitigate the harmful effects of stress.
Chronic stress
This document provides an overview of chronic stress and a holistic approach to dealing with it. It discusses how chronic stress contributes to diseases like diabetes and heart disease by disrupting hormone levels over long periods of time. Key ways to manage chronic stress discussed are improving diet, getting adequate sleep, managing psychosocial stressors, and regular exercise. The document delves into topics like how food and lifestyle have changed from a wellness perspective. It provides guidance on making diet more anti-inflammatory by emphasizing vegetables and limiting processed foods and grains. Adequate vitamin D and fish oil intake are also recommended to help manage effects of chronic stress.
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The role of the HPA axis during stress,the various hormones secreted, negative feedback mechanism activation and physiological changes
Stress ll
1) School-related stress is a major cause of academic failure as it activates the body's stress response system through the release of cortisol and other stress hormones.
2) Chronic stress leads to long-term elevated cortisol levels, which can negatively impact memory formation, learning, and health outcomes like heart disease and hypertension.
3) The hippocampus, an area of the brain important for memory, is especially sensitive to the effects of stress hormones. Too much stress can damage the hippocampus and impair memory and learning abilities.
Fight or flight response summary sheet
The document summarizes the fight or flight response to stress. It explains that stress occurs when environmental pressures overwhelm one's ability to cope. The hypothalamus in the brain detects stressors and triggers the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradrenaline. This causes physiological effects like increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscle tension that prepare the body for fighting or fleeing from the stressor.
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The document discusses the fight or flight response, which is the body's reaction to perceived dangerous situations. When sensing danger, the body releases adrenaline which increases heart rate, breathing, energy to muscles, and other effects to prepare the body to either stay and fight or flee from the threat. This reaction is an automatic stress response meant for survival. Common fears include monsters, darkness, and heights. Phobias are intense, irrational fears that develop from frightening encounters.
3. General Adaptation Syndrome
The document summarizes Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of the body's response to stress. The GAS consists of three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. In the alarm reaction stage, the body prepares to respond to stress. In the resistance stage, the body continues to defend against stress. If stress is prolonged and unmanageable, it can lead to tissue damage, disease, and even death in the exhaustion stage. The GAS was the first systematic model of stress response but has been criticized for not accounting for psychological factors and individual differences.
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The document summarizes the effects of stress on the body. It describes how the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activates the release of stress hormones like cortisol in response to stress. Short term elevation of cortisol provides energy, but long term stress leads to issues like weakened immune system. Physical effects of stress include headaches, stomach issues, rapid breathing and heart rate changes. Psychological impacts incorporate anxiety, depression and anger. Stress can also influence behaviors such as overeating, smoking and social withdrawal.
Neurobiology of stress
1. The document discusses the neurobiology of stress, including how stress is defined and the physiological stress response pathways in the body. It describes the stress response as involving the nervous, neuroendocrine, and endocrine systems.
2. Key parts of the stress response include the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, resulting in the "fight or flight" response. Prolonged stress can impact various organ systems in the body as target organs.
3. Coping strategies are discussed as ways to potentially attenuate the stress response and reestablish homeostasis, with adaptive coping being more beneficial than maladaptive coping.
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The document discusses the physiology of stress through several topics:
1) It outlines the autonomic nervous system responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
2) It discusses psychological concepts related to stress including eustress (good stress), distress (harmful stress), and coping mechanisms.
3) Some coping mechanisms mentioned are controlling the stress source, limiting demands from others, relaxation techniques, exercise, and social support. Having support from a loved one is especially effective at reducing stress.
Fight or Flight Response
An overview of what happens inside our body when we encounter situations where we have to quickly decide whether to fight freeze or flee away.
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This document discusses physiological stress and the body's response. It defines stress as pressures or demands (stressors) that force a response from the body. The stress response is an innate reaction to maintain homeostasis. Stressors can be physical, chemical, biological, or environmental events that disturb homeostasis. The body responds to acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) stress differently. The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are involved in the stress response. Repeated exposure to stress hormones can damage brain tissue and increase aging. Stress can indirectly cause physical illness by changing health behaviors like smoking or directly by suppressing the immune system. Both behavioral and physiological factors link stress to disease.
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The document discusses the fight or flight response and how it relates to stress. It explains that the fight or flight response was an evolutionary mechanism for responding to physical threats but now often gets triggered by psychological stress. Some tips provided for dealing with the response include deep breathing, removing yourself from the stressful situation, exercise like running or star jumps, relaxation techniques, massage, and regular exercise.
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The document discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its role in the central stress response system. The HPA axis activates in response to stressors and involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then signals the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, helping the body adapt. If stress continues long-term, the HPA axis can become dysregulated, impairing the body's defenses and health. The General Adaptation Syndrome model also describes the three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - that the body progresses
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The document discusses the physiology of stress in humans. It explains that stress is the body's response to any difficult event or stressor, whether physical, psychological, or social. The body's stress response evolved in our ancestors to help them fight or flee from threats. When stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, causing changes like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar that provide energy for fighting or fleeing. While this response was useful for surviving threats in the past, modern stressors are often chronic and the stress response can be harmful if constantly activated. Prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system over time.
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A quick powerpoint explaining what the fight or flight response is. There is also a simple diagram showing the after-effects of the fight or flight response.
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The document discusses the impact of stress on hormone production and symptoms. It explains that stress increases cortisol production, which uses the same building blocks needed to produce sex hormones. This leads to lower levels of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. The combination of lower sex hormones and increased stress hormones can explain symptoms like hot flashes, poor sleep, anxiety, and low libido. Managing stress and supporting overall wellness in the workplace can help increase productivity and employee satisfaction.
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This document discusses the impact of stress on brain development and learning. It defines acute and chronic stress and explains how both trigger the stress response in the body. Prolonged stress can impair cognitive functioning through its effects on brain structures like the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Early life stress can also increase vulnerability to mental health issues. The document recommends learning stress management techniques and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to mitigate the harmful effects of stress.
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This document provides an overview of chronic stress and a holistic approach to dealing with it. It discusses how chronic stress contributes to diseases like diabetes and heart disease by disrupting hormone levels over long periods of time. Key ways to manage chronic stress discussed are improving diet, getting adequate sleep, managing psychosocial stressors, and regular exercise. The document delves into topics like how food and lifestyle have changed from a wellness perspective. It provides guidance on making diet more anti-inflammatory by emphasizing vegetables and limiting processed foods and grains. Adequate vitamin D and fish oil intake are also recommended to help manage effects of chronic stress.
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The role of the HPA axis during stress,the various hormones secreted, negative feedback mechanism activation and physiological changes
Stress ll
1) School-related stress is a major cause of academic failure as it activates the body's stress response system through the release of cortisol and other stress hormones.
2) Chronic stress leads to long-term elevated cortisol levels, which can negatively impact memory formation, learning, and health outcomes like heart disease and hypertension.
3) The hippocampus, an area of the brain important for memory, is especially sensitive to the effects of stress hormones. Too much stress can damage the hippocampus and impair memory and learning abilities.
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The document summarizes the fight or flight response to stress. It explains that stress occurs when environmental pressures overwhelm one's ability to cope. The hypothalamus in the brain detects stressors and triggers the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradrenaline. This causes physiological effects like increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and muscle tension that prepare the body for fighting or fleeing from the stressor.
Fight or flight 2016
The document discusses the fight or flight response, which is the body's reaction to perceived dangerous situations. When sensing danger, the body releases adrenaline which increases heart rate, breathing, energy to muscles, and other effects to prepare the body to either stay and fight or flee from the threat. This reaction is an automatic stress response meant for survival. Common fears include monsters, darkness, and heights. Phobias are intense, irrational fears that develop from frightening encounters.
3. General Adaptation Syndrome
The document summarizes Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model of the body's response to stress. The GAS consists of three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. In the alarm reaction stage, the body prepares to respond to stress. In the resistance stage, the body continues to defend against stress. If stress is prolonged and unmanageable, it can lead to tissue damage, disease, and even death in the exhaustion stage. The GAS was the first systematic model of stress response but has been criticized for not accounting for psychological factors and individual differences.
Effects of stress
The document summarizes the effects of stress on the body. It describes how the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activates the release of stress hormones like cortisol in response to stress. Short term elevation of cortisol provides energy, but long term stress leads to issues like weakened immune system. Physical effects of stress include headaches, stomach issues, rapid breathing and heart rate changes. Psychological impacts incorporate anxiety, depression and anger. Stress can also influence behaviors such as overeating, smoking and social withdrawal.
Neurobiology of stress
1. The document discusses the neurobiology of stress, including how stress is defined and the physiological stress response pathways in the body. It describes the stress response as involving the nervous, neuroendocrine, and endocrine systems.
2. Key parts of the stress response include the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis, resulting in the "fight or flight" response. Prolonged stress can impact various organ systems in the body as target organs.
3. Coping strategies are discussed as ways to potentially attenuate the stress response and reestablish homeostasis, with adaptive coping being more beneficial than maladaptive coping.
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The document provides background on the speaker and discusses the science of stress and techniques for managing it, including through yoga, pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation. It explains that stress is a mind-body reaction that can negatively impact physical and mental health. Regular practice of yoga, pranayama and meditation can help manage stress by regulating physiological and neurological responses, balancing the endocrine system, and promoting relaxation. Clinical research shows these techniques reduce tension, stress, and depression while improving immunity.
Stress management
The speaker discusses stress, its causes and impacts, and provides natural methods for managing stress through yoga, pranayama, meditation and homeopathy. Specifically, the summary is:
1) The speaker defines stress as a mind-body reaction to situations we find unacceptable or cannot change, and discusses how stress impacts physiology and leads to health issues.
2) Yoga, pranayama and meditation are recommended to manage stress through their physiological effects like increased oxygen intake, hormone regulation, and brain state changes.
3) Homeopathy treats stress holistically by resonating the body's energy system, first aggravating then curing issues from the mind downwards.
4) Prioritizing health
Fw: STRESS MANAGEMENT
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Stress
The document provides background on the speaker and discusses the science of stress and techniques for managing it, including through yoga, pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation. It explains that stress is a mind-body reaction that can negatively impact physical and mental health. Regular practice of yoga, pranayama and meditation can help manage stress by regulating physiological and neurological responses, balancing the endocrine system, and promoting relaxation. Clinical research shows these techniques reduce tension, stress, depression and improve immunity.
Understanding stress
The document provides background on the speaker and discusses the science of stress and techniques for managing it, including through yoga, pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation. It explains that stress is a mind-body reaction that can negatively impact physical and mental health. Regular practice of yoga, pranayama and meditation can help manage stress by regulating physiological and emotional responses, balancing the endocrine system, and promoting relaxation. Clinical research shows these techniques reduce tension, stress, depression and improve immunity.
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Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
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Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Stresspresent5 10
- 1. Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center Residential Treatment Program
- 2. Stress? We’re may change how you think about stress
- 3. Stress is the system by which resources and energy are allocated to meet demands and challenges in the environment
- 4. P E R F O R M A N C E STRESS LEVEL Optimal performance Under performing Depleted Stress, energy, and arousal
- 5. EVALUATE INPUT, MAKE DECISIONS, INHIBIT RESPONSES Autonomic control The Brain Hypo/pit
- 9. There is an on and OFF system The Parasympathetic Nervous System
Editor's Notes
- Brain circuits are affected by drug abuse and addiction . The areas depicted contain the circuits that underlie feelings of reward, learning and memory, motivation and drive, and inhibitory control. Each of these brain areas and the behaviors they control must be considered when developing strategies to treat drug addiction. PFC – prefrontal cortex; ACG – anterior cingulate gyrus; OFC – orbitofrontal cortex; SCC – subcallosal cortex; NAcc – nucleus accumbens; VP – ventral pallidum; Hipp – hippocampus; Amyg – amygdala