Stereotyping presentation1
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1) Stereotyping is not inevitable and can be successfully inhibited with practice through implementation intentions, which are intentions to think specific thoughts. 2) Both automatic stereotyping and amygdala responses to out-group members depend on perceivers' current social-cognitive goals and are not automatic responses. 3) Category and stereotype activation have different effects on judgments, and best results occur when both the category and stereotype are primed.
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1) The study aimed to replicate findings from Stapel & Suls (2004) about how implicit vs explicit social comparisons influence self-evaluation, but the original study had been retracted.
2) Sixty students were primed with Beyoncé's picture and asked either an explicit or implicit comparison question about singing ability, or received no prime.
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4) The findings fail to replicate Stapel & Suls, and the authors conclude Stapel's results were incorrect and should not be replicated, contrary to
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2. Research is summarized that shows how holding stereotypes can impact perceptions and expectations of others. Studies demonstrate stereotypes influence judgments of intelligence and ability.
3. Additional research shows how knowing stereotypes exist about one's own group can negatively impact performance through "stereotype threat."
4. The document ends by reviewing studies on ways stereotypes may be overcome, such as exposing children to counter-stereotypical media portrayals and increasing awareness of implicit biases
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This document summarizes Walter Mischel's social cognitive theory of personality. Some key points:
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- He emphasized the interaction between traits and situations, and that behavior is influenced by cognitive appraisals of situations rather than traits alone.
- Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System model describes how cognitive strategies, affect, goals and values interact reciprocally to shape behavior.
- Research on delayed gratification found cognitive strategies like distraction can influence impulsive behavior. Mischel's theory emphasizes understanding cognitive processing dynamics to enable self-directed change.
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EmotionUnpacking Cognitive Reappraisal Goals, Tactics, an.docx
Emotion
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and
Outcomes
Kateri McRae, Bethany Ciesielski, and James J. Gross
Online First Publication, December 12, 2011. doi: 10.1037/a0026351
CITATION
McRae, K., Ciesielski, B., & Gross, J. J. (2011, December 12). Unpacking Cognitive
Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi:
10.1037/a0026351
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes
Kateri McRae and Bethany Ciesielski
University of Denver
James J. Gross
Stanford University
Studies of emotion regulation typically contrast two or more strategies (e.g., reappraisal vs. suppression)
and ignore variation within each strategy. To address such variation, we focused on cognitive reappraisal
and considered the effects of goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) and tactics (i.e., what
people actually do) on outcomes (i.e., how affective responses change). To examine goals, we randomly
assigned participants to either increase positive emotion or decrease negative emotion to a negative
stimulus. To examine tactics, we categorized participants’ reports of how they reappraised. To examine
reappraisal outcomes, we measured experience and electrodermal responding. Findings indicated that (a)
the goal of increasing positive emotion led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases
in skin conductance than the goal of decreasing negative emotion, and (b) use of the reality challenge
tactic was associated with smaller increases in positive affect during reappraisal. These findings suggest
that reappraisal can be implemented in the service of different emotion goals, using different tactics. Such
differences are associated with different outcomes, and they should be considered in future research and
applied attempts to maximize reappraisal success.
Researchers have identified many types of emotion regulation
strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression;
Gross & Thompson, 2007). Contrasting these strategies has led to
important insights about differences among emotion regulatory
processes (Dillon, Ritchey, Johnson, & LaBar, 2007; Goldin,
McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Gross, 1998; Hayes et al., 2010;
Sheppes & Meiran, 2007) but has deemphasized the variability that
exists within any given strategy, such as those occasioned by
differing goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) or tactics
(i.e., what people actually do).
One promising target for examining within-strategy variation is
cognitive reappraisal, which refers to altering emotions by chang-
ing the way one thinks. Successful reappraisal influences many
aspects of emotional responding, including self-reported negative
affect (Gross, 1998), peripheral physiology (Jackson, Malmstadt,
Larson, & Davidson, 2000; Ray, McRae, Ochsner, & Gross, 2010),
and neural indicators of emotional arousal (Hajcak & Nieuwen-
huis, 2006; Ochsner et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006). However, there
has been notable va ...
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