Steller's sea cow
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The Steller's sea cow was a large, slow-moving sea mammal that grew up to 23 tons and fed on kelp and sea grasses. It inhabited coastal waters near rivers in the North Pacific, often spending hours resting or feeding underwater. The species was rapidly hunted to extinction by the late 18th century for its meat, milk, and hide within 27 years of being discovered by Europeans. Overhunting and loss of habitat contributed to its demise, making it one of the few large mammals ever to be driven to extinction by human activity so soon after being documented by science.
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Steller's sea cow
Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large sirenian mammal that was once abundant throughout the North Pacific but was limited to the Commander Islands by 1741. Within 27 years of being discovered by Europeans, the slow moving sea cow was hunted to extinction for food and oil. It grew up to 8 meters long, looked like a large seal but had forelimbs and a whale-like tail. It lived in the water and fed on kelp. The sole remaining population was on the Commander Islands and was easily hunted to extinction for its meat and fat within 27 years of European contact.
Hilsa fishery of Bay of Bengal
This document provides an overview of the Hilsa fish species, which is an important commercial fish in the Indo-Pacific region. Some key points:
1. Hilsa fish migrate between freshwater rivers and the sea to spawn and feed. Major spawning grounds are located in the Ganges-Brahmaputra river delta region.
2. Juvenile Hilsa spend time growing in nursery grounds along rivers before migrating to sea feeding/growing grounds.
3. Bangladesh has established Hilsa sanctuaries and seasonal fishing bans to help conserve stocks of this important species. Management of Hilsa fisheries is a national priority given its economic and cultural significance.
Bycatch Reduction Devices
This document defines and describes various terms related to bycatch in fisheries including accidental catch, incidental catch, non-target species, byproduct, undersized, catch, release, bycatch, bycatch reduction devices, turtle excluder devices, square-mesh codends, fisheyes, and other modifications that can help reduce bycatch in trawling operations. Examples and explanations are provided for each term.
Food and feeding habit of shellfishes
This document discusses the food and feeding habits of various shellfish species. It begins by defining shellfish and dividing them into two phyla - Arthropoda and Mollusca. For each major shellfish type (crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods), the document provides examples of species and describes their classification, distribution, habitat, and food/feeding behaviors. Specific species covered include crabs, shrimp, lobsters, clams, mussels, oysters, and pearl oysters. The document emphasizes that most shellfish are filter feeders that consume plankton, algae, plants, and small aquatic organisms.
Viral diseases in fishes
This document discusses four major viral diseases that infect fish: viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and channel catfish viral disease (CCVD). It describes the causative viruses, transmission methods, common symptoms like hemorrhaging and pop-eyes, diagnosis techniques including virus isolation and PCR, and lack of effective treatments other than controlling water quality and fish stocking densities.
Marine Commercial Fin- fish and Shell-finsh Fisheries of India
Marine Commercial Fin- fish and Shell-finsh Fisheries of IndiaDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
SYLLABUS
Unit I) Marine Fin Fish Fisheries of India –
i) Coastal fisheries (up to 45 fathoms) – Stromateus sinensis, Stromateus cinereus,Stromateus niger, Polynemus tetradactylus, Psuedosciaena diacanthus, Trichiurushaumela, Synagris 8aponicas, Scomber microlepeidotus, Cybium guttatum, Sardinellalongiceps.
ii) Deep sea fisheries (more than 45 fathoms) of Indian Exclusive Economic Zone –Thunnus albacore, Sarda orientalis, Rhincodon typus.iii) Commercial potential & major landing centres of the above fishes.
Unit II) Marine Shell Fish Fisheries of India –
iii) Crustacean fisheries – Penaeus monodon; etapenaeus affinis, Parapenaeopsisstylifera, Acetes indicus, Panulirus polyphagus, Scylla serrata.
iv) Molluscan fisheries – Pinctada vulgaris, Sepia pharaonis, Loligo duvaceli.iii) Commercial potential & major landing centres of the above shell fishes.Water quality problems in Fishes-nitrogenous components and heavy metals
This document discusses nitrogen components and metal toxicity in fish. It describes how ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate are produced through fish waste and feeding and can become toxic at high levels. Ammonia is particularly toxic and its toxicity depends on factors like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Heavy metals like copper, cadmium, mercury, and zinc can also poison fish in high amounts. Pesticides added to water supplies can acutely poison fish through nerve damage. Maintaining good water quality through filtration and monitoring nitrogen levels and toxins is important for fish health.
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Steller's sea cow
Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large sirenian mammal that was once abundant throughout the North Pacific but was limited to the Commander Islands by 1741. Within 27 years of being discovered by Europeans, the slow moving sea cow was hunted to extinction for food and oil. It grew up to 8 meters long, looked like a large seal but had forelimbs and a whale-like tail. It lived in the water and fed on kelp. The sole remaining population was on the Commander Islands and was easily hunted to extinction for its meat and fat within 27 years of European contact.
Hilsa fishery of Bay of Bengal
This document provides an overview of the Hilsa fish species, which is an important commercial fish in the Indo-Pacific region. Some key points:
1. Hilsa fish migrate between freshwater rivers and the sea to spawn and feed. Major spawning grounds are located in the Ganges-Brahmaputra river delta region.
2. Juvenile Hilsa spend time growing in nursery grounds along rivers before migrating to sea feeding/growing grounds.
3. Bangladesh has established Hilsa sanctuaries and seasonal fishing bans to help conserve stocks of this important species. Management of Hilsa fisheries is a national priority given its economic and cultural significance.
Bycatch Reduction Devices
This document defines and describes various terms related to bycatch in fisheries including accidental catch, incidental catch, non-target species, byproduct, undersized, catch, release, bycatch, bycatch reduction devices, turtle excluder devices, square-mesh codends, fisheyes, and other modifications that can help reduce bycatch in trawling operations. Examples and explanations are provided for each term.
Food and feeding habit of shellfishes
This document discusses the food and feeding habits of various shellfish species. It begins by defining shellfish and dividing them into two phyla - Arthropoda and Mollusca. For each major shellfish type (crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods), the document provides examples of species and describes their classification, distribution, habitat, and food/feeding behaviors. Specific species covered include crabs, shrimp, lobsters, clams, mussels, oysters, and pearl oysters. The document emphasizes that most shellfish are filter feeders that consume plankton, algae, plants, and small aquatic organisms.
Viral diseases in fishes
This document discusses four major viral diseases that infect fish: viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and channel catfish viral disease (CCVD). It describes the causative viruses, transmission methods, common symptoms like hemorrhaging and pop-eyes, diagnosis techniques including virus isolation and PCR, and lack of effective treatments other than controlling water quality and fish stocking densities.
Marine Commercial Fin- fish and Shell-finsh Fisheries of India
Marine Commercial Fin- fish and Shell-finsh Fisheries of IndiaDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
SYLLABUS
Unit I) Marine Fin Fish Fisheries of India –
i) Coastal fisheries (up to 45 fathoms) – Stromateus sinensis, Stromateus cinereus,Stromateus niger, Polynemus tetradactylus, Psuedosciaena diacanthus, Trichiurushaumela, Synagris 8aponicas, Scomber microlepeidotus, Cybium guttatum, Sardinellalongiceps.
ii) Deep sea fisheries (more than 45 fathoms) of Indian Exclusive Economic Zone –Thunnus albacore, Sarda orientalis, Rhincodon typus.iii) Commercial potential & major landing centres of the above fishes.
Unit II) Marine Shell Fish Fisheries of India –
iii) Crustacean fisheries – Penaeus monodon; etapenaeus affinis, Parapenaeopsisstylifera, Acetes indicus, Panulirus polyphagus, Scylla serrata.
iv) Molluscan fisheries – Pinctada vulgaris, Sepia pharaonis, Loligo duvaceli.iii) Commercial potential & major landing centres of the above shell fishes.Water quality problems in Fishes-nitrogenous components and heavy metals
This document discusses nitrogen components and metal toxicity in fish. It describes how ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate are produced through fish waste and feeding and can become toxic at high levels. Ammonia is particularly toxic and its toxicity depends on factors like temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen. Heavy metals like copper, cadmium, mercury, and zinc can also poison fish in high amounts. Pesticides added to water supplies can acutely poison fish through nerve damage. Maintaining good water quality through filtration and monitoring nitrogen levels and toxins is important for fish health.
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SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Aquarium fish breeding
Breeding aquarium fish requires careful attention to environmental factors and breeding techniques that differ between egg-laying and live-bearing species. The document outlines the steps for breeding which include setting up tanks with appropriate water parameters, selecting healthy spawning pairs, conditioning the fish, inducing spawning, and rearing the eggs or live fry. Egg-laying fish are further classified based on their breeding behaviors such as scattering eggs randomly, depositing eggs on surfaces, or carrying eggs in the mouth, each requiring different tank setups and techniques to maximize survival of offspring.
Feeding
Feeding types- Filter feeders, carnivorous, Omnivorous and their trophic levevls
ontogenic chances in feeding -Forage theory
Clupeiformies
deals with the classification and characters of fishes belongs to order clupeiformes along with all family and generic characters
Fish classification
The document classifies fishes and discusses the order Crossopterygii. Crossopterygii have internal nares, lobed fins except the first dorsal fin, scales with a cosmic layer, an air bladder that is lug-like, and a persistent notochord with unossified vertebrae. It also notes that Osteichthyes includes approximately 96% of all fish species.
Fishnutrition
This document provides information on the nutritional requirements of proteins and lipids in fish. It discusses the major functions of proteins, essential amino acid requirements, and sources of protein including animal, plant, and non-conventional sources. It also discusses the importance of lipids for fish, fatty acid requirements including omega-3 and omega-6, and sources of lipids from animal and plant oils. The document is submitted as part of a university course on the nutritional requirements of fish.
Grass Carp
Grass carp, also known as white amur, is a freshwater fish native to eastern Asia. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world. Grass carp have an elongated, stout body with dark grey coloring above and silvery sides. They are herbivorous and help control aquatic weeds. While they play an important ecological role, they can also be considered a pest if they damage native vegetation. Grass carp are commonly farmed and have been introduced to control weeds in ponds and canals in Bangladesh.
fungal disease in fishes
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Fish feeding and feeding types
This document discusses fish feeding, including feed quality, storage, feeding correctly, selection, amount estimation, administering feed, feeding methods, frequency, response, assessing response, training fish, and managing wastes. Key points covered include the objectives of maximum growth, good health, and minimum waste; factors that influence feed quality like nutrients, processing, and storage; estimating feeding amounts based on fish size and weight; adjusting feeding based on monitoring and response; and techniques like hand feeding, demand feeders, and avoiding overfeeding.
Important Palegic Fishes
Pelagic fish inhabit ocean waters near the surface or in middle depths. They often form large shoals and undertake vertical or horizontal migrations. Their aggregating behaviors increase their catchability by fisheries. Pelagic fish range in size from small forage fish like herring and sardines to large apex predators such as bluefin tuna and sharks. They tend to be streamlined swimmers capable of long distance migration.
Breeding, cold water fishery
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
aquarium plant utility and propagation
The document discusses aquatic plants that are suitable for aquariums. It begins by explaining the importance of plants in aquariums and the different types of aquatic plants including truly aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and marginal plants. Specific examples of truly aquatic plants are provided like Hygrophila polysperma and Vallisneria spiralis. The document also covers propagation methods for aquatic plants including asexual, sexual, and artificial propagation. It concludes by emphasizing the benefits of live plants in aquariums and their role in maintaining water quality.
Ornamental aquatic plants and their propagation
This document provides information about a student's MSc project on ornamental aquaculture. The student's name is Ipsita Sahoo and they are studying types of aquatic plants and their propagation under the guidance of Dr. Sambid Swain at CUTM BBSR. The document discusses types of aquatic plants including truly aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and marginal plants. It also summarizes methods of plant propagation including asexual, sexual, and artificial propagation. Specific aquatic plant species and their descriptions are provided.
viral disease
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
fish hatchery
A fish hatchery is a facility where fish eggs are hatched and fish are reared through early life stages. Hatcheries provide fish seed for aquaculture and some fisheries by spawning, hatching, and caring for various fish and shellfish species. Factors to be considered in hatchery design include site selection, water supply and disposal systems, equipment selection, and developing floor plans. Tanks can be circular or rectangular and are used for rearing fish at different life stages.
seed production of mud crab
This document summarizes the seed production of mud crabs. It discusses the commercial crab species, their distribution in the Indo-Pacific region, and their reproductive biology. Key points include that males have larger claws than females, mating occurs after the female molts, and females carry fertilized eggs for two weeks before the larvae hatch and go through five zoea stages over 15-20 days before becoming megalopas and then juvenile crabs. The peak breeding seasons vary by region.
Shell fish parasitic disease
1. This document summarizes 10 parasitic diseases that affect finfish and shellfish: cotton shrimp disease, Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis, milky blood disease, Perkinsozoa disease, grey crab disease, Aber disease, bonemiasis, Bucephalian disease, Echinocephalus disease, and diseases caused by polychaetes.
2. The diseases are caused by various parasites including microsporidians, Hematodinium, Perkinsus, Paramoeba, Marteilia, and Bonamia that infect important aquaculture species like shrimp, crab, oyster, mussel and more.
3. The diseases cause
ALL TYPE OF FISH DISEASES
The document provides information on fish health management including:
1. Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases that affect fish and crustaceans such as vibriosis, monodon baculovirus disease, white spot syndrome, and saprolegniasis.
2. The causative agents and symptoms of important infectious bacterial diseases in fish including hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida, and saddleback disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris.
3. Nutritional diseases in fish that result from deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and the signs associated with each.
4
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Clams
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Aquarium fish breeding
Breeding aquarium fish requires careful attention to environmental factors and breeding techniques that differ between egg-laying and live-bearing species. The document outlines the steps for breeding which include setting up tanks with appropriate water parameters, selecting healthy spawning pairs, conditioning the fish, inducing spawning, and rearing the eggs or live fry. Egg-laying fish are further classified based on their breeding behaviors such as scattering eggs randomly, depositing eggs on surfaces, or carrying eggs in the mouth, each requiring different tank setups and techniques to maximize survival of offspring.
Feeding
Feeding types- Filter feeders, carnivorous, Omnivorous and their trophic levevls
ontogenic chances in feeding -Forage theory
Clupeiformies
deals with the classification and characters of fishes belongs to order clupeiformes along with all family and generic characters
Fish classification
The document classifies fishes and discusses the order Crossopterygii. Crossopterygii have internal nares, lobed fins except the first dorsal fin, scales with a cosmic layer, an air bladder that is lug-like, and a persistent notochord with unossified vertebrae. It also notes that Osteichthyes includes approximately 96% of all fish species.
Fishnutrition
This document provides information on the nutritional requirements of proteins and lipids in fish. It discusses the major functions of proteins, essential amino acid requirements, and sources of protein including animal, plant, and non-conventional sources. It also discusses the importance of lipids for fish, fatty acid requirements including omega-3 and omega-6, and sources of lipids from animal and plant oils. The document is submitted as part of a university course on the nutritional requirements of fish.
Grass Carp
Grass carp, also known as white amur, is a freshwater fish native to eastern Asia. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world. Grass carp have an elongated, stout body with dark grey coloring above and silvery sides. They are herbivorous and help control aquatic weeds. While they play an important ecological role, they can also be considered a pest if they damage native vegetation. Grass carp are commonly farmed and have been introduced to control weeds in ponds and canals in Bangladesh.
fungal disease in fishes
Fungal diseases can seriously impact fish populations. Three common fungal diseases are:
1. Saprolegniasis is caused by Saprolegnia fungi and is characterized by cotton-like fungal growths on the skin, gills, or eyes of fish. It can spread rapidly between fish and cause death.
2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot) infects gill tissues and is caused by Branchiomyces fungi. Infected fish have difficulty breathing and their gills may appear red.
3. Ichthyophonosis causes rough skin and white lesions inside the body and is caused by Ichthyophonus fungi. More severe infections result in organ
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Fish feeding and feeding types
This document discusses fish feeding, including feed quality, storage, feeding correctly, selection, amount estimation, administering feed, feeding methods, frequency, response, assessing response, training fish, and managing wastes. Key points covered include the objectives of maximum growth, good health, and minimum waste; factors that influence feed quality like nutrients, processing, and storage; estimating feeding amounts based on fish size and weight; adjusting feeding based on monitoring and response; and techniques like hand feeding, demand feeders, and avoiding overfeeding.
Important Palegic Fishes
Pelagic fish inhabit ocean waters near the surface or in middle depths. They often form large shoals and undertake vertical or horizontal migrations. Their aggregating behaviors increase their catchability by fisheries. Pelagic fish range in size from small forage fish like herring and sardines to large apex predators such as bluefin tuna and sharks. They tend to be streamlined swimmers capable of long distance migration.
Breeding, cold water fishery
Hill areas offer good scope for the development- of fisheries—both for commercial and sport purposes.
The coldwater fishery resources in India comprise high and mid-altitude lakes, rivers, streams, their tributaries and reservoirs dammed across such rivers.
The importance of coldwater fisheries lies in their unique biodiversity, valuable germplasm and maintenance of environmental quality in hills.
Coldwater fishes breed naturally but since some species have been listed as endangered, therefore artificial breeding is now being practiced to restore the diversity.
aquarium plant utility and propagation
The document discusses aquatic plants that are suitable for aquariums. It begins by explaining the importance of plants in aquariums and the different types of aquatic plants including truly aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and marginal plants. Specific examples of truly aquatic plants are provided like Hygrophila polysperma and Vallisneria spiralis. The document also covers propagation methods for aquatic plants including asexual, sexual, and artificial propagation. It concludes by emphasizing the benefits of live plants in aquariums and their role in maintaining water quality.
Ornamental aquatic plants and their propagation
This document provides information about a student's MSc project on ornamental aquaculture. The student's name is Ipsita Sahoo and they are studying types of aquatic plants and their propagation under the guidance of Dr. Sambid Swain at CUTM BBSR. The document discusses types of aquatic plants including truly aquatic, semi-terrestrial, and marginal plants. It also summarizes methods of plant propagation including asexual, sexual, and artificial propagation. Specific aquatic plant species and their descriptions are provided.
viral disease
Viral diseases that commonly infect fishes include viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS), infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), channel catfish virus (CCV), and infectious hematopoietic necrosis. These viruses are transmitted between fishes through water and infected eggs. Diseased fishes show symptoms like hemorrhaging, skin discoloration, organ damage, and abnormal swimming behaviors. Diagnosis involves virus isolation, antibody tests, and PCR. There are no treatments, so prevention focuses on hygiene, quarantine, avoiding stress, and inactivating viruses in the environment.
fish hatchery
A fish hatchery is a facility where fish eggs are hatched and fish are reared through early life stages. Hatcheries provide fish seed for aquaculture and some fisheries by spawning, hatching, and caring for various fish and shellfish species. Factors to be considered in hatchery design include site selection, water supply and disposal systems, equipment selection, and developing floor plans. Tanks can be circular or rectangular and are used for rearing fish at different life stages.
seed production of mud crab
This document summarizes the seed production of mud crabs. It discusses the commercial crab species, their distribution in the Indo-Pacific region, and their reproductive biology. Key points include that males have larger claws than females, mating occurs after the female molts, and females carry fertilized eggs for two weeks before the larvae hatch and go through five zoea stages over 15-20 days before becoming megalopas and then juvenile crabs. The peak breeding seasons vary by region.
Shell fish parasitic disease
1. This document summarizes 10 parasitic diseases that affect finfish and shellfish: cotton shrimp disease, Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis, milky blood disease, Perkinsozoa disease, grey crab disease, Aber disease, bonemiasis, Bucephalian disease, Echinocephalus disease, and diseases caused by polychaetes.
2. The diseases are caused by various parasites including microsporidians, Hematodinium, Perkinsus, Paramoeba, Marteilia, and Bonamia that infect important aquaculture species like shrimp, crab, oyster, mussel and more.
3. The diseases cause
ALL TYPE OF FISH DISEASES
The document provides information on fish health management including:
1. Common bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal diseases that affect fish and crustaceans such as vibriosis, monodon baculovirus disease, white spot syndrome, and saprolegniasis.
2. The causative agents and symptoms of important infectious bacterial diseases in fish including hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila, furunculosis caused by A. salmonicida, and saddleback disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris.
3. Nutritional diseases in fish that result from deficiencies of proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals and the signs associated with each.
4
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Similar to Steller's sea cow
Sea Turtle Release
This is a presentation about Sea Turtles. It describes each type of turtle and explains why they are an endangered species. It also includes recent pictures taken of a Sea Turtle release at Vanderbilt Beach in Naples, Florida. The health of thousands of turtles was compromised by the record cold gulf temperatures in Florida in January 2010, causing the Sea Turtles to stop moving and swimming. The Florida State Wildlife Conservation Commission and other many other groups of professionals and volunteers teamed together to warm the turtles, return them to health, then release them back into the wild. This presentation describes ways to help Sea Turtles increase their numbers and provides resources for further study.
Florida Tarpon Fishing
Tarpon are a large, silvery fish species that can live over 50 years. They are found throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean. Tarpon undertake spawning migrations in late spring and summer, traveling offshore in large schools to release millions of eggs. Their larvae drift back toward estuaries over 20-30 days before transforming. Juveniles live their first years in marshes and mangroves before moving as adults to a wide range of coastal and estuarine habitats. Tarpon are prized as a sporting fish due to their size, strength, and aerial acrobatics when hooked.
Shark powerpoint
Sorry I was suppose to upload this powerpoint on August 9th but I just couldnt walt so any way this powerpoint that is all about sharks. If you want to learn about sharks before shark week then this is the powerpoint for you. This has info on different types of species of sharks. But I will posted on facebook on August 9th . So if you are on facebook make sure to check it out
English Presentation
Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) was a large sirenian mammal that was once abundant throughout the North Pacific but was limited to the Commander Islands by 1741. Within 27 years of being discovered by Europeans, the slow moving sea cow was hunted to extinction for food and oil. It grew up to 8 meters long, looked like a large seal but with forelimbs and a whale-like tail. It lived in the water and fed on kelp. The sole remaining population was hunted to extinction by 1768 for its meat and fat.
Sport fish of oklahoma[1]
This document summarizes the sport fish found in Oklahoma, including bass, sunfish, catfish, trout and other species. It describes each fish's identifying characteristics, habitat, food sources, and spawning behaviors. Several species such as largemouth bass, bluegill and channel catfish are prevalent statewide, while others like walleye and trout are found where water temperatures remain cool. Proper management of these game fish supports recreational fishing in Oklahoma.
Little blue penguins
Little Blue Penguins are the smallest penguins alive, growing to only 43cm tall with a natural lifespan of 7 years. They nest on land but hunt for food like squid, small fish, and crustaceans in the shallow waters near shore. Little Blue Penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere near Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania, swimming in warm waters and nesting in burrows or rock crevices.
Mya 2014
Orcas live in tight-knit family groups and have a complex social structure. They give birth to single calves after a long gestation period. Orcas communicate using a variety of vocalizations and have distinct dialects within different populations. They have a diverse diet and are found in most oceans and seas around the world.
Seaturtlespowerpoint
Sea turtles are found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. There are eight species of sea turtles, all of which are endangered or threatened. Sea turtles can be found in the waters around Long Island, where juveniles of several species feed, though cold water temperatures sometimes cause strandings. Sea turtles face numerous threats including predation, destruction of nesting habitats, drowning in fishing gear, debris ingestion, disorientation from artificial lights, boat strikes, and harvesting for their shells.
Marine mammals
Marine mammals like whales and manatees are fully adapted to life in the ocean. Whales are large, intelligent aquatic mammals that breathe air through blowholes. There are two main types of whales - toothed whales that have teeth and echolocate, and baleen whales that filter feed using baleen plates. Whales migrate long distances annually and live in family pods. Manatees and dugongs are also fully aquatic mammals that eat aquatic plants. There are currently only four remaining species of manatees and dugongs that live in shallow warm coastal waters.
Marine Mammals
Marine mammals include cetaceans, sirenians, and carnivores that rely on the ocean for existence. They are warm-blooded, breathe air, bear live young, and nurse with milk. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises that communicate and echolocate. Sirenians such as manatees and dugongs graze on aquatic plants. Carnivores include three families of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walrus), polar bears, and two families of otters. Physiological adaptations allow marine mammals to dive, thermoregulate, and locomote in water. Many species face threats and some are endangered.
Loggerhead sea turtle jadyn
The loggerhead sea turtle is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The population has declined due to pollution, accidental capture in fishing nets, shrimp trawling, and development in nesting areas. Loggerheads have a hard shell and powerful jaws to avoid predators and can dive for up to 20 minutes to find food like jellyfish, fish, and plants. They nest on beaches from April to September and have a lifespan of over 50 years.
Marine science project
The American eel is a smooth, snake-like fish that is greenish or yellowish-brown in color with a whitish belly. It can grow up to 5 feet long for females and 2 feet for males. American eels are unique in that they live in freshwater but return to the sea to breed. They are found in lakes, rivers, and burrow in mud and gravel. Their adaptations allow them to survive in various environments, including the ability to breathe and absorb oxygen through their skin.
Presented by.pptx
The document discusses the angelshark, classifying it as kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Chondrichthyes, order Squatiniformes, family Squatinidae, and genus and species Squatina angelshark. It describes their physical features as slimy with a narrow pointed snout, gray above and white below, and having two dorsal fins with large spines. Males grow up to 3.3 feet and females up to 4 feet. It also discusses their aggressive hunting behavior in packs using their strong sense of smell, reproductive behaviors involving tonic immobility and sperm storage, and learning behaviors of focusing hunting efforts in areas of past successes.
Beluga whales
The document discusses the beluga whale, including its taxonomic classification as Delphinapterus leucas. Belugas live in Arctic and subarctic waters around the northern hemisphere, preferring habitats with icebergs and floes with temperatures around 0 degrees Celsius. They are carnivorous, eating squid, fish, and other creatures. Belugas have distinctive physical features like seven flexible neck vertebrae and short flippers that allow them to navigate through ice. They are closely related to narwhals and fish like sailfish.
Whales
Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are two main types - toothed whales called Odontoceti that use their teeth to eat fish and squid, and baleen whales called Mysticeti that filter feed with baleen. Cetaceans vary widely in size from the largest, the blue whale, at 94 feet long, to the dwarf sperm whale at 8.5 feet. They exhibit complex social behaviors in pods, care for their young for over a year, and participate in activities like breaching and lobtailing. Many larger whale species are at risk of extinction due to past commercial whaling.
Whales
Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are two main types - toothed whales called Odontoceti that use their teeth to eat fish and squid, and baleen whales called Mysticeti that filter feed with baleen. Cetaceans vary widely in size from the largest, the blue whale, at 94 feet long, to the dwarf sperm whale at 8.5 feet. They exhibit complex social behaviors in pods, care for their young for over a year, and participate in activities like breaching and lobtailing. Many larger whale species are at risk of extinction due to past commercial whaling.
Presentation2 unit plan
Dolphins are social marine mammals found worldwide in shallow seas that eat fish and squid. Sea turtles spend most time underwater breathing air and can lay 50-200 eggs when coming onto beaches to nest. Killer whales live in family groups and are found from the Arctic to tropics, preying on animals from fish to sea lions. Beluga whales are all-white Arctic and sub-Arctic residents that live in social groups and have gray calves that depend on mothers for two years.
Whales
Whales are found in all the world's major oceans and come in many different types. The largest is the blue whale, which can grow over 100 feet long and weigh over 200 tons. Whales have various adaptations - blue whales have enormous hearts and circulatory systems, humpback whales breach and slap their flippers at the surface, and sperm whales dive to extreme ocean depths to hunt giant squid. There are over 70 species of whales that fall into families such as baleen whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
Ursus maritimus
The polar bear is a large carnivorous mammal that inhabits Arctic regions. It has white fur, a stocky body, and can weigh up to 1500 pounds. Polar bears live in areas with sea ice along Canada, Denmark, Norway, and Russia. Their habitat and populations are threatened by climate change as warming temperatures melt sea ice. Loss of sea ice strands polar bears on land and impacts their ability to hunt. Overhunting also contributes to declining polar bear numbers. While efforts aim to better regulate hunting and reduce environmental threats, polar bears remain endangered with their long-term prospects uncertain as the climate crisis worsens Arctic conditions.
Overview On Sea Turtles
The document provides an overview of sea turtles including their ancestry, the seven modern species, and conservation efforts. It describes how the first turtles appeared over 220 million years ago and the first sea turtles 90 million years ago. Today there are two families, one containing the leatherback turtle and the other containing six hard-shelled species like the loggerhead and green sea turtle. Most species are threatened by overharvesting, accidental fishing captures, and habitat loss. Conservation efforts include using turtle excluder devices and modifying fishing gear.
Similar to Steller's sea cow (20)
Steller's sea cow
- 2. Characteristics • The sea cow grew at least 8 to 9 meters, much larger than the manatee. • The adult sea cow can weight 4 to 23 tons. • The head was disproportional agains the body, it was smaller. • They had an excellent hearing. • The Steller's sea cow was almost mute, making only deep breathing sounds.
- 3. Lifestyle • Individuals spent the majority of their time feeding or resting. • Their head could be kept submerged for 4-5 minutes at a time. • The were most of the time sleeping and searching for food. The juvenils used to hunt. • When they submerged they sleept for 4-3 min. • The sea cow was also a slow swimmer and apparently was unable to submerge.
- 4. What they eat? • The sea cows eats seaweed near the surface and sea grasses, but normaly soft algae. They don’t have teeth. They usually are near the rivers searching for food.
- 5. • Fossil evidence indicates that the past distribution of the Steller's Sea Cow was much wider, including the coasts of Japan and North America. • They were often found near the mouths of stream or rivers, which suggests they could not tolerate drinking marine water. • They inhabited the shallow cold marine waters rich in algae and sea grass near the shore around Bering Island and Medney Island (Copper Island). Range & Habitat
- 6. Reproduction The scientists don’t know a lot of this part, but they say that this animals don’t has a normal reproduction. They do it in spring, when they are in heat. The female search the male to reproduce.
- 7. Extinction Causes • The Steller’s Sea Cow was hunted primarily as a source of food. The milk of harvested cows was consumed directly or made into butter. The thick, tough hide was used for shoes, belts and to make skin-covered boats • The intense hunting of sea otters on the Bering Sea islands may have contributed to the final extinction of the Steller's Sea Cow. • The sea cows would have faced a new competitor for food. (Weinstein & Patton, 2000)
- 8. Relatives