This document contains an assignment on statistics with four questions. It first defines statistics and its two fields: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics describe characteristics of a sample, while inferential statistics draw conclusions about a population from a sample. The second question discusses three methods for presenting data: textual, tabular, and graphical forms. The third question defines two types of frequency distributions: categorical/class and qualitative. The final question differentiates descriptive statistics, which summarize data characteristics, from inferential statistics, which allow testing hypotheses about broader populations. Examples are provided to support the concepts discussed.

1. Name: EMMANUEL P. RONQUILLO
ADVANCE STATISTICS
SUMMER CLASS 2022
Assignment
Answer the following questions comprehensively.
1. Discuss the definition of statistics considering the two fields and cite an example of
each statistics. How this field of statistics contributed to the administrators and teachers
to improve the quality of education? (25pts).
Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze,
and draw conclusions from data. Since it is a science of conducting studies we need to
follow the systematic approach .There are two types of statistical methods are used in
analyzing data. Descriptive statistic and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics mostly focus on the central tendency, variability and distribution
of sample data. Central tendency means the estimate of characteristics, a typical
elements of a sample or populations and includes descriptive statistics such as Mean,
Median and Mode. It is used to say something or describe a set of information collected
.It can also be represented with graphs. Common tools are Central tendency and
Measure of variability.
Example;
In a math test, 32 out of 40 students were able to receive a passing mark. The average
Score of the class is 82 out of 100 percent.
Inferential statistics are tools that statisticians used to draw conclusions about the
characteristics of a populations drawn from the characteristics of a sample and to decide
how certain they can be of the reliability of those conclusions. Its is used to say
something about a larger group (Population) using information collected from a small
part of that population ( Sample). Common tools are: Hypothesis testing and Regression
Analysis.
Example:
In a sample survey conducted, 65% of Filipino Generation Z prefer to drink milk tea than
coffee while only 34% of Filipino Millennial prefer to drink milk tea than coffee.
Statistics contributed to the administrators and teachers to improve the quality of
education through:
 Allow educators and administrators to understand the students’ performance
using descriptive statistics.
 allow to spot trends in the students’ performance using data visualizations and
 allow administrators and teachers to compares different teaching using hypothesis
tests.

2. 2. In research output may be presented in three main forms. Discuss comprehensively
the methods of data presentation by supporting example. (25 pts).
Methods of data presentation data may be represented by textual form, tabular form and
graphical form.
Textual form used in presenting data in paragraph or narrative form. It is simple and
appropriate only when there are few numbers to be presented.
Example:
In the statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the perfect score of 50. 16 students got
a score of 40 and above, while onlyb3 got 19 and below.Generally the students
performed well in the test with 23 or 70% getting a passing score of 38 and above.
Tabular form is a systematic way of arranging data in columns and rows according to
classifications or categories.
Example:
Age distribution of confirm COVID-199 cases in the Philippines
March 11,2020
Age No. of confirm cases
19 years old and below 0
20-29 2
30-39 7
40-49 7
50-59 6
60-69 7
70 years and above 4
Total 33
Graphical form by means of graph. A graph or chart is a pictorial presentation of a set
of data. It shows a general situation at a glance.Each graph or chart must have a figure
number and a title. If data is based from another source, a source note should be
included.
Example;
Age distribution of confirm COVID-199 cases in the Philippines
March 11,2020

3. 3. Discuss the two group of frequency distribution of data such as categorical or non-
overlapping numerical intervals called class and non-numerical value called a
qualitative frequency distribution by citing an example. (10pts).
Categorical or non-overlapping numerical intervals called class is a variable that
names categories whether with words or numerals.
Example of Categorical
50-learners
Question to 50 learners: Choose your favorite color. (red, purple, green, gold)
Tally: red purple green gold total
5 5 25 15 50
Option Frequency Relative frequency
/percent
green 25 50%
gold 15 30%
red 5 10%
purple 5 10%
Qualitative frequency is a descriptive data based on observations or describe a certain
type of information without using numbers.
Example of Qualitative Frequency
Sam collects data from each of his classmates about their favorite color. The data is
listed below.
Red, blue, blue, green, red, yellow, red, blue, blue, purple, yellow, green, green, blue,
blue, green, purple, blue, blue, yellow, green, green, yellow, orange, purple
Color Frequency
red 3
orange 1
yellow 4
green 6
blue 8
purple 3
Total 25
4. Differentiate descriptive statistics from inferential statistics and support your answer
by citing an example. (10pts).
Descriptive statistics summarized the characteristics of data set while Inferential
statistics allow you to test a hypothesis or assess whether your data is generalizable to
the broader population.
Example:
Descriptive statistics;
In a recent sample of dental patients, 83% who had a female dentist felt their dentist
cared for their emotional well being during their procedure, and 61% of dental patients
who had made a male dentist felt their dentist cared for their emotional well being
during procedure.
Inferential Statistics;
A female dentist is more likely to care for your emotional well being during procedure
than male dentist.