This document discusses secondary storage pests. Secondary storage pests feed on broken grains, dust, and milled products left from damage caused by primary storage pests. Common secondary storage pests include the saw-toothed grain beetle, long-headed flour beetle, flat grain beetle, grain mite, rice moth, fig moth, and dermestid beetle. Management strategies for secondary storage pests include proper drying and storage of grains, chemical treatments like surface treatments and fumigation, and integrated pest management approaches using both preventative and curative control methods.
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
In digital Electronics, NAND gate is a logic gate which has the output LOW if all the inputs are HIGH. For
example, if we pass only HIGH inputs to the NAND gate then its output will be LOW, otherwise if one of the
inputs is LOW the output will become HIGH.
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
In digital Electronics, NAND gate is a logic gate which has the output LOW if all the inputs are HIGH. For
example, if we pass only HIGH inputs to the NAND gate then its output will be LOW, otherwise if one of the
inputs is LOW the output will become HIGH.
This presentation contains valuable information on major insect pests of stored foods like Angoumois grain moth, Indian meal moth, Rice moth, Potato tuber moth etc.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Integrated Pest Management of Red Flour Beetle. Environment-friendly Control Practices Of Red Flour Beetle ( Tribolium castaneum).
The red flour beetle attacks stored grain and other food products including flour, cereals, pasta, biscuits, beans, and nuts, causing loss and damage. The United Nations, in a recent post-harvest compendium, estimated that Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum, the confused flour beetle, are "the two most common secondary pests of all plant commodities in store throughout the world.
It is report on Mushroom cultivation . It shows the process about Mushroom growing in the farms. All the marketing strategy defined here. It based on commercial training that is held in 8th semester of B.Sc. agriculture final year according to ICAR module.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. Contents
What is storage pest
Classification of storage pests
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Description and damage symptoms
Management strategies
Summary
References.
3. What is storage pest ?
A pest is an organism that cause nuisance to animal and
human welfare.
A storage pest is an insect or other animal that damages or
A storage pest is an insect or other animal that damages or
destroys stored food or other stored valuable organic
matter.
Storage pests often go unnoticed because they infest items
that are not regularly used and they may be very small in size.
4.
5. Classification of storage pest
Storage grain pests are classified into two types
Primary storage pest
Secondary storage pest.
Secondary storage pest.
Insects considered as primary pests of stored products
cause damage to stored grains by directly feeding on
the grain at some point in their lifecycle.
6. Secondary storage pests
Secondary grain insects feed on broken grain and any powder
products left as a result of the broken grain.
Secondary pests attack only damaged grain, dust and milled
products.
products.
7. Common name Pest Family Order
Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cucujidae: Coleoptera
Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae Tenebrionidae Coleoptera
Flat grain beetle Cryptolestus minutas Cucujidae Coleptera
Flat grain beetle Cryptolestus minutas Cucujidae Coleptera
Grain mite Acarus siro --- Acarina
Rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Pyrallidae Lepidoptera
8. Saw toothed grain beetle
Scientific name: Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cucujidae
Host range: Rice, wheat, maize, cereal products, oil seeds and dry
fruits.
Distribution :Worldwide
Pest status: Important pest of a wide range of stored products of plant
or animal origin
9. Description and life history
It is slender, dark, narrow, flattened beetle having a row of saw like sharp teeth on each side
of the prothorax. The antenna is clubbed and elytra cover abdomen completely.
Fecundity: 300/gravid female
Hatching period : 3 -17 days.
Larval period: 14- 20 days.
Pupal period : 7-21 days.
Duration of life cycle is highly dependent on temperatures, and takes 3-4 weeks at
temperatures above 30˚C; longer during cooler months. 5-6 generations are possible in a
year.
10. Damage symptoms
Feeding on germ region of stored seeds is reported to reduce
germination.
Adult beetles and grubs bore through the stored product, and leaving
Adult beetles and grubs bore through the stored product, and leaving
holes and ultimately reducing it to a fine powder.
Adult beetles readily chew through plastic and paper packaging to reach
food sources.
Heavy infestations can cause stored products to heat up leading to mold
growth, and reduction in flavor and quality of food items.
11. Long headed flour beetle
• Scientific name: Latheticus oryzae
Order: Coleoptera
Family:Tenebrionidae
Distribution: Worldwide
Pest status: Important pest of a wide range of stored grains and their products such as
Pest status: Important pest of a wide range of stored grains and their products such as
cereals and flour.
Description of the pest
The beetle is light brown in colour with elongated body, measuring 2 -3 mm in
length.
Resembles to Tribolium
12. Life cycle
Fecundity: 400
Incubation period: 7-12 days
Larval period: 15-80 days
Pupal period: 5-10 days
Damage symptoms
Grub
Damage symptoms
Both grubs and adult beetles feed on the milled
products. It occurs as secondary infestation in stored
grain.
It attacks cereal flour, packaged food, rice and rice
products. Occurs as secondary infestation in stored
sorghum, wheat, etc. Adult
13. Flat grain beetle
Scientific name: Cryptolestes minutes
Order: Coleoptera
Family: Cucujidae
Distribution: Worldwide
Status of the pest: Important pest of a wide range of stored grains and their products such as
Status of the pest: Important pest of a wide range of stored grains and their products such as
cereals and flour.
Host range: Cereal flours, packaged food, rice and rice products, grains with excessive dust,
dockage and broken grains with high moisture contents preferred.
Description and life history
It is smallest among the stored grain insect pests.
It is light to dark reddish brown beetle measuring 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm.
14. Life cycle of the pest
It lays white eggs loosely in flour, grain or crevices. The egg period is 5 days.
The larva is cigar like yellowish white with two reddish brown spots at anal segment.
The larval period is 21 days. It pupates in a gelatinous cocoon.
The life cycle is completed in 42 days.
Damage symptoms
Both grubs and adults feed on broken grains or on milled products. In case
of heavy infestation it cause heating in grain and flour.
It attacks rice, maize, wheat with excessive broken, different flours, ground
nut particularly with high moistures and mouldy grains
15. Grain mite
Scientific name: Acarus siro
Order:Acarina
Family: Acaridae
• Distribution:Worldwide
• Pest status: Occasional pest
Description of the pest
It is pale straw to dark reddish brown mite .
Tiny, microscopic arthropods with eight legs, about 1⁄2 inch or lesser in
length.
16. Life cycle
Fecundity: 100 eggs/female
Larval instars: 1-3
Total life cycle : 9-12 days
Damage symptoms :
Damage symptoms :
It feeds on the surface of the grains.
It attacks cereal grains, flour and other eatables.
In severe infestations, the mites can be seen as a layer of fine powder over the host
Material and they give off a ‘minty’ or similar sweet-sickly odour when crushed.
This renders food material unsuitable for consumption.
17. Rice moth
Scientific name: Corcyra cephalonica
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pyralidae
Host range: Rice, jowar, other millets, whole cereals, cereal products, pulses,
processed products of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, nuts, dry fruits and milled spices.
Symptoms of damage
Larva is only responsible for damage.
It contaminates food grains with frass, moults and dense webbing.
In whole grains, kernels are bound into lumps upto 2 kg.
19. Fig or Almond Moth
Scientific name: Ephestia cautella
Host range: Wheat, rice, maize, jowar, groundnuts,
spices.
Symptoms of damage
Larva feeds on germ portion leaving the rest of the
kernel undamaged.
In bulk infestation its damage is limited to peripheral
top layers only.
Web formation covers the bags, floor-space and mill
machinery thereby leading to clogging in mills.
Larva
Adult
20. Secondary storage pest of sericulture
Scientific name: Dermestes ater
Order : Coleoptera
Family- Dermestidae
Period of occurrence:Throughout the year.
Life history of the pest
Life history of the pest
Fecundity : 150-250
Hatching: 3-6 days
Larval duration: 28-40 days
Pupal duration : 7-8 days
Total life cycle: 38-54 days
21. Damage symptoms
The grubs cause more damage than adults.
The infested cocoons (especially seed and stifled cocoons) show the
presence of multiple irregular holes on them.
They do attack the green cocoons as well as the egg laying moths
They do attack the green cocoons as well as the egg laying moths
whenever their population gets increased
The estimated damage level due to the beetle attack to the pupae is
16.62% and moth 3.57% with 20.19% reduction in egg production in
grainages, especially those coming under government sector
22. Management of dermestid beetle
1. Mechanical: Collect the grubs and adults either by sweeping or by using a vacuum cleaner
and destroy them by burning or dipping in soap solution.
2) Physical: Exposure of beetle infested (grubs and adults) pierced / stifled cocoons packed
in HDPE (black) bags to sunlight for a period of 6 hours.
in HDPE (black) bags to sunlight for a period of 6 hours.
3) Chemical
Wooden articles of the cocoon storage room and grainage should be dipped in 0.2%
Malathion solution for 2-3 minutes. After 10 days, the trays should be thoroughly washed
in water and sun dried for 2-3 days before reusing.
Store pierced cocoons in Deltamethrin treated bags (bags soaked in 0.028% Deltamethrin
solution and dried in shade).
23. Management strategies
• The effective management of storage pests may be ensured by drying the
grains properly before storage, storing new grains in the clean godowns or
receptacles and plugging all cracks, crevices and holes in the godowns
thoroughly.
If infestation of grain has already taken place, then application of chemicals
• If infestation of grain has already taken place, then application of chemicals
becomes necessary.
Surface treatment
Seed treatment
Fumigation
24. Surface treament
• Disinfect old gunny bags by dipping them in 0.0125% fenvalerate 20EC or
cypermethrin 25EC for 10 minutes and drying them in shade before filling with
grains or use new gunny bags.
• Disinfect empty godowns or receptacles by spraying 0.05% malathion emulsion
• Disinfect empty godowns or receptacles by spraying 0.05% malathion emulsion
on the floor, walls and ceiling.
Seed treatment
Mixing of malathion 5% @of 250g /quintal of seed is recommended.
Against pulse beetle cover the pulses stored in bulk with 7 cm layer of
sand or sawdust or dung ash.
25. Fumigation
Mixture of ethylene dichloride and carbon tetrachloride @ of 1L for 20
quintals of grain or 35L/100 m3 of space with exposure period of 4 days
is recommended. Methyl bromide is used at the rate of 3.5 kg per 100 m3
is recommended. Methyl bromide is used at the rate of 3.5 kg per 100 m3
of space with 10-12 hours exposure.
The fumigant, hydrogen phosphide (aluminium phosphide), is available in
tablet form and can be used @ of one tablet (3 g) per metric tonne or 25
tablets /100 m3 of space with an exposure period of 7 days.
26. Integrated management of storage pest
The control methods of stored produce pests can be categorized into preventive and curative measures.
i)Preventive measures
• Brush the cracks, crevices and corners to remove all debris in the godown. Clean the machines like harvester
and thresher before their use.Made the trucks, trolleys or bullock carts free from infestation.
• Clean the godowns/ storage structures before storing the newly harvested crop to eliminate various bio
stages of pest hiding.
• Provide a metal sheet upto a height of 25 cm at the bottom of the wood in doors to arrest the entry of rats.
• Remove and destroy dirt, rubbish, sweepings and webbings etc from the stores.
• Close all the rat burrows found in godown with a mixture of broken glass pieces and mud plastered with
mud/ cement.
• Plaster the cracks, crevices, holes found on walls, and floors with mud or cement and white wash the stores
before storing of grains etc..
27. ii) Physical methods
Provide a super heating system by infrared heaters in the floor mills and food
processing plants to obtain effective control of pests since mostly the stored
produce insects die at 55 –60˚ C in 10 – 20 minutes.
Modify the storage atmosphere to generate low oxygen (2.4%) and to develop
Modify the storage atmosphere to generate low oxygen (2.4%) and to develop
high carbon dioxide (9.0 – 9.5) by adding CO2 to control the insects.
iii) Cultural methods
Store the food grains in air tight sealed structures to prevent the infestation
by insects.
28. iv) Mechanical methods
Sieve and remove all broken grains to eliminate the condition which favour storage
pests.
Stitch all torn out bags before filling the grains.
v) Chemical methods
Treat the walls, and ceilings of empty godown with malathion 50 EC 10 ml/L.
Spray malathion 50 EC 10 ml/ L with @ 3 L of spray fluid / 100 m2 over the bags.
Use seed protectants like pyrethrum dust, carbaryl dust to mix with grains meant for seed
purposes only.
29. Summary
A storage pest is an insect or other animal that damages or destroys
stored food or other stored valuable organic matter.
Storage pests often go unnoticed because they infest items that are not
regularly used and they may be very small in size.
Infestations are noticed when the pests emerge from storage, to disperse
Infestations are noticed when the pests emerge from storage, to disperse
or sometimes as a result of crowding or after having exhausted a particular
food source, and search for new sources of food and harbourage.
Storage pests are classified into primary and secondary pests. Secondary
pests are saw toothed grain beetles, long horned grain beetles, grain mite
etc..
30. The effective management of storage pests may be ensured by drying
the grains properly before storage, storing new grains in the clean
godowns or receptacles and plugging all cracks, crevices and holes in the
godowns thoroughly. If infestation of grain has already taken place, then
godowns thoroughly. If infestation of grain has already taken place, then
application of chemicals becomes necessary.
The control methods of stored produce pests can be categorized into
preventive and curative measures.