This study assessed the strength of improved adobe bricks made from natural soils stabilized with laterite, fine sand, and fibrous grass. Laboratory tests were conducted on the materials to determine their properties. Adobe bricks were manufactured with a mix of 50% soil, 30% laterite, 15% fine sand, and 5% fibrous grass. The compressive strength of the stabilized bricks was found to increase from 1.04 MPa to 2.128 MPa compared to the control bricks made from soil only. Further research was recommended to continue improving the strength of stabilized soil bricks.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
Flyash is a waste produced from thermal power stations, which contributes to environmental
pollution. It is a waste material that can be utilized in construction of roads and embankments. Randomly
distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. One of
the most promising approaches in this area is use of flyash as a replacement to the conventional weak earth
material and fiber/coir as reinforcement will solve two problems with one effort i.e. elimination of solid waste
problem on one hand and provision of a needed construction material on other. Disposal of a variety of wastes
in an eco friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research. This paper investigates to determine the optimum
percentage of waste plastics/coconut coir with flyash material by conducting direct shear and CBR tests. It was
observed that from the laboratory test results, the optimum percentage of waste plastics and coconut coir with
flyash material are 0.3% and 0.2% respectively and also flyash with waste plastics shows better performance as
compared to flyash with coconut coir.
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
In the pursuit of cheaper and more sustainable building materialsto meethousing demands in developing countries like Cameroun, the mechanicalproperties ofadobe bricks which have been stabilized with recycled sugarcane fiber waste were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using sugarcanefiber waste stabilized adobe brick specimens with fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2% and 3% by weight.Fiber stabilization increased compressive strength by 58.61% for 3% bricks, reaching 4.79 MPa.Further, 3% fiber stabilized bricks shrunk by 7.49%, while the non-stabilized bricksshrunk by 12.13%. Also, 3% bricks lasted for one week before deterioration when immersed in water, while the non-stabilized bricks lasted for only a few hours. The findings confirmed that sugarcane fiber waste stabilized adobe bricks have improved strength, durability and stability. The use of abandoned sugarcane fiber waste in adobe bricks will contribute to the development of more durable, sustainable and stronger adobe brick structures, as well as reduce the environmental and economic challenges associated with the disposal of sugarcane waste.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
Flyash is a waste produced from thermal power stations, which contributes to environmental
pollution. It is a waste material that can be utilized in construction of roads and embankments. Randomly
distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. One of
the most promising approaches in this area is use of flyash as a replacement to the conventional weak earth
material and fiber/coir as reinforcement will solve two problems with one effort i.e. elimination of solid waste
problem on one hand and provision of a needed construction material on other. Disposal of a variety of wastes
in an eco friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research. This paper investigates to determine the optimum
percentage of waste plastics/coconut coir with flyash material by conducting direct shear and CBR tests. It was
observed that from the laboratory test results, the optimum percentage of waste plastics and coconut coir with
flyash material are 0.3% and 0.2% respectively and also flyash with waste plastics shows better performance as
compared to flyash with coconut coir.
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
In the pursuit of cheaper and more sustainable building materialsto meethousing demands in developing countries like Cameroun, the mechanicalproperties ofadobe bricks which have been stabilized with recycled sugarcane fiber waste were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using sugarcanefiber waste stabilized adobe brick specimens with fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 2% and 3% by weight.Fiber stabilization increased compressive strength by 58.61% for 3% bricks, reaching 4.79 MPa.Further, 3% fiber stabilized bricks shrunk by 7.49%, while the non-stabilized bricksshrunk by 12.13%. Also, 3% bricks lasted for one week before deterioration when immersed in water, while the non-stabilized bricks lasted for only a few hours. The findings confirmed that sugarcane fiber waste stabilized adobe bricks have improved strength, durability and stability. The use of abandoned sugarcane fiber waste in adobe bricks will contribute to the development of more durable, sustainable and stronger adobe brick structures, as well as reduce the environmental and economic challenges associated with the disposal of sugarcane waste.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
The Effect of Local Brewery Waste and Bitter Cassava Flour on Compressive Str...inventionjournals
Cement is a major construction material worldwide. However, given the escalating costs of cement and the environmental hazards associated with the use of cement there is need to develop alternative, costeffective, non-conventional, locally available materials, especially those that can partially or wholly replace cement. This paper presents the results on the study of the effect of local brewery waste and bitter cassava flour on the compressive strength and shrinkage of plaster. The test was made with cement replaced by local brewery waste or bitter cassava (10-50%) and cement/sand mix as a control. The results showed an optimum of 20% cement replacement with bitter cassava for plaster mortar for high cost houses (18.1Mpa) and 10% cement replacement with local brewery waste for plaster mortar for low cost houses (2.1Mpa). Result show a maximum shrinkage of 8mm at 50% replacement with bitter cassava and zero shrinkage for 50% replacement with local brewery waste. Furthermore only the control, 40% and 50% with bitter cassava flour showed cracks of about 2mm for mix ratio 1:3 and 1:4.
Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stal...ijtsrd
Huge quantity of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are generating as a waste product in agriculture sector in India and many other developing countries every year. In lack of proper wakefulness and technology expansion, great portion of these by products remain unutilized causing severe disposal and environmental troubles. The main goal of this thesis is to examine the performance of M40 grade concrete with a mix ratio as per M40 grade and a water cement ratio of 0.425 Additionally, it aims to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete cement when cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash are used in place of cement. With various percentage like 10, 20, and 30 etc. of cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash well as with combined replacement of Cotton stalk ash and rice husk ash. and results that the workability of concrete was found to be reduced on enhance the Cotton stalk ash CSA , rice husk ash RHA by difference percentages. The Maximum increase in 53.67 N mm2 of compressive strength is obtained after the period 28 days with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . The maximum increase in flexural strength over the period of 28 days was 5.98 N mm2, with cotton stalk ash substituting 10 of the cement CSA . When 10 of the cement is replaced with cotton stalk ash, the significant increase in split tensile strength for 28 days is 4.23N mm2 CSA By substituting cotton stalk ash, rice husk ash for 20, 10 of the cement, the compressive strength as per this investigations for 28 days is observed 49.47 N mm2 CSA, RHA is not achieved highest value but achieve the target mean strength. The greatest results are achieved when cotton stalk ash are utilized, although at different percentages. Maninder Singh | Mr. Janardan Tiwari "Effect on Concrete Strength by Partial Replacement of Cement with Cotton Stalk Ash and Rice Husk Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52353.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52353/effect-on-concrete-strength-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-cotton-stalk-ash-and-rice-husk-ash/maninder-singh
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M Sand as Fine Agg...ijtsrd
M sand also called artificial sand or crushed sand, the prepared by crushing rocks, stones, or larger aggregates into small size particles in the quarry. The study is aimed at the complete replacement of conventional material like river sand used as fine aggregate. By using M sand manufactured sand crushed sand . M sand here acts as a fine aggregate in the cement concrete. The experiment is carried out by finding the value of slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. Natural fine aggregate is replaced by M sand to complete mix proportion in the concrete. M sand shares similar properties as conventional Fine Aggregates and gives good split tensile and compressive strength to the concrete. The results are compared with the control mix of design mix M30. The specimens are tested after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with manufactured sand concrete makes the cost of construction can be controlled. Strength, workability, and durability test also studied. Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete it is also increasing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with crushed sand production of concrete increasing. It is dust free in M sand which is a good sign to do the replacement. Environment preservation and natural resources conservation is the soul of country development.The application of crushed sand mix for residential building structural members such as column, beam, slab, and foundation and plastering are also elicited. The study brings out the fact that it is also more economical than the typical cement concrete.The findings of this research call for the safe use of manufactured sand. Economical concrete mix is a very useful material for construction, which offers a range of economic, technical, and environmental enhancing and preserving advantages and is destined to become a dominant material for construction in the new era. With increasing structure construction work, its availability and less transportation cost also an important factor as an alternative for river sand. Ankit Pandey | Afzal Khan "Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M-Sand as Fine Aggregate for M30 Grade Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53978.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/53978/investigating-the-properties-of-cement-concrete-containing-msand-as-fine-aggregate-for-m30-grade-concrete/ankit-pandey
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detectio...IIJSRJournal
With the rapid advancement of computer technology during the last couple of decades. Computer systems are commonly used in manufacturing, corporate, as well as other aspects of human living. As a result, constructing dependable infrastructures is a major challenge for IT managers. On the contrary side, this same rapid advancement of technology has created numerous difficulties in building reliable networks which are challenging tasks. There seem to be numerous varieties of attacks that affect the accessibility, authenticity, as well as secrecy of communications systems. In this paper, an in-depth and all-inclusive description of artificial intelligence methods used for the detection of network intrusions is discussed in detail.
Methodologies for Enhancing Data Integrity and Security in Distributed Cloud ...IIJSRJournal
Usually, cloud infrastructure is used individually by businesses, whereas the hybrid cloud would be a blend of two or many kinds of clouds. Because as clouds become increasingly common, safety issues also expanding. Because of such cybersecurity threats, numerous experts suggested procedures as well as ways to assure internet confidentiality. Providers of cloud-based services were accountable for the complete safety of cloud information. Nevertheless, since the clouds are accessible (easily accessible over the World wide web), much research has been conducted on cloud storage cybersecurity. This paper describes methods for enhancing security and reliability in decentralized cloud-based solutions, as well as suggests a few security solution methods of implementation.
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Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M Sand as Fine Agg...ijtsrd
M sand also called artificial sand or crushed sand, the prepared by crushing rocks, stones, or larger aggregates into small size particles in the quarry. The study is aimed at the complete replacement of conventional material like river sand used as fine aggregate. By using M sand manufactured sand crushed sand . M sand here acts as a fine aggregate in the cement concrete. The experiment is carried out by finding the value of slump, compressive strength, and split tensile strength. Natural fine aggregate is replaced by M sand to complete mix proportion in the concrete. M sand shares similar properties as conventional Fine Aggregates and gives good split tensile and compressive strength to the concrete. The results are compared with the control mix of design mix M30. The specimens are tested after 7 days and 28 days of curing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with manufactured sand concrete makes the cost of construction can be controlled. Strength, workability, and durability test also studied. Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete it is also increasing. Complete replacement of fine aggregate with crushed sand production of concrete increasing. It is dust free in M sand which is a good sign to do the replacement. Environment preservation and natural resources conservation is the soul of country development.The application of crushed sand mix for residential building structural members such as column, beam, slab, and foundation and plastering are also elicited. The study brings out the fact that it is also more economical than the typical cement concrete.The findings of this research call for the safe use of manufactured sand. Economical concrete mix is a very useful material for construction, which offers a range of economic, technical, and environmental enhancing and preserving advantages and is destined to become a dominant material for construction in the new era. With increasing structure construction work, its availability and less transportation cost also an important factor as an alternative for river sand. Ankit Pandey | Afzal Khan "Investigating the Properties of Cement Concrete Containing M-Sand as Fine Aggregate for M30 Grade Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53978.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/53978/investigating-the-properties-of-cement-concrete-containing-msand-as-fine-aggregate-for-m30-grade-concrete/ankit-pandey
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
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One of the oldest occupations in history, agriculture has benefited much from innovation throughout the years. Since then, science has played a significant role in agricultural innovation and quality assurance. We have listed a few of the factors that were mentioned in the introduction section if you'd want to understand more about the significance of science and technology in agriculture. Encouraging the use of science and technology is the cornerstone for improving agriculture's productivity, quality, efficiency, and competitiveness, which also contributes to the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, ensures food security, social security, and increases the income of agricultural producers and traders.
The Effect of Kronecker Tensor Product Values on ECG Rates: A Study on Savitz...IIJSRJournal
This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.
Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan IIJSRJournal
On the occasion of the 29th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev emphasized that the goal of our development should be the Third Renaissance. This strategic idea, in its grandeur, shows the need to aim for a common goal in all aspects of national development. In practice, the head of state expressed the new and clarified content of the national idea of Uzbekistan at the current stage of development. This article analyzes the important role of literature, theater and art in establishing the Third Renaissance in Uzbekistan.
Assessment of Neglected and Under-Utilized Crop Species of African Horned Mel...IIJSRJournal
There is an increasing interest in neglected and under-utilized crop species (NUS) throughout the world, reflecting a growing trend within agriculture to identify and develop new crops for export and domestic markets. Interest in NUS stems from a variety of factors, including their contribution to agricultural diversification and better use of land, their economic potential and the opportunities they provide for diet diversification. The main objective was to assess the economic and nutritional value of neglected and utilized crop species of African horned melon in Zambia.
The study used the qualitative research design and descriptive, using desk review to collect secondary data from various literature on neglected and under-utilized crops species of African horned melon.
In conclusion, the findings reveal that the African horned melon has nutritional value consisting numerous vitamins and antioxidants which are beneficial to health living of humans and will contribute and broaden food diversity and nutritional among rural and urban communities of Zambia. The crop will promote healthy living among Zambian citizen to overcome malnutrition and obesity. Further, African horned melon is a climate change crop that will enhancing rural resiliency and climate smart agriculture activities in many areas. Communities must be trained and have knowledge experience of farmer-to-farmer capacity building in rural areas of Zambia.
Prevalence of Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Married Pregnant Women in...IIJSRJournal
A cross-sectional survey of Trichomonas vaginalis infection has been conducted among married pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, for the first time in pregnancy, the direct microscopy technique was adopted. Of the 120 pregnant women studied, 4(3.3%) were infected with T. vaginalis. Individuals age 20-25 years were most infected (3.7%). Women in their third trimester of pregnancy were significantly more infected (1.1%), than those in their second trimester (1.6%) and first trimester (2.3%). Despite reporting a low prevalence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women in the study, this does not imply completely ruling out the presence of T. vaginalis among pregnant women due to the diagnostic technique and also that even the low occurrence among pregnant women in the hospitals cannot totally explain general occurrence. T. vaginalis infection can be dangerous and poses serious threat to the health. Hence, the need for prevention of T. vaginalis and that efforts for prevention of T. vaginalis infection should be targeted at all women of child bearing age. Since T. vaginalis is primarily sexually transmitted, educational efforts must be aimed at high risk groups including women without any formal education and must be explicit regarding the behaviours that leads to the spread of T. vaginalis, and other sexually transmitted infections. There is also the need for proper counseling and education on sexual behaviour and genital hygiene which would greatly help in the prevention of the infection.
Factors Influencing Professional Project Management Ethical Practices in Buil...IIJSRJournal
Ethical practices are essential to providing quality work which cut across every sector. In building construction, adherence to project management ethical standards is essential to providing quality services that can stand the test of time. However, many building projects have been constructed with standards that are far below the professional ethics. This is evident in the cases of building failure reported throughout the country. The study examines the factors that influences project management ethical practices in Nigeria and specifically in Lagos. A total of 384 samples were selected from project stakeholders and construction professionals. A well-structured 25 items questionnaire was designed to elicit for response on ethical practices and factors that influences ethical practices. The results indicated that ethical practices in project management are influenced by various factors, including the project environment and stakeholder's impact as organizational factors. The major project-related factors that affect ethical practices are project scope and complexity, project financing, project risk, and project stakeholders, while project managers' technical skills, qualifications, and personal values have significant impacts on adherence to ethical practices. The influencing factors could be related to the organization, the project, or the professional, but in most cases, they are a combination of these factors. Therefore, it is recommended that thorough assessments are conducted before, during, and after construction, and different professionals should be assigned to ensure transparency and compliance with standards.
Assessment of Water Occupancy Rates of the Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-20...IIJSRJournal
With the increasing world population, the importance of dam lakes is increasing within the framework of more effective and efficient use of water resources. This study focuses on the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, located in Turkey, between the years 2010-2021. The annual average water occupancy rate of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake between 2010-2021 was calculated as 69.55 percent. This shows that approximately seventy percent of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake was full between 2010-2021. According to these values, it was determined that the water occupancy rates of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake did not face a serious decrease between 2010-2021. As a result, there is no short term problem in terms of water occupancy rates in Çamlıgöze Dam Lake, but this does not mean that it will not be a problem in the long term. For this reason, it should not be abandoned to use the water of Çamlıgöze Dam Lake effectively, economically and consciously.
Sustainability of Pod Yields of Groundnut through Crop Seasonal Rainfall, Len...IIJSRJournal
A study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effect of crop seasonal rainfall and length of growing period on the sustainability of pod yields of groundnut attained in 31 mandals under arid Alfisols of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. We have considered the variability of mandals with regard to (i) crop seasonal rainfall (mm) and (ii) pod yield of groundnut (kg/ha) during 2001 to 2020; (iii) extent of crop area (ha) during 2009 to 2020; and (iv) length of growing period (days). Based on the mean and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter, the mandals were classified into 5 groups viz., (i) G1: Less than (Mean–2SD); (ii) G2: (Mean–2SD) to (Mean–SD); (iii) G3: (Mean–SD) to (Mean+SD); (iv) G4: (Mean+SD) to (Mean+2SD); and (v) G5: More than (Mean+2SD). Out of 31 mandals, 22 mandals for area and crop seasonal rainfall, 20 mandals for LGP and 18 mandals for yield have fallen in G3. Estimates of correlation were derived between groundnut area, crop seasonal rainfall and yield for each mandal over years and tested for significance to assess the superiority of mandals. Significant correlation of yield and crop seasonal rainfall was observed which ranged from 0.433 at Kalyandurg to 0.765 at Putlur. Similarly, significant correlation between yield and area of groundnut was observed in Kalyandurg (-0.764), Brahmasamudram (-0.674) and Rapthadu (-0.584) mandals. The predictability of yield and prediction error were derived based on a regression model of yield calibrated through the crop seasonal rainfall, LGP and crop area in different mandals. The model gave significant predictability (R2) value of 0.46 with prediction error of 90.9 kg/ha and indicated negative effect of area, positive effect of crop seasonal rainfall and LGP on yield. The sustainability yield index ranged from 26.6% (Kambadur) to 87.5% (Peddavadagur) with mean of 53.9% (CV of 30.1%) over years. Ranks were assigned to the mean and variation of area, crop seasonal rainfall, yield, LGP and SYI of each mandal and rank sums were derived. Guntakal, Gooty and Vidapanakal were superior with rank sums of 30, 38 and 70 respectively. Guntakal was superior with an area of 16570 ha (CV of 17.3%), crop seasonal rainfall of 436.1 mm (CV of 33.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 644 kg/ha (CV of 70.9%) and SYI of 76.5%, while Gooty was superior with area of 14146 ha (CV of 14.6%), crop seasonal rainfall of 429.6 mm (CV of 42.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 663 kg/ha (CV of 69.1%) and SYI of 79.1%. Similarly, Vidapanakal was superior with area of 5077 ha (CV of 31.1%), crop seasonal rainfall of 403.2 mm (CV of 47.4%), LGP of 140 days, yield of 654 kg/ha (CV of 49.5%) and SYI of 77.9%. Due to maximum LGP and crop seasonal rainfall, we recommend that the farmers of these mandals could enhance the area of groundnut and attain maximum sustainable yields under arid Alfisols.
On the Modulation of Biocompatibility of Hydrogels with Collagen and Guar Gum...IIJSRJournal
In this work, we report the synthesis of molybdenum metal-organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid and the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L- tryptophan, and L-histidine as ligands. They were incorporated in hydrogel matrixes comprised of collagen and guar gum to obtain composite hydrogels. The effect of chemical structure of Mo-MOFs on the structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro biocompatibility of hydrogels was studied. These biomaterials showed a super absorbent performance (higher than 2000 ± 169%) and a high degree of reticulation (higher than 75 ± 6%). The microstructure of the composites showed a granular morphology with some porosity. These composites were degraded entirely by hydrolysis at pH 5 and pH 7 at room temperature in time lapses shorter than 15 days. Also, they were biocompatible with porcine dermis fibroblasts not showing cytotoxic effects up to 48 h of incubation allowing its proliferation, and it was observed that the MOF containing L-tryptophan improved notably the biocompatibility of the collagen/guar gum matrix. Finally, the matrixes were tested as vehicles for cell encapsulation and release. The slow-release rates show that fibroblasts tend to remain inside the hydrogel matrixes. Thus, these materials are more suitable for cell scaffolds and tissue engineering applications such as wound healing dressings.
Incorporation of Se (IV) Complexes based on Amino Acids in Biomatrixes in Hyd...IIJSRJournal
Selenium is a non-metal that shows biological interest since it is responsible for modulating various proteins at the micronutrient level in living beings. In this work, new complexes based on the Se (IV) ion with amino acids such as phenylalanine (Se-F), histidine (Se-H) and tryptophan (Se-T) were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized. These were incorporated into biomatrixes based on semi-interpenetrated polymeric networks (Semi-IPN) of collagen-polyurethane-guar gum (CPGG) by the microemulsion process using a mass ratio of 1 wt.% with respect to collagen. The structural and crystalline characteristics that the selenium-amino acid complexes show a performance in modulating the properties of the biomatrixes under study. The results indicate that the incorporation of the complex decreases the crosslinking of the hydrogel, generating granular surfaces with porosity dependent on the type of amino acid. The CPGG Se-T biomatrix shows a swelling capacity of 10200 ± 1100 higher than the CPGG base matrix; while the CPGG Se-F and CPGG Se-T biomatrixes present slow degradation at both physiological and acidic pH. Interestingly, the matrix that includes the Se-F complex significantly stimulates the metabolic activity of L929 fibroblasts for up to 48 h, stimulating their proliferation. The fibroblasts encapsulated on these novel biomatrixes show recurrent release capacity for up to 7 days, where the structure of the CPGG Se-H biomatrix exhibits greater release from the encapsulated cells. These results demonstrate that these innovative biomatrixes could be used in biomedical applications such as dermal tissue regeneration and cell release for a specific biological fate.
Machine Learning Based House Price Prediction Using Modified Extreme Boosting IIJSRJournal
In recent years, machine learning has become increasingly important in everyday voice commands and predictions. Instead, it provides a safer auto system and better customer assistance. As a result of all that has been demonstrated, ML is a technology that is becoming more and more popular in a range of industries. To gauge changes in house values, the House Price Index is frequently employed (HPI). Due to the substantial correlation that exists between property prices and other variables, such as location, region, and population, the HPI on its own is not sufficient to accurately forecast a person's house price. Some studies have successfully predicted house prices using conventional machine learning techniques, but they seldom evaluate the efficacy of different models and ignore the more complicated but less well-known models. We proposed Modified Extreme Gradient Boosting as our model in this study due to its adaptive and probabilistic model selection process. Feature engineering, hyperparameter training and optimization, model interpretation, and model selection and evaluation are all steps in the process. Home price indices, which are frequently used to support real estate policy initiatives and estimate housing costs. In this project, models for forecasting changes in home prices are developed using machine learning methods.
Preliminary Evaluation on Vegetative of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) in San...IIJSRJournal
The study was initiated to evaluate the early performance of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) vegetative planted on marginal sandy tin-tailing soil. The experiment was carried out for one year in a plot of 4-year-old rambutan cultivar at MARDI Kundang, Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia. Varieties of Mutiara Merah and Mutiara Wangi were used. Data from the plants as a measurement of vegetative growth was recorded. Mutiara Merah proved that it can be well-grown and cultivated on sandy tin-tailing soil. The plant height of Mutiara Merah indicated the highest significant reading. The parameter of canopy width showed the same variety contributed to the highest record. Nevertheless, Mutiara Merah contributed to the highest significant reading on stem diameter and perimeter respectively. Chlorophyll content in leaves of the plant of the same variety recorded the highest SPAD reading. Further field evaluations are needed to determine the relationship of fertilizer level with the different varieties in inducing the growth and yield of rambutan planted in marginal soil.
Analysis of Physicochemical and Microbiological Parameters of Wine Produced f...IIJSRJournal
Wine is a fermented drink made by the controlled culture of yeasts on fruit juices. This study was undertaken to produce acceptable wines from blends of banana and pineapple by the fermentative action of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The fermentation process lasted for a period of 28 days and, the aging process was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two set ups- one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other was fermented by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and controlled by carrying out physicochemical analysis (pH, temperature, specific gravity, total titratable acidity, and alcohol content) and yeast count using standard methods. There was a decrease in the pH for both wines and an increase in the total titratable acidity. The temperature was between 17 and 27 0C for both wines. The specific gravity of the wines decreased during the fermentation leading to an increase in alcohol production. There was an increase in yeast count from 6.7×107 sfu/ml to 1.8×108 sfu/ml between days 1 and 17 and a decrease from 1.8×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between days 17 to 85 for Meyerozyma guilliermondii; also an increase from 5.1×107 sfu/ml to 1.7×108 sfu/ml from day 1 to 17, and a decrease from 1.7×108 sfu/ml to 0 sfu/ml between day 17 to 85 for Pichia guilliermondii. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the yeast counts, temperature, pH, total titratable acidity, and specific gravity but there was signa ificant difference between the alcohol production for both wines. This study shows that wines can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.
Cohesive and Thermal Properties of Sodium Cyanide-Halide Mixed Crystals IIJSRJournal
In order to analyse the cohesive and thermal properties of sodium cyanide-halide mixed crystals an Extended Three Body Force Shell Model (ETSM) has been applied by incorporating the effect of translational-rotational (TR) coupling. We have conducted theoretical research on cohesive and thermal properties, such as cohesive energy (, molecular force constant (f), compressibility (), Restrahlen frequency (, Debye temperature (D), Gruneisen parameter (), Moelwyn Hughes constants (F1) and the ratio of volume thermal expansion coefficient (v) to volume specific heat (Cv), as a function of temperature within the temperature range 50K T 300K at concentration x=0, 0.27, 0.58 and 1. The current model computations and the findings of the available experiments are in good agreement. The ETSM is a sufficiently realistic model and may be applied to a variety of other mixed crystals in this family.
Discussion on Analysis of Effects of Short-Form Video Advertising on the Purc...IIJSRJournal
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives, and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. The methodology is conducting a survey by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The main findings are advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention; advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment, and credibility; user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives, and irritation. Finally, the research team proposes some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Comparison of Glucose in Urine with Likening of Pigeons as Pets IIJSRJournal
If someone is liking pigeons as pets, this may be due to their intelligent, effortless, and loving nature. The chief objectives of this study were to relate pigeon lovers as a pet with the level of glucose in their urine. Around 100 students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan were participants of this study. Pee has glucose that is measured for measuring the glucose in urine. If glucose is not present in the urine it shows the kidney is working well. There is no major effect of glucose in urine with the love of a pigeon as a pet.
Non-unique Fixed Points of Self Mappings in Bi-metric Spaces IIJSRJournal
In this paper, we prove a few non-unique fixed-point results of mapping on a set with bi-metrics using θ – contraction. We also give an example that justifies our results. In the literature, our result generalized many results.
Research on the Impact of Short-Form Video Advertising on Social Media on the...IIJSRJournal
In recent years, short-form video has become a popular form of advertising on social media. The way consumers make decisions to purchase has changed owing to this new marketing method. This study aims to investigate the impact of informativeness, entertainment, credibility, social interaction, incentives and irritation of short-form video advertising on social media on the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through user attitude and advertising value. A survey was conducted by collecting responses from 1257 respondents who are Gen Z and familiar with social media, which was later analysed using SmartPLS. The findings revealed that advertising value and user attitude significantly affect customers’ purchase intention. In addition, advertising value is directly affected by informativeness, entertainment and credibility. Meanwhile, user attitude is directly affected by social interaction, incentives and irritation. Finally, the research team propose some solutions for businesses to increase the purchase intention of Gen Z in Vietnam through short-form video advertising on social media.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 14-26, January-March 2023
ISSN: 2581-5059 15
1.2. Overview on previous studies
Several studies have been carried out all over the world on adobe brick and its improvement techniques. Some of
them have been specific on soil stabilization for adobe bricks. Authors would appreciate effort made by all those
researchers for their different and relevant findings, while giving an overview just on some of them. In practical,
compressive strength value for stabilized earth building blocks may be less than 4MPa and for small building loads
like in single story buildings, a compressive strength value from 2MPa to 4MPa may be even sufficient. In his
study on adobe bricks as the eco- friendly building materials, Benghida (2015) concluded that adobe bricks
treatment with ecological and low cost composants with natural fibers was effective solution to the brick
performance improvement. The enhancement of adobe durability by natural reinforcement for propagating
sustainable mud housing indicated that durability of stabilized soil samples increased by 72% and 68% for fibers of
Grewia Optiva and Pinus Roxburghii respectively, as compared with unstabilized soil samples (Sharma and
Vinayak, 2016). The study about effects of straw and rice husk on the compressive strength and tensile strength of
adobe brick demonstrated that the compressive strength, among other factors improved (Sasui et al., 2018).
A critical review on recent development of fiber reinforced adobe bricks for sustainable construction, with
different waste fibers like Waste tea, polypropylene fibers, pineapple leaves, oil palm fibers, coconut, bagasse,
straw fiber, banana fibers, etc., concluded that improved adobe brick properties can be expected with the
combination of waste additives (Salih et al., 2020). During their investigation, Dawood et al. (2021) used natural
fibers (straw, sawdust, and rice husk) as additives with fine and coarse sand as a stabilizer, and cement as
adhesive and cohesive substance of the mud matrix, and established the best mix for compressive and the flexural
strengths of bricks. In their study on strength characteristics of earth bricks and their application in construction,
Mbereyaho et al. (2014), among other results, established that the addition of grasses in clay-silt brick mixture
improved the compressive strength from 1.14MPa to 1.70MPa. The enhancement of compressive strength for
adobe bricks using sugarcane molasses and gypsum confirmed that the compressive strength would depend on
percentage of clay, and sand fraction, moisture content and percentage of stabilizer (Cuervo, 2020). When earth
blocks were stabilized with sand, clay and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), among other results, the maximum
strength of 3.11N/mm2
was achieved with 70% of sand, 20% of clay and 10% of OPC (Patowary et al., 2015). Cow
dung was also used for improvement of both earth blocks and mortar. The stabilization of earth blocks by
cow-dung demonstrated a significant improvement in the water resistance of adobe, and therefore this made it a
suitable material for wet climates (Milogo et al., 2018). The development of eco brick and concrete with the partial
replacement of cow dung confirmed that produced bricks by partial replacement of clay with cow dung were
sustainable eco-friendly, and lighter in weight, but concluded that this replacement resulted in less strength
(Magudeaswaran, 2018). An assessment of mortar properties from cohesive soil with cow dung showed good
results with 20% of cow dung in the mortar, and concluded that such mortar might be considered as a low-cost
alternative plastering material to cement mortar (Mbereyaho et al., 2020). Fibrous grass has been used in earthen
construction to increase ductility, tensile strength erosion resistance, and dimensional stability and reduce
shrinkage cracks of the materials (Walker, 2004). Fibrous grass and other vegetation used in the making of adobe
3. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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ISSN: 2581-5059 16
are a source of nutrition for ants and other life forms. Reptiles, rodents, insects, bacteria, fungi and vegetation
species that live in the soil environment play active roles in the degradation of adobe structures; life forms that
feed off plant roots in the adobe structure cause the weakening, breakdown and erosion of the adobe by opening
channels to reach the roots of these plants (Gayurfar, 2009).
Therefore, the main drawback of adobe brick is the need for continuous maintenance and the lack of durability and
resistance to water. Based on this fact, this research was decided to analyze how adobe brick strength may be
improved and stabilized by adding other materials and stabilizers so that they can structurally last longer. It can be
seen that different ways of improving the performance of adobe bricks, have been considered, in different studies,
but not only the stabilizers types were not exhaustive, but also the ideal strength was still to be achieved. Therefore
the manufacturing of adobe brick using ordinary soil, fine sand, laterite and fibrous grasses and its strength
assessment are analyzed and respective results presented.
░ 2. Methodology
The manufacturing and improvement of adobe bricks require detailed knowledge of earth classification,
stabilization techniques and earth properties. During this study, the following methodology was applied: Field
survey and soil sampling, field and visual test, laboratory soil test, adobe brick manufacturing and drying, as well
as laboratory tests.
2.1. Field survey and sampling
The field survey was organized to observe the situation of adobe brick application. Then a soil sample with black
color was randomly collected for use in this study. The soil was mixed with fine sand and fibrous grass and laterite
as stabilizers.
2.2. Laboratory tests
During this study, manufactured adobe bricks were tested in order to investigate on strength change. Before brick
manufacturing, tests were performed with laterite, natural soil and fine sand to ensure their quality. The following
tests were performed: Sieve analysis and Atterberg limits, including liquid limit and plastic limit tests were carried
out on laterite, natural soil as well as on fine sand. The compressive strength was performed on manufactured
adobe brick samples. All results are presented in section4.
2.3. Manufacturing of adobe bricks
The following were key steps followed during manufacturing:
The sampling of all used components, including the soil, fine sand, laterite which are all available in Rwanda
different regions.
Used natural fibrous grasses were collected from one of local village, Jabana forest in Gasabo district (Kigali
city), and dried in ventilated area during 4 days to increase its capacity against decaying.
The tests on the collected adobe materials were conducted to assess their properties.
4. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
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All the materials used for manufacturing adobe brick, which included soil, laterite, fine sand, fibrous grass and
water, were mixed together under the proportions of 50% natural soil, 30% of laterite, 15% of fine sand and 5% of
fibrous grass. Used fibrous grass was cut into fibers of average length equal to 5cm (in a range between 2cm and
6cm), with 1mm to 2 mm in diameter.
The molding was conducted using wooden formwork of 34cm×16cm×14cm for internal dimension. Each
mixture was compacted manually by hands into wooden formworks; eight samples were molded manually by hand
where 4 controlling samples were made of soil only, while other 4 samples were made of soil with stabilized
materials. Water in cloth process was used during molding to allow the sticking of the wet mud with the wooden
pattern during casting. After molding, adobe bricks were exposed to sun for drying during two weeks.
░ 3. Results
It is worth to note that all graph were drawn based on the tabulated results, which could not be presented here.
3.1. Sieve analysis test for laterite
As it was stated in section 2, the sieve analysis test was conducted to determine the particles size distribution of
laterite. Fig.1 shows the results under graph format. It can be seen that the sample was composed with gravel
(34.75%), silt + clay (3.12%), and sand (62.12%), and consequently the soil sample was sand soil.
Figure 1. Sieve analysis graph of laterite
Referring to the results in Fig.1, the uniformity coefficient (CU) and the coefficient of curvature (CC) are
calculated using the sizes for percentage of finer components, as follows:
1. D60 = 4.2 = 15.56
2. D30 = 1.78 = 2.79
3. D10 = 0.27
As the CU is greater than 6 and the CC lies between 1-3, it is concluded that the soil is a well graded sand.
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3.2. Sieve analysis test of natural soil
The graph showing the results is given in Fig.2.
Figure 2. Sieve analysis graph of natural soil
The coefficients CU and CC are below calculated:
1. D60 = 1.3 = 11.82
2. D30 = 0.47
3. D10 = 0.11
Fig.2 shows that the soil sample is composed by gravel (3.27%), silt +clay (6.07%) and sand (90.66%) based on
this percentage shows that this soil sample is sand soil. The computation shows that CU was greater than 6, while
CC lies between 1-3, and therefore the considered sample belongs to a well graded sand.
3.3. Sieve analysis test of fine sand
The results are presented in Fig.3.
Figure 3. Sieve analysis graph of fine sand
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Similarly, the coefficients CU and CC are computed below.
1. D60 = 0.455 = 6.15
2. D30 = 0.2
3. D10 = 0.074
Consequently, the soil sample represented a well graded sand.
3.4. Plasticity index (PI) of natural soil
3.4.1. Atterberg limit test for natural soil
Atterberg limit test results, respective chart is given in Fig.4.
Figure 4. Liquid limit chart of natural soil
According to the chart in Fig.4, the liquid limit at 25 blows is 38.4175
3.4.2. Plastic limit of this soil
It is the average of the water content of 3 trial test sample where it will be equal to:
3.4.3. Plasticity index (PI)
It is equal to the liquid limit minus plastic limit: LL-PL; PI=38.4175-22.53 = 15.8875
3.5. Plasticity index (PI) of laterite
3.5.1. Liquid limit of laterite
Liquid limit results chart is presented in Fig.5.
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Figure 5. Liquid limit chart of laterite
According to the chart above the liquid limit at 25 blows is 38.85
3.5.2. Plastic limit of laterite
Plastic limit of laterite are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Plastic limit of laterite calculation
S/N Sample number 1 2 3
1 Can number 019 051 035
2 Mass of can (g) 45.3 44.3 48
3 Mass of wet soil +can (g) 69.9 66.5 77.9
4 Mass of dry soil +can(g) 64.2 61.9 70.4
5 Mass of dry soil (g) 18.9 17.6 22.4
6 Mass of water(g) 5.7 4.6 7.5
7 Water content (%) 30.16 26.14 33.48
8 AVERAGE 29.93
Therefore, the plastic limit of laterite is calculated as follows:
Plasticity index is equal to liquid limit minus plastic limit (PI), and therefore
PI=LL-PL, PI=38.85-29.93=8.92
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
1 10 100
Water
content
(%)
Number of blow
Atterberg limit chart of laterite
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3.6. Plasticity index (pi) of fine sand
3.6.1. Liquid limit of fine sand
Results are presented in the following chart (Fig.6).
Figure 6. Liquid limit of fine sand chart
According to the chart above, the liquid limit at 25 blows is 28.23
3.6.2. The plastic limit of fine sand
Based on the above chart, the plastic limit of fine sand is therefore calculated as follows:
3.6.3. Plasticity index (PI)
It is equal to liquid limit minus plastic limit (PI)
PI=LL-PL, PI=28.23-26.65=1.58
3.6.4. Test results analysis by plasticity index
By considering the plasticity index and liquid limit of each sample, the classification of soil under Unified Soil
Classification System (USCS) can be completed. Under this system the soil is classified either as clayed or is silt,
and this clarify the classification from sieve analysis test. Fig.7 shows the Plasticity index chart of natural soil, fine
sand and laterite.
Based on the plasticity index chart in Fig. 7, and looking at the position of the Plasticity Chart point with regards to
the A-line, with reference to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), the following are final classifications:
The given laterite is well graded sand with clay and gravel.
The used natural soil is well graded sand with clay.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 10 100
Water
content
(%)
Number of blows
ATTERBERG LIMIT OF FINE SAND
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The considered fine sand is a well graded sand with silt.
At this level, it was suspected that the above classification would influence on the quality of manufactured adobe
bricks.
Figure 7. Plasticity index chart of natural soil, fine sand and laterite
3.7. Compressive strength test results
3.7.1. Adobe brick with natural soil
These 4 controlling samples were made only with natural soils. Test was conducted at 21 days after curing. The
compressive strength was calculated from the total load applied to the specimen divided by the cross-sectional area
of the specimen. Results are presented in table 2.
Table 2. Compressive strength of adobe brick made of natural soil
SN Actual size of brick (cm) Compressive load
(KN)
Compressive
strength (N/mm2
)
1 34×16×14 57.12 1.05
2 34×16×14 59.84 1.1
3 34×16×14 52.56 0.97
4 34×16×14 56.57 1.04
The average compressive strength is equal to .
3.7.2. Adobe bricks with stabilizers
The bricks were manufactured mixing 50% of natural soil, 30% of laterite, 15% of fine sand and 5 % of fibrous
grass. Results are presented in table 3.
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Table 3. Compressive strength of adobe brick with stabilizers
SN Actual size of
brick (cm)
Compressive
load (KN)
Compressive
strength(N/mm2
)
1 34×16×14 119 2.187
2 34×16×14 111.2 2.044
3 34×16×14 115.4 2.121
4 34×16×14 117.6 2.162
The average compressive strength is
░ 4. Discussion of results
During this study, the improvement of adobe brick compressive strength was achieved by its stabilization using
fine sand, laterite and fibrous grasses. The classification of these materials as per USCS explains the particularity
of achieved results in the study. The controlling brick made with only natural soils showed a compressive strength
of 1.04 N/mm2
, while the stabilized brick showed 2.128 N/mm2
. From these results, it can be seen that a clear
improvement was achieved. The results go well with some standards requirements, where some of them state that
the compressive strength should range between 2-3 N/mm2
(IS 1725, 1982). Also, if comparing with other
previous published results, this compressive strength is adequate and, in some cases, even better (Benghida, 2015;
Mbereyaho et al., 2014). The good result was achieved due to the reasonably increased amount of clay in the used
soils as it improved the cohesion and increased the strength (Krishnaiah and P. Suryanarayana Reddy, 2008). Other
reason may be in connection with the presence of fibrous grasses in the content, as fibres can reduce hygrometric
shrinkage and release water slowly (Sasui et al., 2018; Quagliarini and Lenci, 2010; Mbereyaho et al., 2019). This
compressive strength is however still lower than for the one in which stabilizers included cement (Patowary, et al.,
2015). The results show that the manufactured adobe brick would fit for single story buildings. More studies to
increase the adobe brick weather resistance is recommended to ensure its sustainable application
░ 5. Conclusion
This objective of this study was to assess the strength improvement of adobe brick made with some stabilizers. The
stabilization of adobe bricks from natural soils was done using laterite, fine sand and fibrous grass, in the following
mixture content: 50% of natural soil, 30% of laterite, 15% of fine sand and 5% of fibrous grass. First the study
checked the classification and quality of all materials components by tests. With reference to the USCS, it was
showed that the added laterite was well graded sand with clay and gravel, the natural soil was well graded sand
with clay, while the considered fine sand was well graded sand with silt. Afterwards, the two types of bricks
sample were manufactured: controlling brick sample made of natural soil, and improved brick made of natural
soils with stabilizers. After manufacturing bricks and conducting some tests, including the compressive strength
test, it was observed that the strength of natural soil brick was found equal to 1.04 N/mm2
, while adobe brick
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produced with stabilizers showed a good compressive strength equal to 2.128 N/mm2
. Therefore, it can be
concluded that that the stabilization described in the study improved greatly the adobe strength. Further studies
may check the improvement of adobe bricks not only regarding the strength, but also the durability, using other
soils mixture content, or other types of stabilizers with target to achieve the strength of stabilized soil bricks with
cement or even the strength of burnt bricks.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The authors declare no competing financial, professional, or personal interests.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they consented to the publication of this research work.
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