The document summarizes a presentation given on the National Energy Transition Strategy (NETS) of Saint Lucia. It provides context on Saint Lucia's energy landscape including renewable energy targets. It then describes the process used to develop the NETS, which included an integrated resource plan analyzing different scenarios to reliably meet electricity demand at lowest cost over 20 years. Key questions examined included the interaction of renewable energy with diesel infrastructure and the impact on grid reliability and utility economics. The process balanced the needs of stakeholders and explored a variety of supply- and demand-side resources.
On April 17 2015 the Committee on Climate Change held their first meeting in Wales, Cardiff. A range of stakeholders were invited to discuss the challenges faced by Wales in implementing its low-carbon strategy.
Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid: Renewables-driven Resilience for the ...Clean Coalition
This webinar introduced the Clean Coalition’s Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid Initiative (GLPCM), which will deliver an unparalleled trifecta of economic, environmental, and resilience benefits to the transmission-vulnerable, disaster-prone Santa Barbara region. The Goleta Load Pocket (GLP) spans 70 miles of California’s coastline and is named after the Goleta Substation, which serves as the GLP’s only connection to California’s transmission system.
On April 17 2015 the Committee on Climate Change held their first meeting in Wales, Cardiff. A range of stakeholders were invited to discuss the challenges faced by Wales in implementing its low-carbon strategy.
Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid: Renewables-driven Resilience for the ...Clean Coalition
This webinar introduced the Clean Coalition’s Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid Initiative (GLPCM), which will deliver an unparalleled trifecta of economic, environmental, and resilience benefits to the transmission-vulnerable, disaster-prone Santa Barbara region. The Goleta Load Pocket (GLP) spans 70 miles of California’s coastline and is named after the Goleta Substation, which serves as the GLP’s only connection to California’s transmission system.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORKNEY’S WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT FOR EN...aeijjournal
In Orkney islands, a number of wind energy projects have been established due to its potential for wind energy development especially as cluster developments on hilltop and moorland. This Self-sufficient Orkney Wind Energy (SOWE) project is trying to follow this pattern of development and has designed as a simple linear development of medium-large scale wind turbines which avoids dominating the landscape, while providing diversification required for the energy security, along with strong economic benefits to the local community. The developer completed preliminary designs and landscape assessment, resulting in the detailed design and the development of 27 wind turbine project for the expectation to generated electricity
of 549.2 GWh annually. The SOWE project has been designed and selected the use of the Enercon E44 - 900 kW and Norex N80 - 2.5 MW wind turbines. These machines represent the maximum scale, respectively, as; • the site layout and all modelling have used a 45m, and 60m turbine tower height;
• a rotor diameter of 44 m, and 80 m; and • The blade length is 22 m and 40 m. It has been found that the SOWE project provides a promising contribution towards the Scottish
Government renewable energy production and carbon reduction targets.
KEYWORDS
feasibility study, windfarm, Orkney, road transport
A summary of facts and a map for the proposed Kinder Morgan/MarkWest Energy y-grade natural gas liquids pipeline that will run from Pennsylvania and Ohio (Marcellus & Utica Shale) all the way to the Gulf Coast. The project will convert some 900 miles of pipeline in the Tennessee Gas Pipeline system and build another 200 miles of new pipeline.
K-Solar, a joint project of the New York Power Authority (NYPA) and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), will provide NYS school districts, AT NO COST and NO OBLIGATION, with the tools, and expertise to bring solar energy to their facilities and reduce their energy costs.
Flinders Island Isolated Power System (IPS) Connect 2016 K BUNKER RMI CWRjames hamilton
Rocky Mountain Institute and Carbon War Room (RMI-CWR) advance market-based solutions by engaging businesses, communities, and institutions to cost-effectively shift to efficiency and renewables. RMI-CWR leads numerous collaborative initiatives with diverse partners - business, government, academic, nonprofit, philanthropic, and military - to accelerate and scale energy solutions, including the Islands Energy Program.
The program guides island governments and utilities to define and achieve their energy visions. The goal of the program is to accelerate the transition of island economies from a heavy dependence on fossil fuels to a diverse platform of renewables and energy efficiency. With an independent, objective, and fact-based approach, the team brings a diverse skill set to support integrated resource planning, project identification and development, and continuous learning in the Caribbean region.
Partner islands include: Anguilla, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Colombia (San Andres and Providencia), Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, and the Seychelles. More details are available here: http://www.rmi.org/islands_projects
Kaitlyn is passionate about transforming the way in which we use energy as a society, including increasing the amount of efficiency and renewable sources of energy. With a background and Ph.D. in electrical engineering, Kaitlyn maintains a focus in power systems, power electronics, controls, and microgrids. Through her current role within Rocky Mountain Institute, Kaitlyn is expanding her technical expertise to include aspects such as economics and policy. She has been the lead engineer with several microgrid assessments and utility models with the RMI-CWR Islands Energy Program.
Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid: Renewables-driven Resilience for the ...Clean Coalition
The Goleta Load Pocket (GLP) spans 70 miles of California coastline, from Point Conception to Lake Casitas, encompassing the cities of Goleta, Santa Barbara (including Montecito), and Carpinteria. Because the GLP is a highly transmission-vulnerable, disaster-prone region, the GLP Community Microgrid is being designed to deliver an unparalleled trifecta of economic, environmental, and resilience benefits to the area.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ORKNEY’S WINDFARM DEVELOPMENT FOR SELF-SUFFICIENT FOR EN...aeijjournal
In Orkney islands, a number of wind energy projects have been established due to its potential for wind energy development especially as cluster developments on hilltop and moorland. This Self-sufficient Orkney Wind Energy (SOWE) project is trying to follow this pattern of development and has designed as a simple linear development of medium-large scale wind turbines which avoids dominating the landscape, while providing diversification required for the energy security, along with strong economic benefits to the local community. The developer completed preliminary designs and landscape assessment, resulting in the detailed design and the development of 27 wind turbine project for the expectation to generated electricity
of 549.2 GWh annually. The SOWE project has been designed and selected the use of the Enercon E44 - 900 kW and Norex N80 - 2.5 MW wind turbines. These machines represent the maximum scale, respectively, as; • the site layout and all modelling have used a 45m, and 60m turbine tower height;
• a rotor diameter of 44 m, and 80 m; and • The blade length is 22 m and 40 m. It has been found that the SOWE project provides a promising contribution towards the Scottish
Government renewable energy production and carbon reduction targets.
KEYWORDS
feasibility study, windfarm, Orkney, road transport
A summary of facts and a map for the proposed Kinder Morgan/MarkWest Energy y-grade natural gas liquids pipeline that will run from Pennsylvania and Ohio (Marcellus & Utica Shale) all the way to the Gulf Coast. The project will convert some 900 miles of pipeline in the Tennessee Gas Pipeline system and build another 200 miles of new pipeline.
K-Solar, a joint project of the New York Power Authority (NYPA) and New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), will provide NYS school districts, AT NO COST and NO OBLIGATION, with the tools, and expertise to bring solar energy to their facilities and reduce their energy costs.
Flinders Island Isolated Power System (IPS) Connect 2016 K BUNKER RMI CWRjames hamilton
Rocky Mountain Institute and Carbon War Room (RMI-CWR) advance market-based solutions by engaging businesses, communities, and institutions to cost-effectively shift to efficiency and renewables. RMI-CWR leads numerous collaborative initiatives with diverse partners - business, government, academic, nonprofit, philanthropic, and military - to accelerate and scale energy solutions, including the Islands Energy Program.
The program guides island governments and utilities to define and achieve their energy visions. The goal of the program is to accelerate the transition of island economies from a heavy dependence on fossil fuels to a diverse platform of renewables and energy efficiency. With an independent, objective, and fact-based approach, the team brings a diverse skill set to support integrated resource planning, project identification and development, and continuous learning in the Caribbean region.
Partner islands include: Anguilla, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Colombia (San Andres and Providencia), Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Turks and Caicos, and the Seychelles. More details are available here: http://www.rmi.org/islands_projects
Kaitlyn is passionate about transforming the way in which we use energy as a society, including increasing the amount of efficiency and renewable sources of energy. With a background and Ph.D. in electrical engineering, Kaitlyn maintains a focus in power systems, power electronics, controls, and microgrids. Through her current role within Rocky Mountain Institute, Kaitlyn is expanding her technical expertise to include aspects such as economics and policy. She has been the lead engineer with several microgrid assessments and utility models with the RMI-CWR Islands Energy Program.
Goleta Load Pocket Community Microgrid: Renewables-driven Resilience for the ...Clean Coalition
The Goleta Load Pocket (GLP) spans 70 miles of California coastline, from Point Conception to Lake Casitas, encompassing the cities of Goleta, Santa Barbara (including Montecito), and Carpinteria. Because the GLP is a highly transmission-vulnerable, disaster-prone region, the GLP Community Microgrid is being designed to deliver an unparalleled trifecta of economic, environmental, and resilience benefits to the area.
ISES 2013 - Day 3 - Stephen Roosa (Association of Energy Engineers) - The Tr...Student Energy
The very last plenary session will highlight the challenges related to the transition in the energy sector: the big challenge on how to bridge the gap will be the main focus. A wide range of perspectives will be represented and the challenges we are facing as well as the solutions to these will be put on the table.
Presented at the Western Power Summit on November 6, 2014 during a panel discussion on "California’s Energy Storage Directive and Implications for the West".
Analysis of Community Microgrids: The path to resilient and sustainable commu...Clean Coalition
Greg Thomson, Director of the Community Microgrid Initiative for the Clean Coalition, presented on Community Microgrids to the Municipal Sustainability & Energy Forum on January 25, 2018. This modern energy solution that delivers unparalleled environmental, economic, and resilience benefits to communities.
The annual report from New England's regional power system operator. The report details the transition happening in New England--away from coal and nuclear and to natural gas to create the electricity needed for the region. Natgas is CRITICAL to New England--and more pipelines are needed to get it there.
Prospering from the Energy Revolution: Six in Sixty - Technology and Infrastr...KTN
Hear about one of the key facets of PFER, a £104m programme focussed on the integration of power, heat and transport and the business models needed to enable Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES) to scale towards net zero.
Over the past 15 years, Australia’s renewable energy market has continued to attract massive interest from
Developers, Contractors, manufacturers, governments and local and international investors. This reflects global
energy trends driven by factors such as a push for diversification of energy sources and asset classes,
government incentives for clean energy technology developments and, importantly, the decreasing cost of
electricity from renewable energy sources.
The renewable energy industry in Australia is well-established and mature for some technologies (eg wind,
rooftop solar PV), developing in others (eg utility scale solar PV, solar thermal/CSP and hybrid solar) and at
commercialisation stage in others (eg geothermal, wave).
At this time of increasing market interest and development, it is relevant to consider key issues and market
trends in the construction, operation and regulatory aspects of projects, and critical bankability considerations
relating to each of these issues. While this paper focuses on issues that are of most interest to project Sponsors
and Lenders, many of these considerations are equally relevant to Contractors. This paper considers these
issues in the context of utility scale solar and wind projects in Australia.
Sara Baldwin Auck, IREC's director of regulatory programs, offers a nutritional primer on the regulatory actions leading state's are taking now and considering for the future, and which best practices other states are looking at to meet solar's growing needs.
North Bay Community Resilience Initiative: The Path to Resilience and Sustain...Clean Coalition
The Clean Coalition’s Greg Thomson presented on the Clean Coalition’s North Bay Community Resilience Initiative at Marin County, California’s inaugural CleanTech Summit, which took place April 6, 2018 in San Rafael.
Presentation from the New Mexico Regional Energy Storage & Grid Integration Workshop: Optimized Integration of PV with Battery Storage: A Real World Success Story, presented by Jon Hawkins, PNM
El 15 de febrero de 2017 recibimos en la Fundación Ramón Areces la visita de Daniel Kammen, profesor de la Universidad de California (Berkeley), para hablar sobre 'La ciencia y la política de la energía sostenible'. Esta actividad se celebró en colaboración con Economics for energy.
Although the Hawaiian Islands are blessed with an abundance of renewable energy sources including excellent solar and wind resources, and have the nation’s most aggressive renewable energy standards, the state still relys heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. With isolated (unconnected) island grids and sparse systems on some islands, integration of the intermittent renewable generation systems has been challenging. In this talk, Richard discusses the approach used to identify strategic paths forward and describes several projects currently underway including the Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project, the Smart Grid Inverter Project and several grid-scale battery energy storage projects.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
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Saint Lucia National Energy
Transition Strategy: Results
October 17th 2016
Caribbean Renewable Energy Forum
Miami
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Presenters
Roy
Torbert,
Principal
–
Planning
Rocky
Mountain
Ins9tute
–
Carbon
War
Room
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Sylvester
Clauzel
Permanent
Secretary
–
Sustainable
Development
Victor
Emmanuel
Business
Development
Manager,
St.
Lucia
Electricity
Services
Limited
(LUCELEC)
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Agenda
• Context
• Process
• NETS
Results
o Energy
o Economic
• Lessons
Learned
• Q&A
3
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Project Stakeholders and Supervisors
LUCELEC
is
a
ver9cally
integrated
public
u9lity
which
currently
has
the
sole
responsibility
for
the
genera9on,
transmission,
distribu9on
and
sale
of
electricity
in
Saint
Lucia.
In
2010,
the
Government
of
Saint
Lucia
approved
the
Na9onal
Energy
Policy,
emphasizing
RE
deployment
with
the
intent
to
lower
the
cost
and
price
vola9lity
of
electricity
and
to
reduce
dependence
on
imported
oil.
In
2012,
refined
goals
were
announced
which
proposed
a
renewable
energy
penetra9on
target
of
35%
by
2020
and
a
20%
reduc9on
in
energy
consump9on
for
the
public
sector.
In
January
of
2016,
the
Government
passed
a
law
crea9ng
a
new
independent
regulator,
the
Na9onal
U9li9es
Regulatory
Commission.
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Independent Technical Partners
Rocky
Mountain
Ins<tute-‐Carbon
War
Room
&
Clinton
Climate
Ini<a<ve,
similar-‐minded
nonprofits
joined
forces
in
2015
to
accelerate
the
transi9on
of
small
island
economies
toward
reliable,
cost-‐effec9ve,
and
clean
energy
systems
and
to
create
a
blueprint
for
other
isolated
economies
FURTHER, FASTER, TOGETHER
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DNV
GL
is
the
largest
independent
technical
advisor
on
renewable
energy
with
more
than
1000
staff
in
renewable
energy
in
50
loca9ons,
across
27
countries
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Saint Lucia Energy Landscape
• 59
MW
peak
served
by
87
MW
diesel
genera9on
• Government
target
of
35%
renewable
energy
penetra9on
by
2020
• Planned/Announced
Projects:
– 3
MW
Solar
PV
– 12
MW
Wind
– 30
MW
Geothermal
– Government
Energy
Efficiency
Projects
• Changing
energy
landscape
driven
by
economics
and
RE
energy
targets
and
commitments
to
climate
change
mi9ga9on
• Requires
careful
technical
analysis
to
make
informed
policy
and
investment
decisions,
along
with
alignment
of
key
stakeholders
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National Energy Transition Strategy
• Na<onal
Energy
Transi<on
Strategy
(NETS)
signed
jointly
by
Government
of
Saint
Lucia
and
LUCELEC
in
January
2016
• At
its
core,
the
NETS
is
an
Integrated
Resource
Plan
(IRP),
with
unique
factors
in
Saint
Lucia:
– Inclusive
process
involving
both
key
partners
at
each
stage
of
results
and
decision
making
– Independent
facilita9on
and
analysis
provided
in-‐
kind
by
third-‐par9es
– Public
input
gathered
through
a
stakeholder
consulta9on
session
• Both
par9es
will
jointly
submit
the
NETS/IRP
to
the
Na9onal
U9li9es
Regulatory
Commission
(NURC).
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The NETS Core: An Integrated Resource Plan
The
Integrated
Resource
Plan
(IRP)
considers
forecasted
loads
over
a
20-‐year
period
and
assesses
the
least-‐cost
supply
and
demand
side
op9ons
to
reliably
meet
that
load.
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Questions the NETS Seeks to Answer
• How
will
all
our
planned
resource
investments
including
solar,
wind,
and
geothermal
interact
with
exis<ng
diesel
infrastructure?
• Will
large-‐scale
renewable
energy
integra9on
affect
grid
reliability?
• How
do
different
energy
mix
scenarios
affect
u<lity
economics
and
rates?
• Is
there
an
op<mal
geothermal
generator
size
for
the
grid?
• Should
we
consider
other
resources
in
the
energy
transi9on
such
as
baSery
storage
or
energy
efficiency?
• What
are
the
costs
and
benefits
of
u<lity-‐owned
assets
versus
distributed
genera<on,
both
for
renewables
and
conven9onal
genera9on?
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Balancing Needs of All Stakeholders
Goal
Objec<ve
• Overarching
priori9es
for
electrical
system
(e.g.
reliability,
cost
stability)
• Targets
set
by
both
par9es
to
achieve
the
overall
goal
Measurement
• Specific
metrics
(e.g.
‘Return
on
Equity’
or
‘SAIDI’),
measured
across
all
examined
scenarios
At
the
kickoff,
partners
agreed
to
a
broad
set
of
goals,
and
objec9ves
and
measurements
were
refined
throughout
the
process:
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Saint Lucia: Developing Scenarios
Stakeholders
agreed
to
develop
scenarios
which
explore
the
following
variables:
• Carbon-‐Intensity:
conven9onal
to
renewable
genera9on
• Ownership
Modality:
highly
centralized
to
highly
decentralized
system
Hybrid
U<lity-‐Owned
Distributed
Centralized
Ownership
Decentralized
Ownership
Conven5onal
Renewable
Diesel
Fuel
Only
Natural
Gas
IPP
Geothermal
Solar
PV
Wind
Storage
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Resource Assessments
Solar
Resource
Assessment:
• Applied
GIS-‐Based
Methodological
Approach:
1
6
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Island-Wide Solar Resource Assessment
• RESULTS:
! GIS-‐generated
.kmz
and
.shp
files
showing
poten9al
project
sites
for
each
technology
(ground-‐mount,
roolop,
carport)
• Example
(carport):
1
7
19. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
2017 Dispatch Visualization Peak
at
2PM
Min
at
4AM
*SOC
means
‘state
of
charge’
for
the
ba?eries
Modeled
peak
day:
June
23rd
2017
Es9mated
Peak:
61.7
MW
Storage:
0
MWh
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
BaSery
State
of
Charge
(%)
Power
(MW)
Solar
/
High
DG,
Peak
Load
Diesel
U9lity
PV
Distributed
PV
Load
20. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
2019 Dispatch Visualization Peak
at
2PM
Min
at
4AM
*SOC
means
‘state
of
charge’
for
the
ba?eries
Modeled
peak
day:
June
23rd
2019
Es9mated
Peak:
61.25
MW
Storage:
7
MWh
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
BaSery
State
of
Charge
(%)
Power
(MW)
Solar
/
High
DG,
Peak
Load
Diesel
U9lity
PV
Distributed
PV
Load
Net
Load
SOC
21. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
2024 Dispatch Visualization Peak
at
2PM
Min
at
4AM
*SOC
means
‘state
of
charge’
for
the
ba?eries
Modeled
peak
day:
June
23rd
2024
Es9mated
Peak:
63.4MW
Storage:
20
MWh
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
BaSery
State
of
Charge
(%)
Power
(MW)
Solar
+
Wind
/
High
DG,
Peak
Load
Diesel
Wind
U9lity
PV
Distributed
PV
Load
Net
Load
SOC
22. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
2024 Dispatch Visualization Peak
at
2PM
Min
at
4AM
*SOC
means
‘state
of
charge’
for
the
ba?eries
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
BaSery
State
of
Charge
(%)
MW
Solar
+
Wind
+
Geo
/
High
DG,
Peak
Load
Geothermal
Diesel
Wind
U9lity
PV
Distributed
PV
Load
Net
Load
SOC
Modeled
peak
day:
June
23rd
2024
Es9mated
Peak:
63.4MW
Storage:
20
MWh
23. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Grid Integration Study -Methodology
23
Defini<on
of
grid
regula<on
Result
of
viola<on
Mi<ga<on
Thermal
Loading
Grid
regula<ons
define
a
maximum
(100%)
thermal
load
on
lines,
conductors,
wires
and
other
equipment
Loading
above
100%
could
cause
equipment
damage
or
fires
Equipment
upgrades
can
be
required
to
avoid
thermal
overloading
Reverse
Power
Flow
Current
equipment
meters
do
not
typically
sense
the
flow
of
power
from
the
genera<on
area
to
the
line.
Reverse
flow
from
distributed
genera<on
such
as
solar
PV
could
cause
voltage
problems
Equipment
upgrades
could
be
required
to
sense
power
flow
from
both
direc<ons
Over
and
under
voltage
Regula<ons
require
voltage
at
all
points
on
the
distribu<on
system
to
be
between
95%
and
105%
of
nominal
Over
or
under
voltage
results
in
customer’s
equipment
issues
or
damage,
and
service
may
be
lost
Installa<on
of
line
regulators,
smart
inverters,
and
capacitor
banks
could
be
required
Tes<ng
select
scenarios
in
future
years
for
grid
stability
24. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Distribution Study: Methodology
Data
inputs
provided
by
LUCELEC
• Conductor
data
• Historical
load
data
by
feeder
• Distribu9on
maps
in
AutoCAD
Methodology
• Distribu9on
maps
converted
to
Synergi
analy9cal
model
• Grid
regula9on
compliance
review
• Verify
results
with
substa9on
measurements
• Tests
a
variety
of
load
and
DG
scenarios
• Feeder
peak
day9me
load
and
feeder
minimum
day9me
load
• For
each
load
and
DG
scenario,
sta9c
and
quasi-‐sta9c
load
flow
analyses
were
performed
to
iden9fy
technical
viola9ons
on
the
distribu9on
system.
2
4
25. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Transmission Study: Methodology
• Inves9gates
the
impact
of
new
genera9on
resources
(solar,
wind
and
geothermal)
• Analyses
done
at
minimum
day9me
load
and
peak
day9me
load,
as
well
as
during
normal
condi9on
and
N-‐1
condi9on.
• Dynamic
simulates
the
outage
of
the
largest
generator
and
the
ability
of
the
system
to
recover
with
various
RE
penetra9ons
and
technologies.
• Tests
the
impact
of
voltage
and
frequency
ride
through.
• Examines
spinning
reserve
based
on
diesel
opera9ons,
and
presumes
spinning
reserve
when
determining
system
changes
and
recovery.
25
Transmission
map
provided
by
LUCELEC,
and
modeled
in
PowerWorld
and
GE
tools
27. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Total Cost and Renewable Target Implications
27
Reducing
total
costs
while
mee9ng
renewable
energy
goals
is
possible
28. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
LUCELEC Participation is Key
• A
few
situa9ons
make
Independent
Power
Producers
(IPPs)
the
right
choice
for
genera9on:
– Large
projects
requiring
capital
infusion
the
u9lity
normally
does
not
have
access
to
– Technological
complexity
that
exceeds
the
capability
of
the
u9lity
– U9lity
is
insolvent
or
poorly
managed
and
cannot
access
capital
at
a
decent
rate
• LUCELEC
is
a
viable,
well-‐managed,
u9lity
with
access
to
low-‐
cost
capital
• LUCELEC
ownership
of
certain
renewable
energy
assets
(such
as
solar
and
storage)
play
a
role
for
least-‐cost
genera9on
30. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Positive Outcome –Holistic Approach
• In
the
past,
LUCELEC
commissioned
individual
studies,
e.g.,
biomass,
heat
recovery
and
alterna9ve
fuels
• Government
sets
targets,
e.g.
renewable
energy,
climate
commitments
and
energy
efficiency.
• Individual
projects
are
then
typically
assessed
in
silos
• The
NETS
assesses
all
technology
op9ons
simultaneously,
and
analyzes
their
interac9ons
between
each
other
and
the
impact
on
economics
• Allows
u9lity
to
develop
investment
strategy
and
Government
to
make
long-‐term
policy
decisions,
at
the
same
9me
and
on
the
same
basis
• Integra9ng
with
ongoing
projects
helps
prove
the
assump9ons
of
the
IRP.
31. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Challenges
Data
Collec<on:
• Data
does
not
always
exist
or
is
not
in
the
right
format
– RMI-‐CWR
interviewed
key
personnel
to
gather
data
– RMI-‐CWR
hired
temporary
worker
to
transcribe
handwripen
generator
data
• Limited
access
to
proprietary
data
– For
each
resource,
it
is
cri9cal
to
have
both
energy
&
economic
inputs
– Extrapola9ng
from
one
data
source,
or
from
outdated
data,
has
limita9ons
Government
Turnover:
• Complex
and
new
discussions
require
con9nuity
of
staff
engagement.
This
was
well
managed
by
GoSL.
34. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Load Forecast –Inputs & Methodology
• Annual
and
Monthly
historical
sales
by
customer
category
provided
by
LUCELEC
for
the
last
10
years
• DNV
GL
conducted
a
site
visit
week
of
27th
January
to
interview
LUCELEC,
Invest
Saint
Lucia,
and
future
Hotels
&
Commercial
Customers
for
special
projects
• Macro-‐socioeconomic
data
from
Eastern
Caribbean
Central
Bank
and
World
Bank
• Modeled
this
out
to
2025.
Preliminary
data
shows
that
load
growth
can
achieve
a
30MW
base-‐load.
(Number
of
Customers)
x
(Average
Consump5on
per
Customer)
=
Total
Consump9on
35. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Least Cost Generation Options Methodology
• Build
upon
the
HOMER
model
developed
by
John
Glassmire,
Director
of
Energy
Engineering
at
HOMER
Energy
for
the
work
funded
through
World
Bank
– What
mix
of
energy
sources
(whether
renewable
and/or
fossil
fuel)
is
the
most
economical
to
provide
power
for
Saint
Lucia
(looking
only
at
genera9on)?
• Use
input
projec9ons
to
run
HOMER
for
various
years
in
the
future
and
determine
op9mal
supply
mix
for
each
year
– In
what
years
should
new
supply
resources
be
added
to
the
system?
– How
will
the
mix
of
supply
resources
operate
in
each
year
(hourly
dispatch)?
• Use
HOMER
outputs
(supply
mix,
opera9on
of
supply
resources,
fuel
used,
etc.)
as
inputs
to
next
models:
grid
integra9on,
u9lity
business
model,
&
rate
impact
• Have
contracted
HOMER
Energy
for
addi9onal
support
and
QC
35
36. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Utility Business Model -Methodology
Approach:
• Assess
LUCELEC’s
current
governing
regula9ons
for
rate
determina9on
(allowable
rate
of
return)
• Use
current
regula9ons
and
financial
statements
to
assess
how
different
renewable
assets
will
influence
LUCELEC
financial
status
and
tariffs
in
coming
years
• Specifically
consider
debt
and
equity
op9ons
for
renewable
and
thermal
investments,
as
well
as
the
implica9ons
of
energy
efficiency,
distributed
genera9on,
and
storage.
36
Volumetric
Rate
Structure
(charged
per
kWh
$0.499
$0.474
-‐$0.196
-‐$0.400
-‐$0.200
$-‐
$0.200
$0.400
$0.600
$0.800
$1.000
$1.200
Fuel
Adjustment
Fuel
Passthrough
Base
Rate
2016
Commercial
Low
Tension:
ECD
$.777
*The
base
rate
is
set
in
the
2006
ESA
Amendment
39. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Demand Side Management & Energy
Efficiency! DNV
GL
developed
satura9on
and
energy
consump9on
es9mates
for
specific
end
use
components
for
each
Class
(domes9c,
commercial,
hotels):
• Example:
3
9
Refrigeration
27.3%
Water Heating
20.5%
TV
12.7%
Lighting
7.2%
Space Cooling
6.2%
Freezer
5.7%
PC
5.6%
Miscellaneous
4.4%
Pool Pump
3.5%
Clothes
Washer
3.3% Cooking
1.6%
Clothes Dryer
1.6%
Dishwashers
0.3%
40. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Island-Wide Solar Resource Assessment
• Developed
constructability
parameters
for
each
solar
PV
technology
(ground-‐mount,
roolop,
carport)
• Example
(roolop):
4
0
41. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Rate reduction is maximized with LUCELEC ownership
41
$0.89
$0.91
$0.84
$0.80
$0.85
$0.84
$0.74
$0.76
$0.78
$0.80
$0.82
$0.84
$0.86
$0.88
$0.90
$0.92
1. Fossil Fuel Only 2. Solar High DG 3. Solar Mid DG 7. Solar Wind Low
DG
13. Solar Geo Wind
Low DG
14. Thermal IPP
$ECD/kWh
Customer Rate (after 20 years)
42. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
LUCELEC debt burden over time
2016
2021
2026
2031
totaldebtburden
Debt
Burden
(Total
Long
Term
Debt
Divided
by
Tangible
Net
Worth)
Fossil Fuel Only
Solar, High DG, Debt Constrained
Solar, Mid DG
Solar + Wind, Low DG
Solar + Wind + Geo, Low DG
Thermal IPP
1
2
0
* long term debt divided by tangible net worth
No
scenarios
exceed
current
LUCELEC
targets
Natural
gas
debt
can
be
reduced
if
supplier
finances
all
Saint
Lucia
infrastructure
(storage,
receiving
terminal,
generator
retrofits)
43. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
Sensitivity Analysis: Fuel Price Forecast
Four
alterna<ve
scenarios
were
inves<gated,
with
varying
pathways
for
fuel
price.
43
$0.0
$0.2
$0.4
$0.6
$0.8
$1.0
$1.2
$1.4
$1.6
$1.8
$2.0
2006
2011
2016
2021
2026
2031
Diesel
Price
(USD
/
liter)
Examined
Fuel
Sensi<vi<es
Reference
Case
(pre-‐
hedging)
Fuel
Returns
to
2012
Level
in
Five
Years
Vola9le
Future
(based
on
historical
vola9lity)
Globally
Depressed
Fuel
Prices
Results
forthcoming
44. ROC
KY MOUN
TAIN
INSTITUTE W
AR ROOM
CARBON
A renewable transition reduces exposure to
volatile fuel futures
44
$-‐
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
Reference
Case
Fuel
Returns
to
2012
Level
in
Five
Years
Vola9le
Future
(based
on
historical
vola9lity)
Globally
Depressed
Fuel
Prices
Millions
of
ECD
20-‐Year
Expenditure
to
Operate
Electricity
System
Solar,
Wind,
and
Low
DG
Scenario
Fossil
Fuel
Only
(Reference
Case)
In
a
vola9le
and
high
fuel
future,
total
costs
increase
38%
when
opera9ng
diesel,
versus
28%
for
a
renewable
mix