For Biostudent a ready made investigatory project.

1. DIAGNOSIS
 Blood tests. Blood tests can confirm the diagnosis of HIV or later stages of
syphilis.
 Urine samples. Some STIs can be confirmed with a urine sample.
 Fluid samples. If you have active genital sores, testing fluid and samples from
the sores may be done to diagnose the type of infection. Laboratory tests of
material from a genital sore or discharge are used to diagnose some STIs.
 Pregnant women. Screening for HIV, hepatitis B, chlamydia and syphilis
generally takes place at the first prenatal visit for all pregnant women.
Gonorrhea and hepatitis C screening tests are recommended at least once
during pregnancy for women at high risk of these infections.
Women under age 25 who are sexually active. All sexually active women under age 25
should be tested for chlamydia infection. The chlamydia test uses a sample of urine or
vaginal fluid you can collect yourself. Some experts recommend repeating the chlamydia test
three months after you've had a positive test and been treated.
 Men who have sex with men. Compared with other groups, men who have
sex with men run a higher risk of acquiring STIs. Many public health groups
recommend annual or more frequent STI screening for these men. Regular
tests for HIV, syphilis, chlamydia and gonorrhea are particularly important.
Evaluation for hepatitis B also may be recommended.
 People with HIV. If you have HIV, it dramatically raises your risk of catching
other STIs. Experts recommend immediate testing for syphilis, gonorrhea,
chlamydia and herpes after being diagnosed with HIV. People with HIV should
also be screened for hepatitis C.
 Women with HIV may develop aggressive cervical cancer, so they should
have a Pap test within a year of being diagnosed with HIV, and then again six
months later.
 Everyone. The one STI screening test suggested for everyone ages 13 to 64 is
a blood or saliva test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that
causes AIDS.

2. TREATMENT
Treatment usually consists of one of the following, depending on the infection:
 Antibiotics. Antibiotics, often in a single dose, can cure many sexually
transmitted bacterial and parasitic infections, including gonorrhea, syphilis,
chlamydia and trichomoniasis. Typically, you'll be treated for gonorrhea and
chlamydia at the same time because the two infections often appear together.
Once you start antibiotic treatment, it's crucial to follow through. If you don't
think you'll be able to take medication as prescribed, tell your doctor. A shorter,
simpler treatment regimen may be available.
In addition, it's important to abstain from sex until you've completed treatment
and any sores have healed.
 Antiviral drugs. You'll have fewer herpes recurrences if you take daily
suppressive therapy with a prescription antiviral drug. Antiviral drugs lessen the
risk of infection, but it's still possible to give your partner herpes.
Antiviral drugs can keep HIV infection in check for many years. But the virus
persists and can still be transmitted, though the risk is lower.
The sooner you start treatment, the more effective it is. Once you start
treatment — if you take your medications exactly as directed — it's possible to
lower your virus count to nearly undetectable levels.
If you've had an STI, ask your doctor how long after treatment you need to be
retested. Doing so ensures that the treatment worked and that you haven't been
reinfected.
If tests show that you have an STI, your sex partners — including your current partners and
any other partners you've had over the last three months to one year — need to be informed
so that they can get tested and treated if infected. Each state has different requirements, but
most mandate that certain STIs be reported to the local or state health department. Public
health departments frequently employ trained disease intervention specialists who can help
with partner notification and treatment referrals.

3. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can have a range of signs and symptoms,
including no symptoms. That's why they may go unnoticed until complications occur
or a partner is diagnosed. Signs and symptoms that might indicate an STI include:
 Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area
 Painful or burning urination
 Discharge from the penis
 Unusual or odd-smelling vaginal discharge
 Unusual vaginal bleeding
 Pain during sex
 Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more
widespread
 Lower abdominal pain
 Fever
 Rash over the trunk, hands or feet
Signs and symptoms may appear a few days after exposure, or it may take years
before you have any noticeable problems, depending on the organism.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor immediately if:
 You are sexually active and may have been exposed to an STI
 You have signs and symptoms of an STI
Make an appointment with a doctor:
 When you consider becoming sexually active or when you're 21 — whichever
comes first.
 Before you start having sex with a new partner

4. CAUSES & RISK FACTORS
1. Causes
Sexually transmitted infections can be caused by:
 Bacteria (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia)
 Parasites (trichomoniasis)
 Viruses (human papillomavirus, genital herpes, HIV)
Sexual activity plays a role in spreading many other infectious agents, although it's
possible to be infected without sexual contact. Examples include the hepatitis A, B
and C viruses, shigella, and Giardia intestinalis.
2. Risk factors
Anyone who is sexually active risks exposure to a sexually transmitted infection to
some degree. Factors that may increase that risk include:
 Having unprotected sex. Vaginal or anal penetration by an infected partner
who isn't wearing a latex condom significantly increases the risk of getting an
STI. Improper or inconsistent use of condoms can also increase your risk.
Oral sex may be less risky, but infections can still be transmitted without a latex
condom or dental dam. Dental dams — thin, square pieces of rubber made with
latex or silicone — prevent skin-to-skin contact.
 Having sexual contact with multiple partners. The more people you have
sexual contact with, the greater your risk. This is true for concurrent partners as
well as monogamous consecutive relationships.
 Having a history of STIs. Having one STI makes it much easier for another
STI to take hold.
 Anyone forced to have sexual intercourse or sexual activity. Dealing with
rape or assault can be difficult, but it's important to be seen as soon as
possible. Screening, treatment and emotional support can be offered.

5.  Abusing alcohol or using recreational drugs. Substance abuse can inhibit
your judgment, making you more willing to participate in risky behaviors.
 Injecting drugs. Needle sharing spreads many serious infections, including
HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
 Being young. Half of STIs occur in people between the ages of 15 and 24.
 Men who request prescriptions for drugs to treat erectile dysfunction. Men
who ask their doctors for prescriptions for certain drugs — such as sildenafil
(Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis) and vardenafil (Levitra) — have higher rates of STIs.
Be sure you are up to date on safe sex practices if you ask your doctor for one
of these medications.
Transmission from mother to infant
Certain STIs — such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, HIV and syphilis — can be passed
from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy or delivery. STIs in infants can
cause serious problems and may be fatal. All pregnant women should be screened
for these infections and treated.
Possible complications include:
 Pelvic pain
 Pregnancy complications
 Eye inflammation
 Arthritis
 Pelvic inflammatory disease
 Infertility
 Heart disease
 Certain cancers, such as HPV-associated cervical and rectal cancers

6. DEFINATION
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are
generally acquired by sexual contact. The organisms that cause sexually transmitted
diseases may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other
bodily fluids.
Sometimes these infections can be transmitted nonsexually, such as from mother to
infant during pregnancy or childbirth, or through blood transfusions or shared
needles.
It's possible to contract sexually transmitted diseases from people who seem
perfectly healthy, and who may not even be aware of the infection. STDs don't
always cause symptoms, which is one of the reasons experts prefer the term
"sexually transmitted infections" to "sexually transmitted diseases."

7. PREVENTION
There are several ways to avoid or reduce your risk of sexually transmitted
infections.
 Abstain. The most effective way to avoid STIs is to abstain from sex.
 Stay with one uninfected partner. Another reliable way of avoiding STIs is to
stay in a long-term mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who isn't
infected.
 Wait and verify. Avoid vaginal and anal intercourse with new partners until you
have both been tested for STIs. Oral sex is less risky, but use a latex condom
or dental dam — a thin, square piece of rubber made with latex or silicone — to
prevent direct contact between the oral and genital mucous membranes. Keep
in mind that no good screening test exists for genital herpes for either sex, and
human papillomavirus (HPV) screening isn't available for men.
 Get vaccinated. Getting vaccinated early, before sexual exposure, is also
effective in preventing certain types of STIs. Vaccines are available to prevent
human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the HPV
vaccine for girls and boys ages 11 and 12. If not fully vaccinated at ages 11 and
12, the CDC recommends that girls and women through age 26 and boys and
men through age 26 receive the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is usually given to newborns, and the hepatitis A
vaccine is recommended for 1-year-olds. Both vaccines are recommended for
people who aren't already immune to these diseases and for those who are at
increased risk of infection, such as men who have sex with men and IV drug
users.
 Use condoms and dental dams consistently and correctly. Use a new latex
condom or dental dam for each sex act, whether oral, vaginal or anal. Never
use an oil-based lubricant, such as petroleum jelly, with a latex condom or
dental dam.

8. Condoms made from natural membranes are not recommended because
they're not as effective at preventing STIs. Keep in mind that while condoms
reduce your risk of exposure to most STIs, they provide a lesser degree of
protection for STIs involving exposed genital sores, such as human
papillomavirus (HPV) or herpes. Also, nonbarrier forms of contraception, such
as oral contraceptives or intrauterine devices, don't protect against STIs.
 Don't drink alcohol excessively or use drugs. If you're under the influence,
you're more likely to take sexual risks.
 Communicate. Before any serious sexual contact, communicate with your
partner about practicing safer sex. Reach an explicit agreement about what
activities will and won't be OK.
 Consider male circumcision. There's evidence that male circumcision can
help reduce a man's risk of acquiring HIV from an infected woman
(heterosexual transmission) by as much as 60 percent. Male circumcision may
also help prevent transmission of genital HPV and genital herpes.
 Consider the drug Truvada. In July 2012, the Food and Drug Administration
approved the use of the combination drug emtricitabine-tenofovir (Truvada) to
reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV infection in those who are at high
risk. Truvada is also used as an HIV treatment along with other medications.
When used to help prevent HIV infection, Truvada is only appropriate if your
doctor is certain you don't already have HIV infection.
Your doctor should also test for hepatitis B infection. If you don't have hepatitis
B, your doctor may recommend the hepatitis B vaccine if you haven't had it yet.
If you have hepatitis B, your doctor should test your kidney function before
prescribing Truvada.
Truvada must be taken daily, exactly as prescribed, and you'll need follow-up
HIV and kidney function testing every few months. Truvada should only be used
along with other prevention strategies such as condom use every time you have
sex.

9. INTRODUCTION
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted
diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex,
especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex or oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause
symptoms.[1]
This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[5][6]
Symptoms and
signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the
genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the
baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.
More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1]
Bacterial STIs
include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital
herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among
others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with
contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1]
STIdiagnostic tests are
easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.
The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[2]
Some vaccinations may also
decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[2]
Safer
sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in
a relationship where each person only has sex with the other also decreases the
risk.[1][2]
Circumcision in males may be effective to prevent some infections.[1]
Most STIs are
treatable or curable.[1]
Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia,
trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not
curable.[1]
Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as
gonorrhea.
In 2015, about 1.1 billion people had STIs other than HIV/AIDS.[3]
About 500 million were infected
with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis.[1]
At least an additional 530 million
people have genital herpes and 290 million women have human papillomavirus.[1]
STIs other than
HIV resulted in 108,000 deaths in 2015.[4]
In the United States there were 19 million new cases of
sexually transmitted infections in 2010.[8]
Historical documentation of STIs date back to at least
the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament.[9]
There is often shame
and stigma associated with these infections.[1]
The term sexually transmitted infection is generally
preferred over sexually transmitted disease or venereal disease, as it includes those who do not
have symptomatic disease.[10]

10. MAIN TYPES
 Chlamydia:
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis. In women, symptoms may includeabnormal
vaginal discharge, burning during urination, and bleeding in between
periods, although mostwomen do not experience any symptoms.[46]
Symptoms in men include pain when urinating, and abnormal
dischargefromtheir penis.[47]
 Gonorrhea:
Gonorrhea can infect the genitals, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes.[9]
In bad cases, it can spread through the blood to infect the body's joints.
In the worstcases, it can spread through the blood and infect the heart
(causing endocarditis, an infection of the heart's valvesor the spinal
cord (causing meningitis).

11.  Syphilis:
Syphilis can causemany serious problems if it is not treated. Itmakes a
person much more likely to get HIV, becauseit causes sores on the
genitals that make it easier for HIV (and other STDs) to get spread.[10]
After a few years, if people with syphilis do not get treated, they can
have serious problems with the organs in their body. Eventually -
without treatment - syphilis infects the brain and causes death.
 HIV[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]:
HIV causes the immune system - the system in the bodythat is
supposedto fight off infection - to not work as well as it should.
This makes people with HIV more likely to get infections and
some other diseases,like some cancers. HIV is the virus that
causes AIDS.
 HSV[Herpes simplex virus]:
The herpes simplexvirus (HSV) causes genital herpes. Genital herpes
can cause painful blisters on the genitals and anus. Herpes can also
cause sores on the mouth.[5]
There is no cure for herpes.[5]

12. HISTORY
The first well-recorded European outbreak of what is now known as syphilis occurred in 1494
when it broke out among French troops besieging Naples in the Italian War of 1494–98.[87]
The
disease may have originated from the Columbian Exchange.[88]
From Naples, the disease swept
across Europe, killing more than five million people.[89]
As Jared Diamond describes it, "[W]hen
syphilis was first definitely recorded in Europe in 1495, its pustules often covered the body from
the head to the knees, caused flesh to fall from people's faces, and led to death within a few
months," rendering it far more fatal than it is today. Diamond concludes,"[B]y 1546, the disease
had evolved into the disease with the symptoms so well known to us today."[90]
Gonorrhoeae is
recorded at least up to 700 years ago and associated with a district in Paris formerly known as
"Le Clapiers". This is where the prostitutes were to be found at that time.[70]
Prior to the invention of modern medicines, sexually transmitted diseases were generally
incurable, and treatment was limited to treating the symptoms of the disease. The first voluntary
hospital for venereal diseases was founded in 1746 at London Lock Hospital.[91]
Treatment was
not always voluntary: in the second half of the 19th century, the Contagious Diseases Acts were
used to arrest suspected prostitutes. In 1924, a number of states concluded the Brussels
Agreement, whereby states agreed to provide free or low-cost medical treatment at ports for
merchant seamen with venereal diseases.
The first effective treatment for a sexually transmitted disease was salvarsan, a treatment for
syphilis. With the discovery of antibiotics, a large number of sexually transmitted diseases
became easily curable, and this, combined with effective public health campaigns against STDs,
led to a public perception during the 1960s and 1970s that they have ceased to be a serious
medical threat.
During this period, the importance of contact tracing in treating STIs was recognized. By tracing
the sexual partners of infected individuals, testing them for infection, treating the infected and
tracing their contacts in turn, STI clinics could effectively suppress infections in the general
population.
In the 1980s, first genital herpes and then AIDS emerged into the public consciousness as
sexually transmitted diseases that could not be cured by modern medicine. AIDS in particular
has a long asymptomatic period—during which time HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus,
which causes AIDS) can replicate and the disease can be transmitted to others—followed by a
symptomatic period, which leads rapidly to death unless treated. HIV/AIDS entered the United
States from Haiti in about 1969.[92]
Recognition that AIDS threatened a global pandemic led to
public information campaigns and the development of treatments that allow AIDS to be managed
by suppressing the replication of HIV for as long as possible. Contact tracing continues to be an
important measure, even when diseases are incurable, as it helps to contain infection.

13. Signature of Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the very outset I am very much graceful to our
respected teacher Mr. Manish Sain for his kind
support and guidance that he has been providing
during the preparation of this project.
I express my sincere gratitude to our principal Dr.
Sunita Vashistha of Central Academy,
Ambabari,Jaipurfor her kind help & support in
preparing this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to my parents
who helped me in all aspects in completing this
project.
RUPESH SHARMA
Student of class 12-B

14. INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. History
4. Introduction of STD’s
5. Definationof STD’s
6. Major types of STD’s
7. Signs & Symptoms
8. Causes & Risk factors
9. Diagnosis
10. Treatment
11. Prevention
12. Medical Prescription
13. Case studies
14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography

15. SUBJECT TEACHER= Mr.Manish Sain
Central Academy,Ambabari,Jaipur.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify thatRUPESH SHARMA, of class
XII-B has successfully completed the investigatory
project on Sexually Transmitted diseases under
the guidance of Mr.Manish Sain [biology teacher]
During the year 2017-18.
Signature of external examiner Signature of class teacher

16. CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY-1
Name of patient: Mr.LalluYadav
Date:12-12-2012
Age: 40
Name of doctor: Dr.Romeo Smith
Symptoms: Suffering from Urethritis[chlamydia] caused
by Chlamydia Trachomatis for 7 months.
Diagnosis: Urine test of chlamydia & physical
examination including genital & rectum.
Precautions Advised: Barrier methods like condoms, fem
shields, cervical cap etc, are used to prevent these
type of STD’s & followsafer sexpractices.
Drink more & more water to increase the emissionof
urine.
Keep the area around the opening of the urethra
clean.
Treatment: Antibiotics like Tetra & doxycylins are used.

17. CASE STUDY-2
Name of patient: Mrs.SonamGupta
Date: 11-11-2011
Age: 30
Name of doctor: Dr.David Fernandis
Symptoms: Suffering fromGonorrheafor 4 months &
due to this a pus filleddischarge is mostly observed
along with urethritis.
Diagnosis: In diagnosis of gonorrheaa Swab of throat,
vagina & rectum may collect bacteria that can be
identify in a laboratory.
Precautions advised: Abstain fromsexual intercourse.
Use of reliable condom every time of sexual
intercourse.
Have only one sexual partner who is uninfected and
who is also sexually monogamous.
Treatment: Antibiotics like ‘intravenous ciprofloxanin-
500 mg’; ‘intravenous ofloxacin-400mg’;
‘intramuscular spectinomycin-2 gm’ are used.

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.medindia.net
www.mayoclinic.org
www.slideshare.in
Biology NCERT books of class 12

19. MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION

20. Central Academy, Ambabari, Jaipur.
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
BIOLOGY INVESTIGOTRY PROJECT
Made by :
RUPESH SHARMA
XII-B
20

21.  Human papilloma virus:
There are about 40 differentkinds of HPV that can be spread through
sex and affectthe anus and genitals.[1]
Examples of diseases that HPV
can cause include:
 Genital warts[2]
 Cancers of the anus, vagina, penis, mouth, or throat[2]
 Cervical cancer (over 70% of cervical cancers - 7 cases out of every
10 - are caused by HPV)
 Hepatitis virus:
Hepatitis is an infection of the liver. There are three commontypes of
hepatitis: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
Hepatitis A causes a short-term liver infection. It can be spread by
having sex, though this is not the most common way to get hepatitis A.[4]
Hepatitis B and hepatitis C cause much more serious,long-lasting liver
problems.Both can cause very bad liver disease,like cirrhosis, and
death. They are more likely than hepatitis A to be spread by having
sex.[4]

22. CONCLUSION
In general,the studies reported similar low levels of
knowledge and awareness of sexually transmitted
diseases,with the exception of HIV/AID’s.
Although ,as shown by some of the findings on
condom use ,knowledge does not always translate
into behaviour change, adolescents’ sex eduation
is important for STD prevention, and the school
setting plays an important role. Beyond HIV/AIDS,
attention should be paid to infections such as
Chlamydia,Gonorrhea and Syphilis.