Here are the answers to the questions based on the articles:
1. The study in Article 1 is observational as it observes the existing biomass plant and its grid connection plans. The study in Article 2 is also observational as it observes existing productivity data.
2. Article 1 variables: Biomass plant capacity, project cost, grid connection feasibility. Article 2 variables: Labor productivity, economic growth, living standards.
3. Article 1 qualitative data: Project funding sources. Article 2 does not provide qualitative data.
4. Based on the results presented in Article 2, it cannot be conclusively said that technology is not helpful for productivity, as the study only says it has not helped "much" so far according to
Mga Kasanayan sa Pagbasa
*Pag-uuri ng Ideya at Detalye
-Pangunahing Ideya (Main Idea)
-Mga suportang detalye(Supporting details)
*Pagtukoy sa Layunin ng Teksto
Bawat manunulat ay gustong maghatid ng impormasyon, manlibang, at maghayag ng kanyang damdamin, magpabatid, pakilusin ang kanyang utak, at papag-isipin ang mambabasa.
Bawat manunulat ay gustong magdagdag ng kaalaman sa mambabasa.
Anumang nasulat (akda, artikulo, mensahe, at iba pa) ay nagpapakita lamang ng sariling “tayo” ng manunulat sa bagay ng kanyang tinatalakay.
Ang kanyang napiling wika ay sumusunod/naaayon sa damdamin niya habang sinusulat ang akda.
*Pagtiyak sa Damdamin, Tono, Layunin at Pananaw ng Teksto
This document outlines prayers for meditating on the Sorrowful Mysteries of the Holy Rosary. It includes the Our Father prayer, Hail Mary prayer, an opening prayer, scripture passages, and meditations for each of the five Sorrowful Mysteries: 1) The Agony of Jesus in the Garden, 2) The Scourging at the Pillar, 3) The Crowning with Thorns, 4) The Carrying of the Cross, and 5) The Crucifixion and Death of Jesus. The document provides the full prayers and meditations to guide reflection on Christ's suffering and death.
This document discusses different online platforms for presentation, visualization, web page creation, and blogging. It provides examples like Prezi, Zoho, SlideShare, and MindMeister for presentation tools that help communicate information clearly through graphics and plots. Web page creation platforms mentioned are Wix and Weebly, which allow drag-and-drop website building. Blogs are described as informational websites with discrete posts, and Blogger is noted as a person who regularly writes blog content.
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure. The mean is the average and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of items. The median is the middle value when items are arranged from lowest to highest. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating each measure using raw data.
Mga Kasanayan sa Pagbasa
*Pag-uuri ng Ideya at Detalye
-Pangunahing Ideya (Main Idea)
-Mga suportang detalye(Supporting details)
*Pagtukoy sa Layunin ng Teksto
Bawat manunulat ay gustong maghatid ng impormasyon, manlibang, at maghayag ng kanyang damdamin, magpabatid, pakilusin ang kanyang utak, at papag-isipin ang mambabasa.
Bawat manunulat ay gustong magdagdag ng kaalaman sa mambabasa.
Anumang nasulat (akda, artikulo, mensahe, at iba pa) ay nagpapakita lamang ng sariling “tayo” ng manunulat sa bagay ng kanyang tinatalakay.
Ang kanyang napiling wika ay sumusunod/naaayon sa damdamin niya habang sinusulat ang akda.
*Pagtiyak sa Damdamin, Tono, Layunin at Pananaw ng Teksto
This document outlines prayers for meditating on the Sorrowful Mysteries of the Holy Rosary. It includes the Our Father prayer, Hail Mary prayer, an opening prayer, scripture passages, and meditations for each of the five Sorrowful Mysteries: 1) The Agony of Jesus in the Garden, 2) The Scourging at the Pillar, 3) The Crowning with Thorns, 4) The Carrying of the Cross, and 5) The Crucifixion and Death of Jesus. The document provides the full prayers and meditations to guide reflection on Christ's suffering and death.
This document discusses different online platforms for presentation, visualization, web page creation, and blogging. It provides examples like Prezi, Zoho, SlideShare, and MindMeister for presentation tools that help communicate information clearly through graphics and plots. Web page creation platforms mentioned are Wix and Weebly, which allow drag-and-drop website building. Blogs are described as informational websites with discrete posts, and Blogger is noted as a person who regularly writes blog content.
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating each measure. The mean is the average and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number of items. The median is the middle value when items are arranged from lowest to highest. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a data set. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating each measure using raw data.
Roman Catholic Holy Mass English PowerPoint Presentation SlidesGerome Arcilla
The document contains the Act of Contrition prayer, which expresses sorrow for sins committed and a resolve to sin no more with God's help. It also includes reminders about obtaining a copy of the PowerPoint presentation and silencing cellphones during mass. The outline provides the order of parts in a Catholic mass including entrance hymns, readings, prayers, and communion.
The document discusses the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which commemorates God's love for humanity as revealed through the heart of Jesus. It describes how Jesus showed sacrificial love through suffering, constancy in his mission, and forgiveness even towards his torturers. The Sacred Heart represents God's faithful, forgiving love in the face of human violence and persecution. It reminds Christians that through belief in God, they can learn to respond with love and forgiveness as Jesus did.
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. It discusses different types of descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, and measures of variability. It also describes various ways of organizing and summarizing data, such as frequency distributions, histograms, stem-and-leaf plots and pie charts. The goal of descriptive statistics is to describe key characteristics of a data set in a simple and easy to understand way.
This document discusses different measures of variability in data sets. It outlines that variability measures the spread of a data set and identifies the most common measures as range, variance, and standard deviation. Variance is calculated as the mean of the squared deviations from the mean. Standard deviation takes the square root of the variance and provides a measure of how far data points typically are from the average.
The second study in our "Growing Deep in the Gospel" series in which we answer the question, "What is the Gospel?" In answering the question we looked at how the word "gospel" was used in Jesus' day and how the Bible describes the gospel. We also looked at what is the heart of the gospel, a outline of the basic gospel message and an outline of the gospel based on the entire Bible.
This document discusses frequency distributions and how to construct them from raw data. It provides examples of creating stem-and-leaf displays, frequency tables, relative frequency tables, and cumulative frequency tables from various data sets. Key concepts covered include class width, class boundaries, tallying data, and calculating relative frequencies and percentages. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial on how to organize and summarize data using various types of frequency distributions.
Here are the modes for the three examples:
1. The mode is 3. This value occurs most frequently among the number of errors committed by the typists.
2. The mode is 82. This value occurs most frequently among the number of fruits yielded by the mango trees.
3. The mode is 12 and 15. These values occur most frequently among the students' quiz scores.
Q4- Module 2-Pagbibigay Kahulugan sa mga konseptong kaugnay ng Pananaliksik.pptxRamjenZyrhyllFrac
lesson sa pagbasa at pagsusuri ng iba't-ibang teksto tungo sa pananaliksik. Ikaapat na markahan, lesson 2. Dito ay mailalahad ang pagpapaliwanag sa pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga salita buhat sa tekstong binasa.
This hymn praises God's faithfulness through three stanzas. Each stanza highlights a different way God shows faithfulness - through his unchanging nature, through the consistency of nature, and through providing pardon, presence and strength. The chorus reinforces that each morning God shows new mercies and provides all that is needed through his faithful hand.
Introduction to Statistics - Basic Statistical Termssheisirenebkm
Statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data. It has two main branches: descriptive statistics, which summarizes and describes data, and inferential statistics, which is used to analyze samples and make generalizations about populations. The key concepts in statistics include populations, samples, parameters, statistics, qualitative and quantitative data, discrete and continuous variables.
Introduction of statistics and probabilityBencentapleras
This document discusses key concepts in statistics including collecting, organizing, and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. It defines common statistical terminology like nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales of measurement. Descriptive and inferential statistics are compared, where descriptive statistics summarize data and inferential statistics are used to make generalizations from a sample to a population. Common descriptive measures like mean, median, and mode are also defined.
There are three main measures of central tendency:
1. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values. It is affected by outliers.
2. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. It is not affected by outliers.
3. The mode is the most frequent value in the data set. Data can have more than one mode. It indicates the category with the highest frequency but does not account for all values.
The main differences are that the mean can be affected by outliers, the median is not affected by outliers, and the mode
Roman Catholic Holy Mass English PowerPoint Presentation SlidesGerome Arcilla
The document contains the Act of Contrition prayer, which expresses sorrow for sins committed and a resolve to sin no more with God's help. It also includes reminders about obtaining a copy of the PowerPoint presentation and silencing cellphones during mass. The outline provides the order of parts in a Catholic mass including entrance hymns, readings, prayers, and communion.
The document discusses the Feast of the Sacred Heart, which commemorates God's love for humanity as revealed through the heart of Jesus. It describes how Jesus showed sacrificial love through suffering, constancy in his mission, and forgiveness even towards his torturers. The Sacred Heart represents God's faithful, forgiving love in the face of human violence and persecution. It reminds Christians that through belief in God, they can learn to respond with love and forgiveness as Jesus did.
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. It discusses different types of descriptive statistics including measures of central tendency like mean, median and mode, and measures of variability. It also describes various ways of organizing and summarizing data, such as frequency distributions, histograms, stem-and-leaf plots and pie charts. The goal of descriptive statistics is to describe key characteristics of a data set in a simple and easy to understand way.
This document discusses different measures of variability in data sets. It outlines that variability measures the spread of a data set and identifies the most common measures as range, variance, and standard deviation. Variance is calculated as the mean of the squared deviations from the mean. Standard deviation takes the square root of the variance and provides a measure of how far data points typically are from the average.
The second study in our "Growing Deep in the Gospel" series in which we answer the question, "What is the Gospel?" In answering the question we looked at how the word "gospel" was used in Jesus' day and how the Bible describes the gospel. We also looked at what is the heart of the gospel, a outline of the basic gospel message and an outline of the gospel based on the entire Bible.
This document discusses frequency distributions and how to construct them from raw data. It provides examples of creating stem-and-leaf displays, frequency tables, relative frequency tables, and cumulative frequency tables from various data sets. Key concepts covered include class width, class boundaries, tallying data, and calculating relative frequencies and percentages. Overall, the document serves as a tutorial on how to organize and summarize data using various types of frequency distributions.
Here are the modes for the three examples:
1. The mode is 3. This value occurs most frequently among the number of errors committed by the typists.
2. The mode is 82. This value occurs most frequently among the number of fruits yielded by the mango trees.
3. The mode is 12 and 15. These values occur most frequently among the students' quiz scores.
Q4- Module 2-Pagbibigay Kahulugan sa mga konseptong kaugnay ng Pananaliksik.pptxRamjenZyrhyllFrac
lesson sa pagbasa at pagsusuri ng iba't-ibang teksto tungo sa pananaliksik. Ikaapat na markahan, lesson 2. Dito ay mailalahad ang pagpapaliwanag sa pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga salita buhat sa tekstong binasa.
This hymn praises God's faithfulness through three stanzas. Each stanza highlights a different way God shows faithfulness - through his unchanging nature, through the consistency of nature, and through providing pardon, presence and strength. The chorus reinforces that each morning God shows new mercies and provides all that is needed through his faithful hand.
Introduction to Statistics - Basic Statistical Termssheisirenebkm
Statistics is the study of collecting, organizing, and interpreting numerical data. It has two main branches: descriptive statistics, which summarizes and describes data, and inferential statistics, which is used to analyze samples and make generalizations about populations. The key concepts in statistics include populations, samples, parameters, statistics, qualitative and quantitative data, discrete and continuous variables.
Introduction of statistics and probabilityBencentapleras
This document discusses key concepts in statistics including collecting, organizing, and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. It defines common statistical terminology like nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales of measurement. Descriptive and inferential statistics are compared, where descriptive statistics summarize data and inferential statistics are used to make generalizations from a sample to a population. Common descriptive measures like mean, median, and mode are also defined.
There are three main measures of central tendency:
1. The mean is the average and is calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number of values. It is affected by outliers.
2. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. It is not affected by outliers.
3. The mode is the most frequent value in the data set. Data can have more than one mode. It indicates the category with the highest frequency but does not account for all values.
The main differences are that the mean can be affected by outliers, the median is not affected by outliers, and the mode
A confidence interval provides a range of values that is likely to include an unknown population parameter, based on a given confidence level. A 95% confidence level means there is a 95% chance the interval contains the true population parameter. Confidence intervals are useful because they allow researchers to account for sampling error/variability and make inferences about populations based on sample data. The higher the confidence level, the wider the interval needs to be to achieve that level of confidence.
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 1 Course Learning OuTatianaMajor22
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Evaluate strategies for data analysis to determine the best statistical tests needed for research
methods.
4.1 Determine the four levels of measurement as valid research statistical techniques in the public
health research process.
4.2 Explain why proper data and statistical analysis is important.
4.3 Describe the basic types of statistic tests.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 33
Blog: “Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics: What’s the Difference?
Unit VI Essay
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 28
Unit VI Essay
4.3
Unit Lesson
Chapter 29
Unit VI Essay
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 28: Data Management
Chapter 29: Descriptive Statistics
Chapter 30: Comparative Statistics
Chapter 31: Regression Analysis
Chapter 33: Additional Analysis Tools
In order to access the following resource, click the link below:
The website below provides a good summary of how the public health researcher can use descriptive and
inferential statistics methods to conduct public health research.
Market Research Guy. (2011, December 1). Descriptive vs. inferential statistics: What’s the difference? [Blog
post]. http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Data Analysis Plan
http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/descriptive-inferential-statistics-difference/
PUH 6301, Public Health Research 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unit Lesson
Introduction
This unit covers the statistical procedures used to analyze the data collected from research tools. During this
stage of research, you may begin to draw conclusions and be able to answer the research question(s) and
sub-question(s) you developed in Unit I. Use statistics in this stage of research to manipulate the data and
make it understandable for others to read. Shi (2008) encourages researchers to know and understand basic
statistics and statistical procedures. The data analysis phase of research is important because it makes sense
of the data that can be used for future research studies (Jacobsen, 2021).
Data Management
Data management is the entire process of keeping a record of all the results of clinical assessments
conducted during a research study (Jacobsen, 2021). Record keeping includes listing details on potential
articles, pulling information from patient charts, tracking responses from surveys, or recording assessment
results from cohorts or studies. It is vital that those responsible for collecting and keeping data maintain
confidentiality and the integrity of data sets from all outside sources. Once researchers enter the data into the
spreadsheet or database, the data should be recoded and double-checked prior to beginning statistical
ana ...
This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics as taught in a statistics course (STS 102) at Crescent University, Nigeria. It covers topics like statistical data collection methods, presentation of data through tables and graphs, measures of central tendency and dispersion. The key objectives of descriptive statistics are to summarize and describe characteristics of data through measures, charts and diagrams. Inferential statistics is also introduced as a way to make inferences about populations based on samples.
A frequency distribution summarizes data by organizing it into intervals and counting the frequency of observations within each interval. It presents the data distribution in a table or chart. To create one, you first collect data, identify the range of values, create intervals, count frequencies within each interval, and construct a table or chart showing the intervals and frequencies. Frequency distributions are useful for understanding central tendency, dispersion, patterns and making comparisons. They have many applications across fields like descriptive statistics, data analysis, business, economics, manufacturing, healthcare and education.
This document discusses various techniques for analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. It describes editing, coding, classification, and tabulation as methods for processing qualitative data. For quantitative data, it covers univariate analyses like measures of central tendency and dispersion. It also discusses bivariate analyses like correlation and regression, as well as multivariate techniques including multidimensional analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis. The goal of data analysis is to discover useful information and support decision making.
This document provides an introduction to descriptive statistics and measures of condensation. It defines key concepts including data, variables, descriptive versus inferential statistics, and different types of data such as nominal, ordinal, discrete, and continuous. It also discusses frequency distribution and different ways of presenting data through tables, charts and graphs. The goal of descriptive statistics and measures of condensation is to summarize and organize large datasets in a concise and meaningful way.
The document discusses various methods for collecting quantitative and qualitative data for research purposes. It begins by defining the purpose of research as making descriptions, explanations, and predictions about phenomena. It then outlines four types of variables that are important in quantitative research: discrete, continuous, nominal, and ordinal variables. Examples are provided for each type. The main quantitative data collection methods discussed are surveys and one-on-one interviews. Surveys can be conducted using paper, online, or other means, while interviews can be done face-to-face, by telephone, or online. Both methods aim to systematically gather numerical data that can be analyzed to answer research questions. Qualitative data and secondary data collection are also briefly covered.
This document provides an outline for a Probability and Statistics course. It covers topics such as introduction to statistics, tabular and graphical representation of data, measures of central tendency and variation, probability, discrete and continuous distributions, and hypothesis testing. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics allow predictions and inferences about a larger data set based on a sample. Variables can be classified based on their scale of measurement as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Graphical representations include pie charts, histograms, bar graphs, and frequency polygons. Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and mode.
This document provides information about the QNT 275 Statistics for Decision Making course, including an overview of the course content and structure. It lists the topics that will be covered in each week, including descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability, sampling distributions, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference. It provides links to access the course content and assignments in Connect. Students are instructed to complete the knowledge checks and assignments for each week, which include practice problems, exercises, and discussions applying statistical concepts.
This document provides information and instructions for QNT 275 Statistics for Decision Making course materials. It includes links to the full course, instructions for completing weekly knowledge checks and assignments in Connect, and sample problems from knowledge checks covering topics such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, probability, and the normal distribution. Students are asked to complete assignments calculating statistics like means, medians, ranges, and standard deviations from data sets and interpreting the results.
This document provides information and instructions for QNT 275 Statistics for Decision Making course materials. It includes links to the full course, instructions for completing weekly knowledge checks and assignments in Connect, and sample problems from knowledge checks covering topics such as measures of central tendency, dispersion, probability, and the normal distribution. Students are asked to complete assignments calculating statistics like means, medians, ranges, and standard deviations from sample data sets, and to learn statistical concepts and how they apply to business decision making.
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2. LESSON - OBJECTIVES:
The learners are expected to understand how to:
Define what is statistics
Understand statistics key concepts
Determine the essential processes involve in doing statistics
Identify data and to classify them
Use appropriate scales of data measurement
3. WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics – is the science that deals
with the collection, organization
and presentation, analysis and
interpretation of all kinds of data
pertinent to the study being
considered.
4. 2TYPES OF STATISTICS
DECRIPTIVE STATISTICS – is a group of
statistical measurements that aims to
provide the basic characteristics of a data
through tables and graphs and other
descriptive measures such as measures of
central tendency, measures of position,
and measures of variation.
DECRIPTIVE STATISTICS – is a group of
statistical measurements that aims to
provide the basic characteristics of a data
through tables and graphs and other
descriptive measures such as measures of
central tendency, measures of position,
and measures of variation.
5. 2TYPES OF STATISTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS – aims to infer
or to make interpretations by making a
concluding statement about the population
based on the result derived from a data set.
Measures commonly used in inferential
statistics include: Analysis ofVariance
(ANOVA), t-test, chi-square test,
correlation and regression analysis. .
6. 1. Collection of Data
– refers to the gathering of related
information such as:
(a) what is useful and needed;
(b) where to get information and
(c) how to get information
7. 2. Organization and Presentation of Data –
refers to the systematic way of organizing data. It
involves the following:
(a) Collecting;
(b) Classifying and arraying, and
(c) Presenting data gathered in preparation to its
analysis.
8. 3. Analysis of Data – refers to extracting relevant
information the systematic way of organizing data. It
involves the following:
(a) Comparison and contrast;
(b) Description, and
(c) Statistical measurements to come up with
numerical values and qualitative summary as a
resulting conclusion.
9. 4. Interpretation of Data – refers to the drawing
of logical statements from the analyzed
information. In involves the following:
(a) Generalizing;
(b) Forecasting, and
(c) Recommending solutions and interventions
about the study.
10. 2 MAJORTERMS USED IN STATISTICS
DATA – is a body of information or observations being
considered by the researcher.When data is processed,
information, which is the basis for decision making is
produced.
VARIABLE – is used to define certain observable values or
characteristics. It is called variable since the characteristics
vary from one another.The values of the variable are the
possible observable values or characteristics of the variable.
These values are the data to be processed.
11. DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING DATA
ACCORDINGTO NATURE
QUANTITATIVE or NUMERICAL DATA are those obtained
from variables which are in the form of numbers e.g. age,
height, amount.
QUALITATIVE or CATEGORICAL DATA are those obtained
from variables which are in the form of categories,
characteristics, names or labels, e.g. gender, socio-economic
status, civil status.
12. DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING DATA
ACCORDINGTO SOURCE
PRIMARY DATA are first-hand information, e.g. data
gathered from a survey, where the person who
collected the data is the one using it.
SECONDARY DATA are second-hand information
e.g. information from newspapers or journals,
economic indicators.The data being used are
collected by another person or organization.
13. DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING DATA
ACCORDINGTO ARRANGEMENT
UNGROUPED DATA are data without specific
order or arrangement.They are referred to as raw
data.
GROUPED DATA are data arranged or tabulated
and presented in an organized manner.
14. QUANTITATIVE DATA CLASSIFIED
ACCORDINGTO MEASUREMENT
DISCRETE DATA are those obtained from counting
process where data are whole numbers, e.g.
household size, number of cans of sardines
produced.
CONTINUOUS DATA are those obtained through
the measuring process where the data are values
that may be decimals or fractions, e.g. inflation rate,
weight in kilograms.
15. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
1. NOMINAL SCALE is the lowest level of data
measurement where the values for the variables
are used for identification purposes only and it
does not signify any quantitative value.To record
nominal data, numbers are arbitrarily assigned to
each category.
16. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
1. NOMINAL SCALE
Examples: marital status in a survey questionnaire
may include the following values: single,
married/living with partner, widowed, separated.
To encode the responses, values may be assigned
as follows: 1 for single, 2 for married, 3 for
widowed and 4 for separated.
17. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
2. ORDINAL SCALE has all the properties of the nominal
scale, but the numbers obtained also gives the order of the
values. It is used only in variables tha involves ranking
process.
For Example:
If the variable is positions in the company, the possible
responses may be managerial, supervisory and rank and
file. Managerial position may be assigned a value of 1,
supervisory 2, and rank and file 3.
18. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
3. INTERVAL SCALE has all the properties of the
ordinal scale.The intervals between values in a set of
interval data are consistent and meaningful, but it
does not involve a true zero point. Furthermore, since
they ar real numbers, all calculations can be
performed.
For Example:
IQ scores of students in a grade 11 class.
19. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
4. RATIO SCALE has all the properties of the
interval scale.In this level there is a true zero point
(an absolute value of zero) and multiplication and
division of measurements can be performed.
For Example:
Height and weight.
20. FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF DATA)
Note:
Interval and Ratio scales are the
highest level of data measurement
because all calculations involving the
data sets are valid.
22. EXERCISES:
CLASSIFY EACH ITEM ACCDG.TO NATURE
_______ 1. CONTROL NUMBER
_______ 2. MARITAL STATUS
_______ 3. NUMBER OF CHILDREN
_______4. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
_______ 5. OCCUPATION
_______ 6. AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY INCOME
_______ 7.YEARS OF SERVICE INTHE COMPANY
_______8. NUMBER OF HOURS SPENT DAILY CHATTING ONLINE
_______9. NUMBER OF GLASSES OF WATERTAKEN DAILY
_______10. EXTENT BY WHICH STUDY HABITS AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE OF A STUDENT.
23. COMPLETETHETABLE BY CLASSIFYINGTHE DATA ACCDG.
TO NATURE. IF DATA IS QUANTITATIVE, CLASSIFY FURTHER
ACCDG.TO MEASUREMENT.
A VARIABLES ACCORDINGTO NATURE
ACCORDINGTO
MEASUREMENT
1 ID NUMBER OF STUDENTS
2 NO. OF PAGES IN A BOOK
3 DATE OF BIRTH
4 MODEL OF CELLPHONE USED
5 NUMBER OFTEXT MESSAGES SENT DAILY
6 DAILY ALLOWANCE
7 COMPUTER RENTAL FEE
8 KILOWATT HOURS USED PER MONTH
9 NO. OF STUDENTS PER CLASS
10 MONTHLY EXPENSES FOR INTERNET USED
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
24. EXERCISES:
CLASSIFY EACH ITEM ACCDG.TOTHE FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT.
(ALSO REFERREDTO AS LEVELS OF SCALE).
_______ 1. MONTHLY SALES IN A SCHOOL CANTEEN.
_______ 2. ZIP CODE
_______ 3. SCORES IN A MATHEMATICS QUIZ
_______4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS (A,B,C,D,E)
_______ 5. NAME OF FASTFOOD CHAIN INTHE PHILIPPINES
_______ 6. NUMBER OF CLASS PERIOD PER DAY
_______ 7.TIME REQUIRED SOLVING MATHEMATICS PROBLEMS
_______8. MONTHLY AMOUNT OF GASOLINE USED BYTHE FAMILY
_______9. FAVORITE COFFEE SHOP.
_______10. NUMBER OF SETS OF UNIFORM OWNED.
25. A market research is being conducted on internet usage of
students in grade 11.The following were included in the survey:
1. Gender
2. Type of school currently enrolled in (public or private).
3. Name of Internet provider
4. Type of internet service availed (1 for pre-paid, 2 for post-paid).
5. Approximate amount spent monthly on internet service
26. A market research is being conducted on internet usage of students in
grade 11.The following were included in the survey:
6.You pay the internet services through.
7. Number of emails received in a week.
8. Numbers of hours you surf the internet.
9. Rank the following activities being done using the internet (doing
research, playing games, downloading music or movies, chatting)
according to frequency; 1 being the most frequent.
10. Degree of satisfaction with the internet service provider with 1 as the
least satisfied and 6 is the most satisfied.
28. EXERCISES:
B. FOR EACH STATEMENT, DECIDEWHETHER DESCRIPTIVE
OR INFERENTIAL STATISTICS IS USED.
___________1.The average life expectancy at birth in the Philippines for 2014 is 72.48
years. (Source: www.indexmundi.com).
___________ 2.Taking slimming pills will help you lose weight.
___________ 3.The total amount of estimated losses from typhoon Ondoy is ₱11B.
(source:www.rappler.com)
____________4.The studies show that gender is related to excellence in Mathematics.
(For example, if you are a boy, you excel in Mathematics).
____________ 5. In 2016, the government projects predicted that some 1.2 to 1.6
million students will enter the Senior High School.
29. EXERCISES:
C. DETERMINE WHETHERTHE STATEMENT IS QUALITATIVE (QL) OR
QUANTITATIVE (QN). WRITE QL OR QN ONTHE SPACE PROVIDED.
____1. In the Philippines, most of the high school graduates took education as a
course.
____ 2. The minimum wage of a contractual employee in Philippines is ₱13, 000.00.
_____3. It took 1 hour for Daisy to arrive to her work from her house.
_____4.The children in the daycare center were classified into infant, toddler, and
Pre-school.
_____ 5. Jamie wants to know the marital status of the faculty members in a large
University.
30. EXERCISES:
D. CLASSIFY EACHVARIABLE AS DISCRETE (D) OR CONTINUOUS (C).
WRITETHE LETTER D OR C INTHE SPACE PROVIDED.
____1.The lifetime of a calculator battery is 10 years.
____ 2. A hamburger stand solds 50 to 100 cheeseburgers near the
campus each day.
____3. A PhilippineTarsier weighs between 2.8 and 5.8 ounces.
____4. It takes Ms. Perez 1 hour to drive from her home to work.
____ 5. It 30 minutes for Mikka to answer mathematics word
problem.
33. F. ANSWERTHE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON
THE ARTICLES PROVIDED:
QUESTIONS:
1. Is the study experimental or observational?___________________________________________
2. What are the given variables in the study?____________________________________________
3. What are the qualitative data given in the study?______________________________________
4. Could it be concluded that the powerplant is safe to use by companies planning to use it (like
Aboitiz)?_________________________________________________________________________
5. Based on the Results of the study, what would you recommend to new companies or
establishments to save on expenses, especially on electricity consumption?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
34. ARTICLE 1:
ASEAGAS SEEKS REGULATORY NOD ON BIOMASS
PLANT’S GRID CONNECTION FACILITY
(BY MYRNA VELASCO, MANILA BULLETIN, OCTOBER 21, 2015 ISSUE)
Aboitiz firm Aseagas Corporation is seeking regulatory approval for a point-to point limited
transmission line that will connect 8.8 megawatt biomass power facility to the power grid.
It is emphasized in its filing with Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) that it intends to
connect its power project via the 69 kilovolt (kV) Calaca-Nasugbu transmission line of the
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines.
The plant is targeted to kick-off with its commissioning phase within this month,
although the ERC is still scheduling public hearings on its petition.
The grid connection’s facility’s project cost will be ₱12.757 million according to the project
sponsor firm, with the bulked earmarked for supply of labor, materials and equipment.
“The construction of the Aseagas point-to-point project shall be funded internally and
externally from a pool of generated funds,” the Aboitiz firm said.
35. ARTICLE 1:
ASEAGAS SEEKS REGULATORY NOD ON BIOMASS
PLANT’S GRID CONNECTION FACILITY
(BY MYRNA VELASCO, MANILA BULLETIN, OCTOBER 21, 2015 ISSUE)
It added that it is “seeking to to undergo negotiations with the National Grid Corporation of the
Philippines (NGCP) as regards to the maintenance and operation of the dedicated point-to-point limited
transmission line.”
Aseagas has noted that based on the system impact study (SIS), undertaken for the project, the
planned point-to-point connection “is technically feasible.”
It added that “evaluation on the thermal loading of transmission line shows that there is no
overloading of existing lines that is directly linked to the interconnection of the project plant.”
Aseagas similarly indicated that “the plant can deliver its full capacity to the grid without
additional reinforcements needed to be set up by the NGCP.”
The biomass plant is being lined up to be among the renewable energy project that could avail of
the feed-in-tariff prescribed for that particular technology type.
The project was initially intended to produce “ liquid fuels,” but the collapse in global oil prices
reportedly prompted the project to shift into a power-producing venture.
36. F. ANSWERTHE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON
THE ARTICLES PROVIDED:
QUESTIONS (ARTICLE 2):
1. Is the study experimental or observational?___________________________________________
2. What are the given variables in the study?____________________________________________
3. What are the qualitative data given in the study?______________________________________
4. Could it be concluded that the technology is not of a big help when it comes to productivity?
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Based on the Results of the study, what would you recommend to new companies or
establishments to increase or improve labor or business productivity?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
37. ARTICLE 2:
THE LATEST RESEARCH ON LOW PRODUCTIVITY SAYS
TECHNOLOGY HASN’T HELPED MUCH
(BY GREGG ROBB,WWW.MARKETWATCH.COM, MARCH 4, 2016 ISSUE)
WASHINGTON (MarketWatch) — A key indicator of the long-term vibrancy of the
economy, labor productivity, is not weak because of inaccurate government statistics or a failure
to account for the rise of Google, Facebook and the Internet, according to new research from a
team of Federal Reserve economists.
U.S. productivity, or output per hour of labor, has been weak over the past decade, rising
a meager 0.7% for all of 2015.This is down from the 2.7% seen after WorldWar II and through the
mid-1970s and 3% during the tech-boom of the mid-1990s through 2005.
All things equal, slower productivity means slower growth and living standards.
For years, economists have been debating the causes and even the accuracy of the
slowdown in productivity.
One common explanation from skeptics is that government statistics don’t capture
recent innovations like Google, Facebook or the Internet.
38. ARTICLE 2:
THE LATEST RESEARCH ON LOW PRODUCTIVITY SAYS
TECHNOLOGY HASN’T HELPED MUCH
(BY GREGG ROBB,WWW.MARKETWATCH.COM, MARCH 4, 2016 ISSUE)
But in research published Friday for a conference next week at the Brookings Institution, David
Byrne, an economist at the Fed, John Femald, an economist at the San Francisco Fed, and Marshall
Reinsdorf of the International Monetary Fund, argue that Google and Facebook are more akin to
television and what people do in their free time. So these developments don’t impact business
productivity all that much.
The researchers said that there could be another wave of the information technology
revolution from cloud computing, the Internet of things, and the radical increase in mobility
represented by smartphones.
“But since the early 1970s, modest and incremental productivity growth has more often been
the norm,” the paper concluded.
The researchers said they experimented with new measures for computers and
communications equipment that the government doesn’t use. On balance, using these
measurements, the labor productivity slowdown is modestly larger.
39. GENERALIZATION:
Define what is
statistics
Understand statistics
key concepts
Determine the
essential processes
involve in doing
statistics
Identify data and to
classify them
Use appropriate scales
of data measurement
Hello, everyone! I am Levigilda B. Carbos from Castillejos, Zambales. I work as a Senior High School teacher at Castillejos National High School. I love teaching because it gives me joy and excitement meeting learners in different parts of the country.
In my class, I work with wonderful enthusiasm and positivity. I’m interested in many different topics, and I’m happy to focus on my learners’ goals.
So , Let’s Start!!!
Let us now define What is Statistics?
Statistics is the science that deals with the collection, organization and presentation, analysis and interpretation of all kinds of data pertinent to the study being considered.
With regards to what is happening right now in our country which is ,
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into full view the value and importance of statistics.
“Statistical data drives a myriad of decisions that impact the lives of the people of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and worldwide. In this period of the Novel Coronavirus global pandemic, COVID-19, statistics are required to track the status of the pandemic, and its economic and social impact, reinforcing its value to society. Statistics as a science of learning provides an essential service, through making available data for decision-making in the face of uncertainty,”.
This is how important Statistics is in our daily lives especially at our present time with the Pandemic.
There are 2 TYPES OF STATISTICS
1. DECRIPTIVE STATISTICS – is a group of statistical measurements that aims to provide the basic characteristics of a data through tables and graphs and other descriptive measures such as measures of central tendency, measures of position, and measures of variation.
Let’s first clarify the main purpose of descriptive data analysis. It’s to help you get a feel for the data, to tell us what happened in the past and to highlight potential relationships between variables.
In a nutshell, descriptive statistics just describes and summarizes data but do not allow us to draw conclusions about the whole population from which we took the sample. You are simply summarizing the data with charts, tables, and graphs.
Example:
You’ve performed a survey to 40 respondents about their favorite car color. And now you have a spreadsheet with the results.
However, this spreadsheet is not very informative and you want to summarize the data with some graphs and charts that can allow you to come up with some simple conclusions (e.g. 24% of people said that white is their favorite color).
For sure, this would be much more representative and clear than an ugly spreadsheet. And you have a plenty of options to visualize data such as pie charts, line charts, etc.
That’s the core of descriptive statistics. Note that you are not drawing any conclusions about the full population.
There are 2 MAIN TYPES of Descriptive Statistics :
1. Measures of Central Tendency or Central Location (Mean, Median and the Mode).
2. Measures of Variability ( Range, Variance and the Standard Deviation).
But, we’ll have a deeper understanding on this topics in a separate discussion.
Now, the second type of Statistics is the inferential statistics. It aims to infer or to make interpretations by making a concluding statement about the population based on the result derived from a data set. Measures commonly used in inferential statistics include : Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), T-test, Chi-square, Correlation and regression analysis.
Conversely, with inferential statistics, you are using statistics to test a hypothesis, draw conclusions and make predictions about a whole population, based on your sample.