This document summarizes a presentation given by Dr. Rachel Morgain on International Women's Day about gender equity in astronomy. It discusses research showing implicit biases that associate science with masculinity. It also analyzes the naming of exoplanets, finding most were named for male mythical or historical figures from European traditions. Two exceptions are planets in the Thai Crocodile constellation named for sisters in a folktale. The single female historical figure honored was Hypatia, an influential astronomer and philosopher murdered in 415 AD. The document concludes by summarizing research on gender depictions of scientist characters in the long-running TV series Doctor Who.
This document discusses the history and current state of women in STEM fields in higher education. It notes that while women now make up over half of all college students, they remain underrepresented in STEM fields and leadership positions. The document examines various barriers that women face, from cultural stereotypes and unconscious biases among faculty and students to difficulties balancing family and career demands. It concludes by discussing strategies to improve women's representation and success in STEM, such as modifying secondary education, increasing family support programs, and providing more female role models.
The document discusses the Department of Energy's efforts to empower women in science. It notes that while girls initially show strong interest in STEM subjects, their interest declines compared to boys as early stereotypes take hold. The DOE aims to promote opportunities for women and girls in STEM from elementary school through college in order to inspire confidence and persistence in their scientific pursuits, and change stereotypes that have led to underrepresentation of women in many STEM careers.
The document discusses two models of citizen science: monitoring and tinkering (hacking). Monitoring involves activities like water and air quality testing or annual bird counts. Tinkering refers to activities like jailbreaking iPhones or "consumer science". The presentation asks participants to create a Venn diagram comparing these two models and adding a third circle for science/STEM and a fourth for democracy. The goal is to understand how different models of citizen science can promote more equitable and diverse participation in science.
Surviving in the Academy:Issues and Challenges in Gender (In)Equality in Sc...WiMBE_IFMBE
E. Kaldoudi, Surviving in the Academy:Issues and Challenges in Gender (In)Equality in Science & Engineering Higher Education, presented at Women in Medical & Biological Engineering Session, 5th European IFMBE MBEC, Budapest, September 14-18, 2011
The document summarizes a study that examined teenagers' views on masculine and feminine personality traits. Male participants were more likely than females to label traits as stereotypically masculine or feminine. However, both males and females labeled many traits as neutral, contrary to the hypothesis. This may indicate that younger generations are moving away from strict gender stereotypes. Repeating the study with a larger, more diverse sample could provide more insights into generational differences in views of masculinity and femininity.
Opexa therapeutics corporate presentation july 2016OpexaTherapeutics
Opexa Therapeutics is developing personalized T-cell immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. Their lead candidate, Tcelna, is in a Phase 2b clinical trial for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, with top-line results expected in early Q4 2016. Their platform also supports OPX-212 for neuromyelitis optica, an orphan disease with no approved therapies. Opexa has secured an option agreement with Merck Serono for Tcelna in multiple sclerosis and has established preclinical validation of their approach in animal models of disease.
This document discusses the history and current state of women in STEM fields in higher education. It notes that while women now make up over half of all college students, they remain underrepresented in STEM fields and leadership positions. The document examines various barriers that women face, from cultural stereotypes and unconscious biases among faculty and students to difficulties balancing family and career demands. It concludes by discussing strategies to improve women's representation and success in STEM, such as modifying secondary education, increasing family support programs, and providing more female role models.
The document discusses the Department of Energy's efforts to empower women in science. It notes that while girls initially show strong interest in STEM subjects, their interest declines compared to boys as early stereotypes take hold. The DOE aims to promote opportunities for women and girls in STEM from elementary school through college in order to inspire confidence and persistence in their scientific pursuits, and change stereotypes that have led to underrepresentation of women in many STEM careers.
The document discusses two models of citizen science: monitoring and tinkering (hacking). Monitoring involves activities like water and air quality testing or annual bird counts. Tinkering refers to activities like jailbreaking iPhones or "consumer science". The presentation asks participants to create a Venn diagram comparing these two models and adding a third circle for science/STEM and a fourth for democracy. The goal is to understand how different models of citizen science can promote more equitable and diverse participation in science.
Surviving in the Academy:Issues and Challenges in Gender (In)Equality in Sc...WiMBE_IFMBE
E. Kaldoudi, Surviving in the Academy:Issues and Challenges in Gender (In)Equality in Science & Engineering Higher Education, presented at Women in Medical & Biological Engineering Session, 5th European IFMBE MBEC, Budapest, September 14-18, 2011
The document summarizes a study that examined teenagers' views on masculine and feminine personality traits. Male participants were more likely than females to label traits as stereotypically masculine or feminine. However, both males and females labeled many traits as neutral, contrary to the hypothesis. This may indicate that younger generations are moving away from strict gender stereotypes. Repeating the study with a larger, more diverse sample could provide more insights into generational differences in views of masculinity and femininity.
Opexa therapeutics corporate presentation july 2016OpexaTherapeutics
Opexa Therapeutics is developing personalized T-cell immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases. Their lead candidate, Tcelna, is in a Phase 2b clinical trial for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, with top-line results expected in early Q4 2016. Their platform also supports OPX-212 for neuromyelitis optica, an orphan disease with no approved therapies. Opexa has secured an option agreement with Merck Serono for Tcelna in multiple sclerosis and has established preclinical validation of their approach in animal models of disease.
This document provides an overview of sessions at the Robert Walters Business Intelligence Masterclass. Session 1a will discuss assessing an organization's BI maturity level by examining information demand, management, capabilities, technology and data modeling. Session 1b will focus on choosing the right BI model between centralized, federated and bi-modal based on business needs. Session 2 will demonstrate the capabilities of Tableau, QlikView and Power BI using a common dataset. Session 3 will introduce Single Customer Views, their benefits, and methods for building and governing them. The masterclass aims to provide industry insights into analytics and BI challenges.
The document summarizes charts from Mary Meeker's report on internet trends, including the rise of mobile and decline of print media, the dominance of Android and Apple in smartphones, increasing photo sharing on Snapchat and declining desktop Facebook usage with rising mobile usage, and the growing importance of mobile and sharing in internet usage globally. It concludes by providing a link to the full report.
The candidate has 13 years of experience in quality management spanning supplier quality, production quality, customer service, and after-sales service. They have set up quality management systems from scratch for two companies, achieving ISO 9001 certification immediately for one and with zero non-conformities for the other. Currently, they are working to develop a quality control system for their company by establishing processes and controls to ensure consistent product quality. Key metrics such as customer complaints, reject rates, and returns have significantly improved since controls were implemented.
10.10 comprehensive child and family assessment (ccfa)screaminc
This document outlines requirements and procedures for completing Comprehensive Child and Family Assessments (CCFAs) for children entering foster care in Georgia. Key points include:
- DFCS must initiate a CCFA within 1 day of a child entering care and collaborate with Amerigroup to ensure each child receives a Health Check and trauma assessment.
- The CCFA should engage family members, assess needs, and make recommendations to inform case planning and court decisions. It may be completed by DFCS or an approved provider.
- Amerigroup Care Coordination Teams coordinate health services and assign care managers to ensure children's needs are met. Timely communication between DFCS and Amerigroup is important.
2015 06 23 the most advanced repeater wdm nice 2015 originalXtera Communications
Following a short update on the latest developments for unrepeatered subsea cable systems (150 x 100G on 410 km, 100G on 607 km), this presentation describes the genesis and the development of the industry’s most advanced subsea repeaters, with innovative electrical, optical and mechanical designs. This Raman-based repeaters was deployed by Xtera in May 2015, an industry’s first. This presentation was delivered at WDM & Next Generation Optical Networking EMEA 2015 conference (22-25 June 2015 – Nice, France).
В виртуальной выставке собраны основные российские и зарубежные ресурсы по кардиологии, которые могут быть полезны врачам-кардиологам в профессиональной деятельности.
Este documento describe cómo crear un servicio RESTful utilizando WSO2 ESB para obtener información de países de una base de datos Oracle mediante solicitudes HTTP y transformar las solicitudes HTTP a solicitudes SOAP y las respuestas SOAP a JSON. Primero se registran los servicios de datos creados previamente y luego se crean secuencias para convertir entre formatos SOAP y JSON y llamar al servicio de datos. Finalmente, se define el API REST utilizando las secuencias creadas.
1. A apresentação descreve os serviços de uma empresa de consultoria especializada em estruturação e implantação de projetos de concessão de rodovias. 2. A empresa oferece soluções customizadas em gestão de projetos, reestruturação organizacional e estratégia corporativa para empresas de concessão e outros setores. 3. Também são apresentados casos de sucesso em projetos de otimização de custos e recuperação financeira de clientes.
A major announcement today: the publication of Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo found in the Dinaledi Chamber, in the Rising Star cave, South Africa.
The document is a report summarizing the findings from a web application penetration test conducted on ABC E-Commerce Platform. Several critical vulnerabilities were discovered, including local file inclusion, price tampering via request parameter manipulation, SQL injection, and user account hijacking through password reset token reuse. The report provides details on how to reproduce each issue, along with impact and recommendations. Overall 14 vulnerabilities of varying severities were identified within the tested application.
This document discusses women in mathematics and some of the challenges they face. It provides statistics on the percentage of bachelor's and PhD degrees in math earned by women, as well as the low percentage of tenured positions in math departments held by women. It discusses research on cognitive differences between men and women in math and spatial abilities, and how these differences may be influenced by environment and stereotypes. The document also summarizes various studies on stereotype threat and how simply referring to gender before a math test can negatively impact women's performance. Overall, it examines some of the social and cultural factors that have created barriers for women in mathematics.
The document presents data on gender representation in physics. It finds that the percentage of women in physics is lower than in other fields like humanities and law. When analyzing citation data, it finds no evidence of gender bias - papers with male first authors are cited equally by male and female authors, suggesting merit rather than sexism. It also finds fewer women among highly cited authors and in theory fields, even when controlling for other variables. This is inconsistent with claims of widespread discrimination.
This document discusses sexism and discrimination that discourages women from pursuing careers in STEM. It summarizes research showing that women face barriers even after obtaining STEM degrees, such as being less likely to be hired than equally or less qualified men. Stereotypes persist that women are not suited for STEM or that an intelligent woman is somehow threatening. The document reviews historical attitudes that limited women's education and how some of those same attitudes continue today. Statistics are presented showing men outnumber women in obtaining STEM degrees, especially at higher levels. More work is needed to foster interest in STEM among girls and create welcoming environments free of hostility.
Stella - aftershow discussion about nebulae and women in astronomyKaren Masters
Slides prepared for an aftershow discussion about nebulae and women in astronomy to accompany the performance of STELLA: a play about women, their men, and astronomy (by Take the Space) which happened in Portsmouth, UK on 29th October 2013
The Annual Edinburgh International Science Festival took place in the Scottish capital last week. And our space dome team was lucky to attend a very interesting talk called “Celebration of women in Astronomy” by an Astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell (the talk was based on the article that you can find here).
ArticleSome Evidence for a Gender Gapin Personality and .docxdavezstarr61655
Article
Some Evidence for a Gender Gap
in Personality and Social Psychology
Adam J. Brown1 and Jin X. Goh1
Abstract
This research examined a possible gender gap in personality and social psychology. According to membership demographics from
the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), women and men are represented near parity in the field. Yet despite this
equal representation, the field may still suffer from a different type of gender gap. We examined the gender of first authors in two
major journals, citations to these articles, and gender of award recipients. In random samples of five issues per year across
10 years (2004–2013; N ¼ 1,094), 34% of first authors in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology were women and 44% of first
authors in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin were women. Articles authored by men were cited more than those authored by
women. In examining the gender of award recipients given by SPSP (2000–2016), on average, 25% of the recipients were women.
Keywords
social psychology, personality, gender gap, bibliometric
It is no longer newsworthy that women enter psychology at a
higher rate than men do. In 2013, women represented 72.2%
of all doctorates in psychology (National Science Foundation
[NSF], 2015a). This is remarkable considering that in 1958 (the
earliest data available), women only represented 18.0% of all
doctorates in psychology. This impressive growth in represen-
tation is pervasive across most subfields of psychology, includ-
ing social psychology, with 67.3% of doctorates being awarded
to women in 2013.
1
Membership in the Society for Personality
and Social Psychology (SPSP), the field’s largest professional
society, likewise reflects this distribution: 51% of the SPSP
members are female, 38% are male, and 11% did not report
their gender in the most recent membership survey. Of the
89% of all members who specified their gender, 57% are
female and 43% are male. While these numbers are not defini-
tive, they do provide a good snapshot of the field’s gender com-
position, and this distribution is a cause for celebration. After
all, it stands in marked contrast to other fields such as science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), where
women are severely underrepresented (NSF, 2015b). Yet despite
this progress for equal representation, there is reason to believe
that social and personality psychology may still suffer from a
gender gap. The current article presents evidence that even
though women and men are represented equally in social psy-
chology and personality in terms of participation, they are nev-
ertheless underrepresented as authors and underrecognized as
award recipients. The remainder of this article assumes that at
least half of the individuals participating in social and personal-
ity psychology are women, but based on the SPSP demographic
statistics, this estimate may be conservative.
The attrition of women in STEM fields is a.
Ginny Catania presented on improving belonging in Greenland science. She noted that the cryospheric sciences are dominated by men, with the AGU Cryosphere Section having 3 times more male than female members. Some reasons for this disparity include unconscious and conscious bias, a chilly academic climate, and unequal access to resources such as social support networks and funding opportunities. Examples were provided of ways in which bias manifests, such as overburden of service work, lack of mentorship and collaboration, and harassment. The presentation discussed how the university system and field of glaciology were historically designed to exclude women, and how notions of academic skill still emphasize outdoor experiences more common among men.
This document discusses improving belonging and representation in Greenland science. It summarizes that women and other minoritized groups are underrepresented in cryospheric sciences. Specifically, the AGU Cryosphere Sciences Section has 3 times more men than women. It explores reasons for this disparity, such as unconscious and conscious bias, a chilly academic climate, and unequal access to resources. The document outlines specific examples of how bias shows up, such as overburden of service work or lack of mentorship. It proposes that the research culture needs to change and discusses the impacts of academic culture on diversity. Finally, it summarizes the successes and challenges of a new Slack workspace community aimed at supporting underrepresented groups in glaciology and
This document provides an overview of sessions at the Robert Walters Business Intelligence Masterclass. Session 1a will discuss assessing an organization's BI maturity level by examining information demand, management, capabilities, technology and data modeling. Session 1b will focus on choosing the right BI model between centralized, federated and bi-modal based on business needs. Session 2 will demonstrate the capabilities of Tableau, QlikView and Power BI using a common dataset. Session 3 will introduce Single Customer Views, their benefits, and methods for building and governing them. The masterclass aims to provide industry insights into analytics and BI challenges.
The document summarizes charts from Mary Meeker's report on internet trends, including the rise of mobile and decline of print media, the dominance of Android and Apple in smartphones, increasing photo sharing on Snapchat and declining desktop Facebook usage with rising mobile usage, and the growing importance of mobile and sharing in internet usage globally. It concludes by providing a link to the full report.
The candidate has 13 years of experience in quality management spanning supplier quality, production quality, customer service, and after-sales service. They have set up quality management systems from scratch for two companies, achieving ISO 9001 certification immediately for one and with zero non-conformities for the other. Currently, they are working to develop a quality control system for their company by establishing processes and controls to ensure consistent product quality. Key metrics such as customer complaints, reject rates, and returns have significantly improved since controls were implemented.
10.10 comprehensive child and family assessment (ccfa)screaminc
This document outlines requirements and procedures for completing Comprehensive Child and Family Assessments (CCFAs) for children entering foster care in Georgia. Key points include:
- DFCS must initiate a CCFA within 1 day of a child entering care and collaborate with Amerigroup to ensure each child receives a Health Check and trauma assessment.
- The CCFA should engage family members, assess needs, and make recommendations to inform case planning and court decisions. It may be completed by DFCS or an approved provider.
- Amerigroup Care Coordination Teams coordinate health services and assign care managers to ensure children's needs are met. Timely communication between DFCS and Amerigroup is important.
2015 06 23 the most advanced repeater wdm nice 2015 originalXtera Communications
Following a short update on the latest developments for unrepeatered subsea cable systems (150 x 100G on 410 km, 100G on 607 km), this presentation describes the genesis and the development of the industry’s most advanced subsea repeaters, with innovative electrical, optical and mechanical designs. This Raman-based repeaters was deployed by Xtera in May 2015, an industry’s first. This presentation was delivered at WDM & Next Generation Optical Networking EMEA 2015 conference (22-25 June 2015 – Nice, France).
В виртуальной выставке собраны основные российские и зарубежные ресурсы по кардиологии, которые могут быть полезны врачам-кардиологам в профессиональной деятельности.
Este documento describe cómo crear un servicio RESTful utilizando WSO2 ESB para obtener información de países de una base de datos Oracle mediante solicitudes HTTP y transformar las solicitudes HTTP a solicitudes SOAP y las respuestas SOAP a JSON. Primero se registran los servicios de datos creados previamente y luego se crean secuencias para convertir entre formatos SOAP y JSON y llamar al servicio de datos. Finalmente, se define el API REST utilizando las secuencias creadas.
1. A apresentação descreve os serviços de uma empresa de consultoria especializada em estruturação e implantação de projetos de concessão de rodovias. 2. A empresa oferece soluções customizadas em gestão de projetos, reestruturação organizacional e estratégia corporativa para empresas de concessão e outros setores. 3. Também são apresentados casos de sucesso em projetos de otimização de custos e recuperação financeira de clientes.
A major announcement today: the publication of Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo found in the Dinaledi Chamber, in the Rising Star cave, South Africa.
The document is a report summarizing the findings from a web application penetration test conducted on ABC E-Commerce Platform. Several critical vulnerabilities were discovered, including local file inclusion, price tampering via request parameter manipulation, SQL injection, and user account hijacking through password reset token reuse. The report provides details on how to reproduce each issue, along with impact and recommendations. Overall 14 vulnerabilities of varying severities were identified within the tested application.
This document discusses women in mathematics and some of the challenges they face. It provides statistics on the percentage of bachelor's and PhD degrees in math earned by women, as well as the low percentage of tenured positions in math departments held by women. It discusses research on cognitive differences between men and women in math and spatial abilities, and how these differences may be influenced by environment and stereotypes. The document also summarizes various studies on stereotype threat and how simply referring to gender before a math test can negatively impact women's performance. Overall, it examines some of the social and cultural factors that have created barriers for women in mathematics.
The document presents data on gender representation in physics. It finds that the percentage of women in physics is lower than in other fields like humanities and law. When analyzing citation data, it finds no evidence of gender bias - papers with male first authors are cited equally by male and female authors, suggesting merit rather than sexism. It also finds fewer women among highly cited authors and in theory fields, even when controlling for other variables. This is inconsistent with claims of widespread discrimination.
This document discusses sexism and discrimination that discourages women from pursuing careers in STEM. It summarizes research showing that women face barriers even after obtaining STEM degrees, such as being less likely to be hired than equally or less qualified men. Stereotypes persist that women are not suited for STEM or that an intelligent woman is somehow threatening. The document reviews historical attitudes that limited women's education and how some of those same attitudes continue today. Statistics are presented showing men outnumber women in obtaining STEM degrees, especially at higher levels. More work is needed to foster interest in STEM among girls and create welcoming environments free of hostility.
Stella - aftershow discussion about nebulae and women in astronomyKaren Masters
Slides prepared for an aftershow discussion about nebulae and women in astronomy to accompany the performance of STELLA: a play about women, their men, and astronomy (by Take the Space) which happened in Portsmouth, UK on 29th October 2013
The Annual Edinburgh International Science Festival took place in the Scottish capital last week. And our space dome team was lucky to attend a very interesting talk called “Celebration of women in Astronomy” by an Astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell (the talk was based on the article that you can find here).
ArticleSome Evidence for a Gender Gapin Personality and .docxdavezstarr61655
Article
Some Evidence for a Gender Gap
in Personality and Social Psychology
Adam J. Brown1 and Jin X. Goh1
Abstract
This research examined a possible gender gap in personality and social psychology. According to membership demographics from
the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), women and men are represented near parity in the field. Yet despite this
equal representation, the field may still suffer from a different type of gender gap. We examined the gender of first authors in two
major journals, citations to these articles, and gender of award recipients. In random samples of five issues per year across
10 years (2004–2013; N ¼ 1,094), 34% of first authors in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology were women and 44% of first
authors in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin were women. Articles authored by men were cited more than those authored by
women. In examining the gender of award recipients given by SPSP (2000–2016), on average, 25% of the recipients were women.
Keywords
social psychology, personality, gender gap, bibliometric
It is no longer newsworthy that women enter psychology at a
higher rate than men do. In 2013, women represented 72.2%
of all doctorates in psychology (National Science Foundation
[NSF], 2015a). This is remarkable considering that in 1958 (the
earliest data available), women only represented 18.0% of all
doctorates in psychology. This impressive growth in represen-
tation is pervasive across most subfields of psychology, includ-
ing social psychology, with 67.3% of doctorates being awarded
to women in 2013.
1
Membership in the Society for Personality
and Social Psychology (SPSP), the field’s largest professional
society, likewise reflects this distribution: 51% of the SPSP
members are female, 38% are male, and 11% did not report
their gender in the most recent membership survey. Of the
89% of all members who specified their gender, 57% are
female and 43% are male. While these numbers are not defini-
tive, they do provide a good snapshot of the field’s gender com-
position, and this distribution is a cause for celebration. After
all, it stands in marked contrast to other fields such as science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), where
women are severely underrepresented (NSF, 2015b). Yet despite
this progress for equal representation, there is reason to believe
that social and personality psychology may still suffer from a
gender gap. The current article presents evidence that even
though women and men are represented equally in social psy-
chology and personality in terms of participation, they are nev-
ertheless underrepresented as authors and underrecognized as
award recipients. The remainder of this article assumes that at
least half of the individuals participating in social and personal-
ity psychology are women, but based on the SPSP demographic
statistics, this estimate may be conservative.
The attrition of women in STEM fields is a.
Ginny Catania presented on improving belonging in Greenland science. She noted that the cryospheric sciences are dominated by men, with the AGU Cryosphere Section having 3 times more male than female members. Some reasons for this disparity include unconscious and conscious bias, a chilly academic climate, and unequal access to resources such as social support networks and funding opportunities. Examples were provided of ways in which bias manifests, such as overburden of service work, lack of mentorship and collaboration, and harassment. The presentation discussed how the university system and field of glaciology were historically designed to exclude women, and how notions of academic skill still emphasize outdoor experiences more common among men.
This document discusses improving belonging and representation in Greenland science. It summarizes that women and other minoritized groups are underrepresented in cryospheric sciences. Specifically, the AGU Cryosphere Sciences Section has 3 times more men than women. It explores reasons for this disparity, such as unconscious and conscious bias, a chilly academic climate, and unequal access to resources. The document outlines specific examples of how bias shows up, such as overburden of service work or lack of mentorship. It proposes that the research culture needs to change and discusses the impacts of academic culture on diversity. Finally, it summarizes the successes and challenges of a new Slack workspace community aimed at supporting underrepresented groups in glaciology and
Overview of "The Science of Gender and Science" - the Pinker/Spelke Debate, b...Amy Goodloe
Steven Pinker and Elizabeth Spelke, both Harvard psychology professors, debated whether innate differences or discrimination explain the lack of women in science careers. Pinker argued innate gender differences in interests, variability in abilities, and spatial skills favor men in math and science. However, Spelke countered that studies show no inherent differences in children and biases influence perceptions of gender abilities. She provided multiple examples showing social and parental expectations, not innate factors, impact career choices. While both made arguments, Spelke supported her position that discrimination, not biology, creates disparities with extensive evidence from research in her field of expertise.
The Science of Gender and Science: Pinker vs. SpelkeAmy Goodloe
Steven Pinker and Elizabeth Spelke, both Harvard psychology professors, debated whether innate differences or discrimination explain the lack of women in science careers. Pinker argued innate gender differences in interests, variability in abilities, and spatial skills favor men in math and science. Spelke countered that gender differences only appear on subjective tests and are due to parents and teachers having lower expectations of girls, not innate factors. She cited studies finding infants and young children develop skills like those needed in science equally, regardless of gender. While both made arguments, Spelke supported her view with multiple examples from literature in her area of expertise.
Biological determinism and homosexualityTeresa Levy
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how the article examines recent claims that certain brain structures provide biological evidence for differences in sexual orientation. However, the summary critiques several aspects of the studies cited, including small sample sizes, lack of controls, flawed explanatory frameworks, and cultural biases influencing the interpretation of results. It argues that closer analysis of original research is needed to properly evaluate claims of biological determinism.
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how claims of biological bases for differences in gender and sexuality have historically been used to justify social hierarchies. The document then analyzes a specific study on differences in the corpus callosum between men and women, arguing it was based on a small sample size and its findings were contradicted by later studies with better methodologies. Finally, it closely examines and critiques a study on brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual men, identifying flaws in its premises, sample size, and conclusions.
This document summarizes research on the underrepresentation of women in academic and science careers. It finds that while women earn over half of degrees, their representation decreases at higher levels of the career ladder. This is due to both the structure of careers being modeled on a male norm and a lack of support/unconscious bias against women. Key factors include inflexible career timelines that disadvantage women who take time off for family caregiving responsibilities, lack of support networks and mentoring for women, gender bias in hiring and promotion, and discrimination like sexual harassment. Recent research also examines changing attitudes among younger academics but the need for institutional reforms to promote greater transparency and remove bias from decision-making processes.
This document discusses gender and educational attainment. It explores how gender norms are constructed and enacted in schools. Gender influences educational experiences through factors like subject selection, teacher expectations, and peer relationships. While girls have made gains, subject selection remains influenced by 19th century ideas. Boys still face issues like lower rates of university completion. The document examines how students "do gender" and negotiate norms through interactions. It also discusses challenges like gendered bullying and pressures of heteronormativity.
Science and Technology Studies presentationTori Roggen
Science and Technology Studies (STS) examines how science and technology shape society and how society shapes the development of science and technology. There are several perspectives in STS, including the sociology of scientific knowledge which questions the idealized accounts of the scientific process. Actor-network theory, developed by Bruno Latour, examines how scientific knowledge is produced through relationships between human and non-human actors. The field also studies topics like the influence of gender on scientific fields and work-family conflicts in academia. The Sokal Affair showed how scientific jargon can be misused and highlighted tensions between natural and social scientists.
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self.docxdessiechisomjj4
Stereotype threat refers to being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group (Steele & Aronson, 1995).This term was first used by Steele and Aronson (1995) who showed in several experiments that Black college freshmen and sophomores performed more poorly on standardized tests than White students when their race was emphasized. When race was not emphasized, however, Black students performed better and equivalently with White students. The results showed that performance in academic contexts can be harmed by the awareness that one's behavior might be viewed through the lens of racial stereotypes.
Similar effects had been reported earlier by Katz, Roberts, and Robinson (1965), but Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper prompted a renewed exploration of the causes and consequences of stereotype threat. To date, over 300 experiments on stereotype threat have been published in peer-reviewed journals (see Nguyen & Ryan, 2008 and Walton & Cohen, 2003 for meta-analyses). The purpose of the website is to provide a summary and overview of published research on this topic in the hope that increasing understanding of the phenomenon may reduce its occurrence and impact (Johns, Schmader, & Martens, 2005).
Since Steele and Aronson's (1995) paper, research in stereotype threat has broadened in several important respects. First, research has shown that the consequences of stereotype threat extend beyond underachievement on academic tasks. For example, it can lead to self-handicapping strategies, such as reduced practice time for a task (Stone, 2002), and to reduced sense of belonging to the stereotyped domain (Good, Dweck, & Rattan, 2008). In addition, consistent exposure to stereotype threat (e.g., faced by some ethnic minorities in academic environments and women in math) can reduce the degree that individuals value the domain in question (Aronson, et al. 2002; Osborne, 1995; Steele, 1997). In education, it can also lead students to choose not to pursue the domain of study and, consequently, limit the range of professions that they can pursue. Therefore, the long-term effects of stereotype threat might contribute to educational and social inequality (Good et al., 2008a; Schmader, Johns, & Barquissau, 2004). Furthermore, stereotype threat has been shown to affect stereotyped individuals’ performance in a number of domains beyond academics, such as white men in sports (e.g., Stone, Lynch, Sjomerling, & Darley, 1999), women in negotiation (Kray, Galinsky, & Thompson, 2002), homosexual men in providing childcare (Bosson, Haymovitz, & Pinel, 2004), and women in driving (Yeung & von Hippel, 2008).
Second, research has given us a better understanding of who is most vulnerable to stereotype threat. Research has shown that stereotype threat can harm the academic performance of any individual for whom the situation invokes a stereotype-based expectation of poor performance. For example, stereotype threat has been shown t.
Similar to Starry Tales of Women, Men and Crocodiles (17)
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
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With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
_Extraction of Ethylene oxide and 2-Chloroethanol from alternate matrices Li...LucyHearn1
How do you know your food is safe?
Last Friday was world World Food Safety Day, facilitated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in which the slogan rightly says, 'food safety is everyone's business'. Due to this, I thought it would be worth sharing some data that I have worked on in this field!
Working at Markes International has really opened my eyes (and unfortunately my friends and family 🤣) to food safety and quality, especially with my recent application work on ethylene oxide and 2-chloroethanol residues in foodstuffs, as of the biggest global food recalls in history was and is still being implemented by the Rapid alert system for food and feed (RASFF) in 2021, for high levels of these carcinogenic compounds.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
1. 1
Starry Tales of Women, Men
and Crocodiles
Celebrating International Women’s Day
with stories from the stars
HelixNebulaImagecredit:NASA
Dr Rachel Morgain, Science in Australia Gender Equity Project
Presented at the Australian Academy of Science in celebration of International Women’s Day, March 8th
2016
As many of you know, astronomy has been in the news quite a bit in recent months, and not for
good reasons, but for the terrible revelations of harassment coming out of the US.
Today, in celebration of International Women’s Day, I’m going to be taking what I hope is a more
light-hearted, but no less serious, look at gender equity in astronomy, by looking at the starry tales
we tell, and in particular our stories of gender in the stars.
This is based on several pieces of research I have been involved in around telling gendered stories in
science.
The first part of this talk is drawn from research I am developing for a collection of essays on
“Gender, Science and Wonder” called “Gendering the Cosmos: The Poetics and Pragmatics of
Astronomy.”
But I am going to finish with some light-hearted tales from Doctor Who, based on some research I
have done with my co-author, Dr Lindy Orthia (Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness
of Science, Australian National University), called “The Gendered Culture of Scientific Competence”
which has just come out last week in the journal Sex Roles.
But first of all, to set the scene…
2. 2
Gender ratios in Natural and Physical Sciences (2011 data)
Bell and Yates (2015) Women in the Science Research Workforce
Men
Women
Many of you here will be familiar with this graph, the scissors graph. This one is drawn from the
recent report of Sharon Bell and Lyn Yates (2015: 13), showing gender disparity at different levels of
scientific advancement in Australia in 2011, although data drawn from any one of the last 20 years
shows a very similar picture. [Note, axis labels have been corrected from the original report].
It shows that, while undergraduate and postgraduate students now outnumber men in the physical
and mathematical sciences, we see what is called the ‘post-doctoral tipping-point’, where men
outnumber women, growing to a substantial gap at the highest levels. And this of course represents
as well a huge loss of scientific potential.
As you can imagine, this is the bread and butter of our work in SAGE, and we identify from the
research a whole raft of interlinked factors that give rise to this situation. So we look at everything
from institutional factors around support for family formation and how institutions deal with career
breaks, to questions of unconscious bias that has been shown to pervade recruitment and
promotion decision-making.
But I want to take a somewhat different approach today, to look instead at those more elusive issues
of culture, and the ideas and patterns that pervade our unconscious understandings and
expectations of science. And in particular, those pervasive cultural stereotypes that implicitly
associate science with maleness, and scientists with masculinity.
In particular, in my own research, I’ve been interested in looking at more culturally contextual ways
of understanding implicit stereotyping, in the stories that are told about science and within science
that perpetuate these associations.
3. 3
Harvard Implicit Association Test –
Male with Science / Female with Liberal Arts
Implicit association tests
There is a wealth of research demonstrating that there are strong cultural associations between
maleness and science that affect how many people think at an unconscious level.
Implicit association tests are designed to provide a measure of how much our unconscious minds
tend to stereotypically associate one thing with another, such as science with maleness.
This graph shows the distribution of results from hundreds of thousands of web respondents over six
years on the Harvard Implicit Association Test – showing the very high proportion of respondents
(almost three quarters) who implicitly associate maleness with science and femaleness with liberal
arts, shown in purple.
This is a very common finding across many such measures. And while 18 % of respondents were
neutral, only 10% were more likely to associate science with femaleness.
For young female science students, this can create a strong sense of dissonance with their majors,
affecting both their performance and their choice to pursue careers.
4. 4
Cheryan, Sapna. “Understanding the Paradox in Math-Related Fields: Why Do Some Gender
Gaps Remain While Others Do Not?” Sex Roles 66, no. 3–4 (October 7, 2011): 184–90.
“Current stereotypes about the people and the
work involved in math-related careers may be
barriers to effective recruitment of women.”
Sapna Cheryan, looking at the fact that women in the US now outperform their male counterparts in
maths studies but still don’t pursue maths-related careers, notes that:
“Current stereotypes about the people and the work involved in math-related careers may be
barriers to effective recruitment of women.” (Cheryan 2011: 185)
So stereotypes make a big difference to the kinds of careers people are willing to choose. In fact, the
implicit association folks have found, implicit stereotypes linking male and science are more
predictive of a student’s major (STEM or non-STEM) than even than scholastic aptitude measured in
terms of math performance (Smyth et al. 2009).
Other pieces of research have examined the interactions of girls and young women with
stereotypical and non-stereotypical situations and role models, with a view to understanding how
this impacts their identification with science and career aspirations.
One group of researchers found that when women are exposed to stereotypical computer science
set ups that imply particularly masculine forms of ‘geeky scientist’ and reinforce stereotyped ideas
about scientists being isolated, socially awkward, and technology obsessed (posters of Star Wars,
Video games, scientists who wear t-shirts saying “I code therefore I am”), they found a consistent
pattern of discouraging girls from computer science (Cheryan et al 2009; Cheryan et al 2012).
Young, Danielle M., Laurie A. Rudman, Helen M. Buettner, and Meghan C. McLean. “The
Influence of Female Role Models on Women’s Implicit Science Cognitions.” Psychology of
Women Quarterly 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 283–92.
“For women, viewing a female professor as a role
model was linked to increased implicit sense of
science identity and decreased implicit science
stereotyping.”
5. 5
But this is something that can be changed, and the reverse is also true. For example, research by
Young et al. on women students with female professors found that:
“For women, viewing a female professor as a role model [i.e. both seeing her as effective and
identifying with her personally] was linked to increased implicit sense of science identity and
decreased implicit science stereotyping.” (Young et al. 2013: 289)
In fact, women students in this study who strongly identified with a female professor were generally
fit into that rare category of people, that 10 per cent, who implicitly associate science with
femaleness rather than with maleness.
There has been a wealth of research of this kind on role modelling, showing that having women as
role models, particularly if girls and young women can relate to them and see them as realistic role
models for themselves, can have a substantial effect both on these women’s identification of with
science and on their aspirations for a career in STEMM.
In my research, I’m interested in taking a slightly different angle on these kinds of questions, looking
not so much at living role models, but at the scientific stories themselves, and the ways in which they
do or don’t give women the sense that they belong in science.
International Astronomical Union – naming of ExoWorlds
One of the things I have been looking at is the recent
exercise, run last year by the International Astronomical
Union, on naming of ExoWorlds. In the last several
decades, astronomers have identified over 1000 planets
outside of our solar system.
The IAU decided that it was time to give names to 20 of
these planetary systems and their associated stars
(where these were not already named).
This was run as an internet poll, where any club or non-
profit organisation from around the world with access to
the internet and reasonable command of English could
put forward a naming proposal, based on a few simple
guidelines, for one of these planets or planetary
systems.
Members of the public were then able to vote for their
favourite names for each of the systems.
Ostensibly, this system is democratic, although of course
it privileges those in wealthy countries with English-
speaking traditions and a strong level of internet access.
So there were large voting blocks from India, the US and Europe, but not so much from East Asia,
South America, the Middle East or Africa, and this as we can see is reflected in many of the names.
But the results also reflect the cultural legacies and unconscious biases that inform collective
decision-making on a massive scale. And we see this strongly reflected in the patterns we see.
6. 6
Exoworlds genders
0
5
10
15
20
25
M F N
p=0.007
In my preliminary analysis, I’ve gone through the confirmed names, and where these are historical or
mythical figures with readily identifiable genders, I have assigned these a gender. This graph shows
the gender distribution, male (blue) female (red). The neutral category is for things like place names.
As you can see, there is a huge disparity between genders in the final attribution, and the p-value for
a chi-squared test assuming an expected division of 50:50 confirms this as highly significant.
Exoworlds by cultural region
European
Euro-American
Asian
Semitic
American
And here is the distribution of these ExoWorlds by the cultural region from where these names were
drawn. Here, we can see the dominance of European cultural traditions over all others, with almost
three-quarters coming from European and Euro-American contexts (many of them Latin and Greek).
In fact, many people nominating from non-Western countries, such as Japan, nominated names from
European traditions, particularly Latin and Greek. And I would suggest that this is both because of
the associations widely made between science and European history, and the legacy of the fact that
many of the star systems and stars associated with these new worlds have Latin or Greek names.
7. 7
Exoworlds mythical and historical
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Mythical Historical
M
F
N
p=0.04p=n.s.
One of the things that is very interesting in the ExoWorld naming exercise is the notable difference
between the mythical and historical naming of stars and planets.
Many of the female names were in fact drawn from mythical stories, particularly those from non-
Western contexts.
And so when we separate these out, we find only a slight, non-significant bias towards male
characters in these mythical stories. This is especially true of the mythical figures drawn from non-
Western traditions.
By comparison, only one of the 12 historical figures among the ExoWorlds was female.
But it’s not just about the demographics in the sky. As on Earth, the actual stories matter as well.
Just as the work of some early feminist historians of science (and other fields!) has been to draw out
the stories of women from amidst the seemingly overwhelming dominance of men, and just as
telling stories of women and gender minorities is central to understanding the story of science as a
whole today, it is useful to uncover some of the stories behind these numbers.
8. 8
Chalawan, Taphao Thong and Taphao Kaew
So now we turn finally to the promised crocodiles. The first story I want to draw out is the story of
Chalawan, Taphao Thong and Taphao Kaew.
This is a story from Thai tradition, in which Lord Chalawan is a mythical crocodile king from Thai
folktale, who kidnaps one of two sisters Taphao Thong, and is witnessed by her younger sister
Taphao Kaew. Lord Chalawan keeps her among his wives, until she is rescued by a male hero (Krai
Thong), who marries the two sisters.
The Thai Astronomical Society put forward this nomination, explaining that the constellation in
question – described on the IAU website by the Latin designation Ursa Major – is known as the
Crocodile stars in Thai.
So on the one hand, here are two of these ExoWorlds named for female figures in folklore. Notably,
the nominators chose not to put forward the name of the male hero for one of these two planets.
On the other hand, what we can see here is a pattern repeated among a number of these successful
nominations in these star systems, whereby the central figure, the star, is given the name of a male
figure, while a female name or names are attributed to the associated planet(s). It is perhaps
understandable why this was the case in this situation, but it is notable that a similar pattern is also
repeated across many of the nominations.
I certainly admit that I don’t know the complexities of how this story is told or understood in Thai
tradition, but in the rendition of this story given as part of the nomination, the two sisters are
described in a passive role rather than standing as active central figures in their own right.
9. 9
Hypatia
The second is the story I want to tell is of the single female historical figure represented among these
ExoWorlds. The nomination of Hypatia was put forward by the Hypatia Student Society in the Physics
Faculty of the Complutense University of Madrid, which describes its aims of promoting cultural,
political and scientific education with the aim of “reducing the scientific illiteracy of the capital and
fighting for human rights from a scientific perspective.” (Hypatia 2015)
Hypatia herself was a famous Greek astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher, and was head of
the Neo-Platonic school at Alexandria in the early 5th century. She taught Pagans and Christians
alike, and was a respected scholar who drew students to her school from many places in the years
she taught. Embroiled in a period of political turmoil in the city, and central to a movement
supporting a more moderate political and Christian leadership for the city, she was brutally
murdered and dragged through the streets by a Christian mob in the year 415. Whether she was
targeted primarily for her Pagan religion and her political involvement, or also for her gender, is
unclear. Many Christian scholars later condemned the murder of this moderate and religiously
tolerant scholar (Watts 2006: 186-203). But the language of the Bishop of Nikiu, writing three
centuries later, suggests it could be read that way:
And in those days there appeared in Alexandria a female philosopher, a pagan named
Hypatia, and she was devoted at all times to magic, astrolabes and instruments of music, and
she beguiled many people through (her) Satanic wiles. And the governor of the city honored
her exceedingly; for she had beguiled him through her magic. And he ceased attending
church as had been his custom. But he went once under circumstances of danger. And he not
only did this, but he drew many believers to her, and he himself received the unbelievers at
his house (John, Bishop of Nikiu, Chronicle 84.87-103).
So the story is a sad one. But it is also a heroic one, a story of a capable, influential scholar who was
also an active political leader. Just as the presence of relatable, scientific women in universities can
act as role models for aspiring scientists, I would suggest that such stories told in the stars could do
the same.
10. 10
Doctor Who
I now want to turn to some other kinds of stories that well tell – the stories that our culture tells
about science and about scientists.
And this material is drawn from research I co-authored with Dr Lindy Orthia from the Centre for the
Public Awareness of Science, on science stereotypes in the science-fiction series Doctor Who.
This has just come out in the journal Sex Roles, and looks at the way incidental scientist characters –
those who appear in only one story-line – are depicted over the first fifty years of the show.
As far as popular fiction goes, Doctor Who offers quite a good litmus test for understanding cultural
ideas about science. It has screened since the 1960s, with only a hiatus in the 1990s. And it has had
many, many authors, directors, script editors, producers and show runners over that time,
highlighting a diversity of perspectives that offer us a kind of cultural read on popular ideas – and
unconscious stereotypes – around science.
And of course it is focused on science, so it has consistently featured numerous scientist characters
throughout its duration.
We performed both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of these scientist characters, comparing
across genders on measures of scientific competence – things like whether they were shown doing
science on screen, or were accorded a scientific title like “Doctor” or “Professor” rather than “Miss”
or “Mister”, or whether they were attributed a specialist field like physicist or medical doctor.
What we found in the quantitative analysis surprised us, in that other than their sheer numbers –
there were many more male than female scientists over all the decades up until the most recent one
– there were actually very few measurable differences in the depiction of men and women scientists
over the course of the show.
This is in contrast to arguments made about science stereotyping in other literature, and we
attribute this in large part to the ideological commitment of many of the shows writers, producers,
directors and so on, to consciously depicting women as effective scientists.
But in working through this quantitative analysis, this also highlighted an intriguing trend – a
tendency to depict some very woefully incompetent scientists through troubling gender stereotypes.
These were not scientists who were mad or bad, not ones misguided by hubris or the thirst for
power. These were scientists whose science was just simply hopeless.
Taking an example from the story The Dominators (1969), showing scientists from the planet Dulkis -
The back story is that this planet was once ravaged by nuclear war and periodically sends a team of
scientists to the irradiated badlands to monitor the effects and levels of radiation. When our story
begins, unbeknownst to these Dulcian scientists, a couple of radiation miners have come from
another planet and sucked up all the radiation in this area. So when the scientists investigate, they
find none.
11. 11
Here is an exchange from that investigating team:
Student Teel: It doesn’t seem logical somehow, sir. We all know that there’s been a steady
uniform decrease in radiation during the past 172 years. Now suddenly it’s all disappeared.
Educator Balan: Well it has happened. Therefore it is a fact. We now know that the effects
of an atomic explosion last for 172 years.
Student Teel: But why sir?
Educator Balan: Oh, I daresay our atomic experts could provide a reason. But it seems
pointless to spend time searching for reasons to prove facts. A fact is a truth!
I think you can see from this how hopeless their science is meant to be. This lack of scientific
credibility is a consistent theme throughout the story, despite their kind natures and peaceful
society. The Dulcians, though mixed in gender composition and led by men, have a strange gendered
appearance. The men wear pleated dresses, have soft features and gentle mannerisms.
They are counterposed to the Dominators, whose masculine features are so exaggerated as to be
ridiculous – big shoulders, heavyset brows, dark hair, square jaws, rugged features. The Dominators
are evil, but they are also scientifically competent, something which seems to be implicitly associated
with rugged masculinity.
And in fact this is a theme we see developed across multiple stories. This is another example from
the same era, in the climate change dystopia of The Ice Warriors (1967). The incompetent scientist
Clent has soft features, is balding, paunchy and fair, and walks with a walking stick. His scientific
prowess is sharply counterposed to that of the the effective scientist Penley, who is also bearded
with dark hair and rugged features.
So what we started to find is this repeated pattern whereby scientific incompetence was being
marked with less masculine or more effeminised features and mannerisms in male scientists.
And lest you think this is confined to the 1960s, another failed scientist from the recent series,
Hobbes, whose dogmatic insistence that the planet Midnight is uninhabited nearly gets them all
killed, shows a marked lack of scientific discernment that is also associated with his unmasculine
cowardice, when another male character asks him “What sort of a man are you?”
I’ve focused here on incompetent male scientists. The incompetent women (along with many of
these men) tell another, more complex kind of story, about the implicit associations of failed science
with matriarchal dominance and social traits such as pacifism that are culturally coded as feminism.
And so what this reveals, we suggest, is a still widespread cultural association of failed science, of
failed efficacy, with a lack of masculinity.
And perhaps because of the overt commitment among many of Doctor Who’s creators to depicting
gender equity in science, and these consistent attempts to present positive and effective female
scientist role models throughout the show, this has perhaps led to these examples of scientific
incompetence being consistently displaced onto these kinds of effeminised male characters, and
onto effeminised social regimes.
12. 12
And in the absence of this kind of ideological commitment, femininity in women seems to be also
judged to be a marker of lack of scientific credibility. Another recent piece of research called “But
you don’t look like a scientist!” (Banchefsky et al. 2016) shows that when people were shown photos
of scientist women and men chosen at random, women who were viewed as more feminine were
also judged as less likely to be scientists.
This I think really complements the work we have done, highlighting the enduring pervasiveness of
these cultural stereotypes that continue to link effective science to masculinity, and to traits
culturally coded as masculine, such as competitiveness and rugged individualism.
And this has powerful implications, we would suggest, not only for women in STEMM careers, but for
gender minorities and for men who don’t easily fit into normative masculine stereotypes.
Conclusion
The point I want to make here is that, when we are looking at gender equity in science, it is
important to look beyond just the institutional and structural factors – the lack of support around
career breaks or flexible work practices, the presence of women on panels or leadership bodies.
These things are certainly important, and there is a lot of work to be done, undoubtedly, around
these issues.
But we also need to turn our attention to the cultural issues, and those more unconscious cultural
assumptions we carry about gender and science that continue to shape expectations and
experiences around who fits, and who doesn’t.
It matters what kind of stories we tell, both in science, and about science. Paying attention to these
stories, listening to what they reflect about our assumptions, and perhaps thinking about how we
could tell them differently, and to what different kinds of stories we could choose to tell, is going to
be important if we are to make a difference for the experiences of women in STEMM, and to
improve not only how we might achieve gender equity and inclusion, but how we could do better
science.
13. 13
References
Banchefsky, Sarah, Jacob Westfall, Bernadette Park, and Charles M. Judd. “But You Don’t Look Like A Scientist!:
Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance Are Deemed Less Likely to Be Scientists.” Sex Roles,
February 5, 2016, 1–15.
Bell, Sharon, and Lyn Yates. “Women in the Science Research Workforce: Identifying and Sustaining the
Diversity Advantage.” Melbourne: L.H. Martin Institute, University of Melbourne, September 2015.
Cheryan, Sapna. “Understanding the Paradox in Math-Related Fields: Why Do Some Gender Gaps Remain
While Others Do Not?” Sex Roles 66, no. 3–4 (October 7, 2011): 184–90.
Cheryan, Sapna, Benjamin J. Drury, and Marissa Vichayapai. “Enduring Influence of Stereotypical Computer
Science Role Models on Women’s Academic Aspirations.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 37, no. 1
(March 1, 2013): 72–79.
Cheryan, Sapna, Victoria C. Plaut, Paul G. Davies, and Claude M. Steele. “Ambient Belonging: How
Stereotypical Cues Impact Gender Participation in Computer Science.” Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 97, no. 6 (2009): 1045–60.
Hypatia, ‘About us’, International Astronomical Union website. https://directory.iau.org/directory/849, 2015.
John, Bishop of Nikiu. “Chronicle” Text and Translation Society President: Professor F.C. Burkitt. Tertullian.org,
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