This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.

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HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF
PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE LIVE IN
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are
considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be
overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In
Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO
(Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
1. Introduction
This article is the result of research carried out at the request of countless friends who
would like to know how to deal with the anxiety and depression that affects the lives of
many people in the increasingly threatening world in which we live. To carry out this
research, the articles Entenda como ansiedade e depressão se relacionam (Understand
how anxiety and depression are related) [1], Depressão: causas, sintomas, tratamentos,
diagnóstico e prevenção (Depression: causes, symptoms, treatments, diagnosis and
prevention) [2], Os principais medos que os humanos enfrentam na vida e como superá-
los (The main fears that humans face in life and how to overcome them) [4] and Como
conquistar a felicidade dos seres humanos, individual e coletivamente (How to achieve
the happiness of human beings, individually and collectively) [5], as well as the book
Psicologia Positiva: dos Conceitos à Aplicação (Positive Psychology: from Concepts to
Application) [3] were analyzed, which made it possible to identify the causes of anxiety
and depression and how to overcome them.
2. What is anxiety?
What is anxiety? Anxiety's main characteristics are constant restlessness and worry.
Anxiety is a normal reaction to situations that generate doubt, expectation or fear. The
problem is when anxiety is so great that it becomes a disorder that compromises the
individual's quality of life and well-being. Those who suffer from the disorder think a lot
about the future and their thoughts tend to have a more negative bias. In these cases, the
person tends to suffer too much about the future, uncertainty and unpredictability.
Some of the main types of anxiety disorders are [1]:
• GAD (generalized anxiety disorder): excessive worry and detailed analysis of each
situation;
• Social phobia: concern and fear of social situations that are common in everyday life;
• Panic syndrome: intense attacks of fear and general discomfort;
• Agoraphobia: fear of situations and places that are capable of generating impotence;
• OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder): irrational fears and obsessive thoughts that
generate compulsive behaviors.
Anxiety symptoms may vary according to the diagnosis, but, in general, there are some
very common physical and psychological problems, for example [1]:
• Tachycardia;
•Palpitations;

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• Shaking of legs and arms;
• Nausea and vomiting;
• Irritability;
•Insomnia;
• Constant fear;
• Feeling that you will lose control or something bad will happen;
• Derealization, which is the feeling of disconnection with one's surroundings;
• Depersonalization, which is the feeling of being an outside observer in your own life.
3. What is depression?
The articles Entenda como ansiedade e depressão se relacionam (Understand how
anxiety and depression are related) [1] and Depressão: causas, sintomas, tratamentos,
diagnóstico e prevenção (Depression: causes, symptoms, treatments, diagnosis and
prevention) [2] also offer an answer to what depression is [1]. What is depression?
Depression is a chronic and recurrent psychiatric illness, characterized by deep and never-
ending sadness, associated with feelings of low self-esteem, guilt and hopelessness.
Depression is marked by constant sadness, hopelessness and a sudden lack of interest in
those activities that previously generated joy. People with depression live with a
depressed and pessimistic mood. In more serious cases, there is the possibility of
developing suicidal thoughts. It is essential to consider that depression is different from
transient sadness, which is usually caused by difficult events that are part of life, such as
the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the end of a relationship. Faced with this type
of situation, it is normal to feel sad, but those who do not suffer from depression are able
to find ways to overcome difficulties. Those who suffer from depression live with sadness
that does not disappear and, often, has no apparent cause. The mood remains depressed
and interest in activities that were previously pleasurable disappears. Depressive
conditions make the person feel that there is nothing that can be done to improve their
situation, that is, there is a lack of positive perspectives.
Depression is considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the "Evil of the
Century" [2]. In the pathological sense, there is the presence of sadness, pessimism, low
self-esteem, which appear frequently and can combine with each other. Depression also
causes a lack of pleasure in things that used to be good and great fluctuations in mood
and thoughts, which can culminate in suicidal behavior and acts. It is present in the world's
medical and scientific literature that depression also causes physiological changes in the
body, being a gateway to other diseases. People affected by depression may, in addition
to the feeling of chronic unhappiness and prostration, experience low immunity and
greater episodes of inflammatory and infectious problems. Depression, depending on its
severity, can also trigger cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack, stroke and
hypertension [2].
In addition to the depressed state and lack of interest in what previously generated joy,
depression also has other symptoms, such as:
• Sleep problems (excessive drowsiness or insomnia);
• Weight changes;

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• Constant fatigue;
• Excessive guilt;
• Psychomotor problems, such as psychomotor apathy or agitation;
• Difficulty concentrating;
• Change in libido;
•Low self-esteem;
• Suicidal ideations.
4. Differences between anxiety and depression
The article Entenda como ansiedade e depressão se relacionam (Understand how anxiety
and depression are related) also presents the differences between anxiety and depression
[1]. Anxiety and depression are mental disorders that may be related, but this is not
mandatory. It is quite common for anxiety and depression to be present at the same time
in some people's diagnoses. In certain cases, an individual with depression begins to
present anxious symptoms, and vice versa. Those who are very anxious, especially those
with chronic and disabling anxiety, it is common that, over time, they also develop a
depressive condition resulting from emotional and physical exhaustion. The frustration
caused by anxiety, not feeling well enough to carry out day-to-day activities and all the
limitations generated by the disorder, can be a trigger for depression. However, it is not
just anxiety that is a risk aspect for depression, as the opposite also happens.
5. Causes of anxiety and depression
Searching the Internet, through Google, about the main cause of anxiety, the answer is
that it has its roots in fear, which plays an important role in survival. When a person is
faced with a dangerous situation, anxiety triggers a fight or fugue response. In addition to
fear, there are other factors that contribute to anxiety, which are the individual's genetics
and the hostile environment in which the individual is inserted, which can contribute to a
person developing a mental disorder. In summary: fear, genetic issues and the hostile
environment in which the individual lives are the causes of anxiety.
There are some risk factors that can contribute to the development of depression [2].
•Family history
• Related psychiatric disorders
• Chronic stress
• Chronic anxiety
• Hormonal dysfunctions
•Overweight
• Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet
• Addictions (cigarettes, alcohol and illicit drugs)
• Excessive use of the internet and social networks
• Physical or psychological trauma

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• Blows to the head
•Heart problems
• Marital separation
• Chronic migraine
There is a series of evidence that shows chemical changes in the brain of depressed
individuals, mainly in relation to neurotransmitters (serotonin, noradrenaline and, to a
lesser extent, dopamine), substances that transmit nerve impulses between cells. Contrary
to popular belief, psychological and social factors are often a consequence and not a cause
of depression. It is worth mentioning that stress can precipitate depression in people with
a predisposition, which is probably genetic. It is estimated that one in five people in the
world have problems related to depression at some point in their lives [2].
6. Conclusions
From the above, it can be concluded that anxiety is caused by fear, the individual's
genetics and the hostile environment in which the individual is inserted, while depression
probably has genetic causes. If the individual's anxiety problem is fear, the fear needs to
be eliminated with psychological support. If individual's anxiety problem has genetic
causes resulting from a mental disorder, it is necessary to offer psychological/psychiatric
assistance to overcome anxiety. If the problem of the individual's anxiety is the hostile
environment in which they are located, the environment in which the individual is located
must be transformed for the better or he starts to live in a place where the environment is
not hostile to him. In the case of depression, the best way to avoid it is prevention by
taking care of the individual's mind and body, with a healthy diet and regular physical
activity. Knowing how to deal with stress and share problems with friends or family is
another alternative, which can be combined with the practice of some complementary
activity, such as yoga, for example. They also help prevent depression by reading,
learning new things, having hobbies, traveling and having fun. These practices keep the
mind of individual active and occupy it with positive thoughts. Science has already
proven that taking care of your body has a positive impact on mental health. Physical
activities release hormones and other substances important for maintaining mood. In
terms of food, recipes or diets filled with olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables and oilseeds
(walnuts, chestnuts, etc.) are ideal for preventing depression. These products are rich in
nutrients that protect and preserve the neuron network [2].
Both anxiety and depression may require strategies that need psychiatric and
psychological evaluation and monitoring. In psychiatric evaluation and monitoring, the
psychiatrist is the only one who can prescribe medication, if necessary. The use of
medications, in turn, is usually recommended in cases of severe and disabling symptoms,
which cause a lot of harm to the person's life. In psychological assessment and
monitoring, continuous psychological support is essential in cases of anxiety and
depression. Meetings with a psychologist aim to help the person deal with dysfunctional
thoughts and emotions. Furthermore, it is a welcoming space, in which one can vent,
express feelings and deepen self-knowledge. In this way, over time, strategies are defined
to better address the triggers and symptoms of diseases [1]. The psychologist should adopt
the principles of Positive Psychology, based on which it will be possible to do something
more than resolve or alleviate psychological disorders, that is, he aims to make individuals
happy. Positive Psychology works more on the strengths than the weaknesses of the
human being, more the pursuit of happiness than the study of mental illnesses. Positive

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Psychology is the means through which people would achieve happiness which,
ultimately, is the main objective that guides people's choices in life. Positive Psychology
would show the ways for the individual to achieve their happiness [3][5].
One of the fundamental strategies to help an individual overcome anxiety is that which
helps to mitigate fear. What is fear? Fear is a shock emotion, often preceded by surprise,
caused by the awareness of an imminent or present danger. When alert, the organism
reacts through somatic behaviors and endocrine changes that can be very contrasting
depending on the person and circumstances, such as acceleration or decrease in heart rate,
very fast or very slow breathing, contraction or dilation of blood vessels, increase or
decrease in secretion of glands, paralysis or violent externalization and, at the limit,
inhibition or, on the contrary, disconnected and clumsy movements. Fear is a feeling
triggered from a region of the brain called the amygdala. It activates the hypothalamus
which prepares the threatened individual to flee or fight [4].
Fear was born with man since the beginning of humanity, accompanying our entire
existence. But fears have changed according to times and places, due to the threats that
change and weigh on us. Fear has presented itself in different ways depending on time
and place, such as fear of death, fear of the forces of nature, fear of Satan or the devil,
fear of the night, fear of insecurity, fear of pandemics, fear of another human being, fear
of wars, fear of terrorism, fear of communism and fear of Nazi fascism [4]. Fear has
played the necessary role in warning people of the dangers that successively appear in
their lives. Humanity could not have survived without fear, that is, without becoming
aware of the dangers that successively appear in people's lives. The main fears that
torment humanity are the following [4]:
6.1- Fear of death
Life's greatest adversary is death. The greatest fear is the fear of death. The fear of death
is the root of humanity's existential crisis. In all forms of fear there can be, to different
degrees, the fear of death that will not disappear from the human condition throughout its
existence. Everyone knows that humans are mortal. Hence the existential crisis. This fear
is mitigated in our society by human activities such as work, hobbies and is often
sublimated by art and religion. The certainty of our finitude should always make us
question the way we live, seeking to build fraternal coexistence among all human beings.
6.2- Fear of the forces of nature
Since the beginning of humanity, the main dangers that threatened humanity, and
therefore the main fears, came from nature such as wild beasts, epidemics, bad harvests
that led to famine, fires caused particularly by lightning, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis, etc. The sea has always been seen as a dangerous space for human beings due
to the great risk posed by sailing in the oceans, whose fear of the sea was only overcome
with scientific and technological advances used in ocean navigation. From the beginnings
of humanity until the 16th century of great navigation, the sea was linked to death, to the
abyss. The sea was seen as a place of fear, madness, where Satan, demons and monsters
live.
6.3- Fear of Satan or the devil
Satan and Demon are names for the same figure in Christian mythology: the angel who
rebelled against God and was expelled from Paradise, condemned to Hell. His great task
in Creation, since then, is to deceive and pervert the souls of human beings, removing
them from the path of Salvation. This image is unanimous in the biblical books, both in

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the Old Testament and in the New. Christian symbolism associates evil with the shadow
and makes Satan the sovereign of the empire of darkness. Jesus recognizes in him the
power over the material world and identifies him as the great enemy to be defeated by
men. Jesus prophesies the end of times, trapping the devil and all his followers, devils
and men, forever in Hell. The fear of the devil is very present among Christians.
6.4- Fear of the night
The accumulation of objective dangers that humanity has known over time, during the
night, has given rise to an almost natural fear of darkness. The history of humanity is full
of nocturnal hauntings such as fear of the Moon, werewolves, ghosts, animals, the forest,
looters, everything that could exist (or not) in the shadows. Many people are afraid to
travel at night in many cities around the world. The night would be at the origin of a
fundamental fear of human beings, for example, the Aztecs in Mexico who sacrificed
human beings as an offering to the Sun god so that he would resurface every day and the
night would not prevail. When total eclipses occurred, generating darkness, or when a
comet passed, a general cry broke out among the Aztecs fearing for the end of times.
Classic biblical texts also induced fear of the night in people. The night would herald
death.
6.5- Fear of insecurity
Everywhere in the world, insecurity is increasing with robberies and violence. There is a
feeling of growing insecurity and daily violence from the Middle Ages to the
contemporary era. Worldwide, insecurity, in all forms, is advancing intensely and
countries like Japan and of Scandinavia, especially Finland, are rare exceptions. All
observers relate insecurity, above all, to the multiplication, in the 20th century, of large
megalopolises that exceed one million inhabitants. The city was formerly a place of
relative safety compared to the countryside. Today it is mainly in cities and especially in
large cities that people are afraid of insecurity. It is in places with a strong human
concentration that the fear of insecurity is more intense, to the point of inducing a change
in our daily lives, due to the control and inspection measures taken by the authorities. It
is in large cities that terrorism takes hold, because the perpetrators of the attacks can hide
better, playing more and more with the surprise effect, causing more and more victims.
No one is protected in big cities.
6.6- Fear of another human being
Humanity will certainly have a lot of time to combat this fear of others that never ceases
to surface and that is at the origin of racism of all times. Other human beings may be
repelled because they have a different skin color, different customs, behaviors and
cultural practices than ours, they don't dress like us, they don't eat like us and they have
different religions, ceremonies and rites. For all these reasons, many are tempted to
consider them scapegoats in case of supposed danger. If a misfortune happens to a
community, the foreigner is blamed. The practice of racism against black people in
various parts of the world, the fear of Jews, which is the extreme case of the cultural fear
of others, and the fear of Muslims from the Crusades to the contemporary era are part of
this context of fear of other human beings. .
6.7- Fear of pandemics
The fear of the emergence and return of contagious diseases also belongs to contemporary
fears with the occurrence of Coronavirus. This fear began with the outbreak of the
bubonic plague during the Middle Ages, which killed half of the European population

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when there was a disorderly flight from the cities of those who had the chance to escape
the urban hell and there was mutual distrust of those who survived and who avoided each
other. People locked themselves in their homes, refused to care for their sick relatives and
looked for a scapegoat. Some suffered in madness, others in the most ignoble decadence.
When all remedies had failed, the Inquisition sponsored by the Catholic Church led to
witch hunts with the persecution of women, who supposedly, possessed supernatural
powers, were led to the stake and the survivors were plunged into despair.
6.8- Fear of wars
Throughout the history of humanity, war has occupied an increasingly greater place and
its virulence grew from the invention of firearms at the end of the Middle Ages, with the
thousands of men called to fight during the Napoleonic wars, with the transition to number
of millions of men who killed each other during the 1st World War and the 2nd World
War with the use of the atomic bomb in 1945. The 20th century was the most criminal in
history. If we add the “holocausts” to the horrors of war itself, it was then that the fear of
wars reached its peak. The improvement of armaments, the movement towards total war
and the multiplication of terrorist acts lead to a continuous increase in the number of
victims and, especially, civilian victims. This means that, quantitatively, the dangers and
fears arising from war have grown significantly.
6.9- Fear of terrorism
Today's multiplication of terrorist acts logically leads to a continuous increase in the
number of victims and, especially, civilian victims. Terrorism has taken on a global
dimension because no one is protected anywhere anymore. Today it is mainly in cities
and especially in large cities that people are afraid of terrorism because the perpetrators
of attacks can hide better, playing more and more with the effect of surprise, causing more
and more victims. Therefore, from now on, it is all over the world that we can become
victims of terrorism. No one is protected. Another form of terrorism is that practiced by
the power of a dictatorial or totalitarian state that uses fear as a political weapon. A group
or power that is threatened, or that believes itself to be threatened and, therefore, that feels
afraid of the people, tends to see enemies on all sides, both outside and, increasingly,
within the space that it wants to control. He thus tends to become dictatorial, totalitarian,
aggressive and to repress any deviation, even any desire for discussion. A totalitarian
state, then, has a terrorist vocation.
6.10- Fear of communism
Since the emergence of Marxism as an ideology in the 19th century, which defends the
construction of socialism aiming at the emancipation of workers and humanity in general,
fear of communism has emerged throughout the world on the part of the economically
dominant classes (capitalists) and of governments associated with them because some
segments of Marxist political forces defend the socialist revolution to conquer power in
each country with a view to expropriating the capitalists. There also arose fear of
communism on the part of religious currents because Marxism considers religion to be
the opium of the people by contributing to their alienation. The fear of communism also
affects social segments and liberal political forces because Marxism advocates the
dictatorship of the proletariat in the construction of socialism and communism. The fear
of communism has been a trigger in many countries for preventive far-right coups d'état
to prevent the rise to power of communists or left-wing political forces.
6.11- The fear of Nazi fascism

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Nazi-fascism is an ideology that emerged in the first half of the 20th century in Italy and
Germany against the rise of workers to power in several countries after the victory of
socialism in the Soviet Union in 1917 and was based on strongly nationalist conceptions
and the totalitarian exercise of power, therefore against the democratic and liberal system,
and repressive against social democratic, socialist and communist ideas. Fascism
implemented in Italy during the 1920s and Nazism in Germany during the 1930s of the
20th century were based on a strong, totalitarian State, which claimed to embody the spirit
of the people, in the exercise of power by a single party whose Authority was imposed
through violence, repression and political propaganda. The fear of Nazi-fascism came
into existence after the Second World War due to the devastating consequences that
Nazism and fascism produced in Europe and the world, which is why any and all attempts
at its revival have been fought around the world. Nazi-fascism is fought by communists
and liberals around the world. The fear of neo-fascism, which is the heir of Nazi-fascism
in the contemporary era, contributed to Lula having broad support and beating Bolsonaro
in Brazil's last presidential elections.
How to overcome the main fears that affect human life? Some of the fears faced by human
beings involve an individual approach to overcoming them, such as dealing with the fear
of Satan or the devil and the fear of the night with education and psychotherapeutic
treatment for each individual. Other fears on the part of the general population, such as
fear of the forces of nature, must be addressed with the dissemination of scientific
knowledge through formal education and the mass media in order to enlighten them. The
fear of insecurity and the fear of terrorism can only be overcome with the implementation
of a society in each country capable of eliminating social inequalities and violence based
on the Welfare State in which cooperation prevails between all individuals, as well as
avoiding the existence of terrorism of state imposed by dictatorships or totalitarian states.
The fear of pandemics must be overcome by avoiding the destruction of the habitat of
animals carrying viruses and bacteria and the contact of humans with these animals, as
well as preventively developing vaccines that can be used in the event of epidemics or
pandemics, in addition to measures restricting the spread of viruses and bacteria in times
of epidemics or pandemics. The fear of wars will only be overcome when there is a world
government that is capable of mediating international conflicts and ensuring world peace.
The fear of communism and the fear of Nazi-fascism will only be overcome when the
Welfare State is implemented in every country in the world with governments meeting
the demands of the entire population without exception, a condition that would prevent
political radicalization. Finally, the fear of death must be faced with medical assistance
to prolong the life of each individual with full health, which would also be assisted by
psychotherapeutic and religious treatment in the case of individuals who profess a religion
to face inevitable death [4].
REFERENCES
1. BLOG DE SAÚDE MENTAL. Entenda como ansiedade e depressão se
relacionam. Available on the website <https://www.vittude.com/blog/ansiedade-
e-
depressao/#:~:text=Em%20certos%20casos%2C%20o%20indiv%C3%ADduo,d
o%20desgaste%20emocional%20e%20f%C3%ADsico>, 2023.
2. TJDFT. Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e dos Territórios. Depressão:
causas, sintomas, tratamentos, diagnóstico e prevenção. Available on the
website <https://www.tjdft.jus.br/informacoes/programas-projetos-e-acoes/pro-
vida/dicas-de-saude/pilulas-de-saude/depressao-causas-sintomas-tratamentos-
diagnostico-e-prevencao>.

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3. RODRIGUES, Miriam e PEREIRA, Douglas da Silveira. Psicologia Positiva:
dos Conceitos à Aplicação. Novo Hamburgo/RS: SINOPSYS, 2021.
4. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Os principais medos que os humanos enfrentam
na vida e como superá-los. Available on the website
<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/os-principais-medos-que-humanos-enfrentam-
na-vida-e-como-
alcoforado/?trackingId=5gP0EKmj6p2VX0unCmfVQA%3D%3D>.
5. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Como conquistar a felicidade dos seres humanos,
individual e coletivamente. Available on the website
<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/como-conquistar-felicidade-dos-seres-
humanos-e-alcoforado/>.

Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer from the UFBA Polytechnic School and doctor in Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering,
Economy and Administration) and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional
planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and
Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning
Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State
of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998),
Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do
Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso
e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook
(CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022), How to protect human beings from threats to their
existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova,
Chișinău, 2023) and A revolução da educação necessária ao Brasil na era contemporânea (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2023).