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1 Click icon to add picture SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Prepared by : Diocemee A Polestico
2 Learning Outcomes: • Discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine Nation Building. • Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation building. • Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.
3 Group Activity Prepare and present documentary presentation on the following:  History of S & T in the Philippines The Philippine Government S &T Agenda Major Development programs and personalities in S & T in the Philippines Science Education in the Philippines Selected indigenous science and technologies
4 HISTORY of S and T in the PHILIPPINES • represents the wide scientific and technological advances the Philippines has made. • The main managing agency responsible is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). • The science department has consulting agencies for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, Metal Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorological and the Volcanology and Seismology
5 Fe del Mundo - Pediatrics Eduardo Quisumbing - Plant Taxonomy Gavin Trono - tropical marine Phycology Maria Orosa - Food Technology …history Notable Scientists - who have made notable contributions in different scientific fields:
6 STONE AGE • Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. • Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
7 Iron Age • The Iron Age lasted from the third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. • During this period Filipinos were engaged in the extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.
8 They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and diked fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions. They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for inter-island trade raids. The Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat- building and seamanship to fight the raiding Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese pirate Limahong as well as to build and man the galleons that sailed to Mexico. Inventions/Discoveries
9 10th Century A.D. • Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. • These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to the 15th century A.D
10 The people of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betelnuts, yu- ta cloth (probably jute or ramie?) for Chinese porcelain, leads fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. Trading
11 Before the Spaniards • Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs. • They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. • They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. • The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
12 Spanish Colonial Period • contributed to growth of science and technology in the country. • The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions. • Early years of Spanish rule, Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music were taught. • Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to the natives. • Colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Sto. Tomas were established.
13 • Study of medicine was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the later years. • The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. • Biology is given focus. • Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.
14 •The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. •Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. •Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. •The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought about by the Age of Enlightenment.
15 Spanish Regime Later part of the 16th Century - Development of schools • Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-1595 • Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595 • Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Manila-1597
16 • Development of Hospitals oSan Juan Lazaro Hospital - the oldest in the Far East was founded in 1578. •The Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas founded by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas in 1780 encouraged research in agriculture and industry. The society promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and silk industry. • In 1789 Manila was opened to Asian shipping, inaugurating an era of increase in export of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and indigo, and imports of manufacturing goods.
17 The 19th Century • In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational system. • In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened in UST. After 15 years it granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 62 graduates. • The licentiate degree equivalent to a Master degree was granted Bachelor’s degree in pharmacy to its 1st six graduates who included Leon Ma. Guerrero considered was the father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. • There were no school for engineering but they offered nautical four year course for pilot of merchant marine that includes the subjects: Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Physics, Hydrography, Meteorology, Navigation and Pilotage
18 • Higher education was generally viewed with suspicion as encouraging rebellion among native Filipinos and thus only few daring students were able to undertake higher studies. • The expanded world trade and commerce in the later part of the 19th century led to the rapid development of Manila as cosmopolitan center. • Modern amenities such as steam tramways, waterworks, newspaper, electric lights, banking system were introduce in 19th century. • Jesuits promoted meteorological studies founding Manila observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.
19 American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era • The progress of S&T in the Philippines continued under the American rule. • On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. • On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science. • On December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.
20 • Science, during the American period, was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy. • Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. • In 1946, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. • In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government.
21 •In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. •In 1958, under President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board.
22 Marcos Era and Martial Law • the importance given to science grew. • In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development.” • In his two terms of presidency and during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting S&T.
23 the Department of Education was directed to revitalize science courses in public high schools. additional funds were channeled to support projects in applied sciences and science education. a big part of the war damage fund was given to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology and research. upgrade of the science curricula and teaching equipment. establishment of research and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools Notable S&T Accomplishments of the Marcos Regime
24 •creation of the National Grains Authority •establishment of the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries •promotion of scientific research and invention •establishment of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense. •creation of the Philippine National Oil Company
25 • establishment of the National Academy of Science and Technology composed of scientists as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country. • creation of a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program to assess S&T policies and programs. • invested funds and time in organizations for scientific research, such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products.
26 • instituted the Health Sciences Center creation of the National Committee on Geological Sciences • reorganization of the National Science Development Board and its agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority • granting of salary increases to teachers in the Philippine Science High School • enactment of a law for the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños • establishment of Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School.
27 The Fifth Republic • under President Corazon C. Aquino • The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving S&T a representation in the cabinet. • Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, S&T’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. • In the 1990 SONA, Aquino announced that S&T development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
28 • In 1988, Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. • The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000. • Aquino encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to Japan in the field of S&T. • Aquino encouraged the private research sector to form a stronger bond with public research to help jump-start the progress in the area of Philippine Research and Development. • Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988, Science for the Masses Program • Funding for the S&T sector was tripled • The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated • A Research and Development Plan was also formulated
29 Under Pres. Fidel V. Ramos • significant increase in personnel specializing in the S&T field. • 3,500 scholarships were given to students taking up S&T-related courses - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 • modernization and update of science classrooms. Health care services were promoted through local programs - "Doctors to the Barrio Program.”
30 Under Pres. Fidel V. Ramos • Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel • National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology • Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) • Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act • The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
31 Under Pres. Joseph Estrada • Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749[33]) - to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources • Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)[34] which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy
32 Under Pres. Joseph Estrada • launch of a full-scale program based on cost effective irrigation technologies • Basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education • Speed up the program for establishing one science high school in every province pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age announcement of the passage of the e- Commerce Act
33 Under Pres. Gloria Arroyo • dubbed as the "golden age" of science and technology • Numerous laws and projects concerning the environment and science helped push STI • The term "Filipinnovation" was coined to promote the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia strengthening the schools and education system to focus more in science, technology and mathematics passage of the Biofuels Act.
34 Under Pres. Benigno Aquino conferment of 4 new National Scientist for their scientific contribution. • Gavino C. Trono - extensive studies made on seaweed species helped families in the coastal areas. • Angel C. Alcala - served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and herpetology • Ramon C. Barba - all year round availability of mangoes was made possible through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species. • Edgardo D. Gomez - steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led to a national conservation program.
35 Major Development Programs and Personalities in S & T in the Philippines After series of consultation the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) recommended policies and programs to improve the competitiveness of the Philippines
36 Teaching science involves ways on how to effectively teach science – means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively Learning science includes both pedagogy and most interesting aspect – helping understand and love science Understanding science implies developing and applying science process skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life. Science Education in the Philippines Focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science
37 •John Dewey stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students – nature must indeed furnish first physical stimuli to provide wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking •Marx (1994) – science is going to be one of the most important school subjects in the future •
38 • Science Education – justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens in a scientifically and technically driven world • Provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what Knight (1986) describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet the goals of science in the society • Developing a science culture is therefore an immense responsibility for schools
39 • Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education • In basic education science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday life • Develops positive attitude such as the love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity • Develop a strong foundation for studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future
40 • In tertiary education, science education deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific words • through offering courses in the General Education curriculum • Focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine and health sciences • Provides scholarships to encourage more students to pursue science courses.
41 Science Schools in the Philippines • Science education is supported by the government in the establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. • Several government programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools for science education • Some science schools: • Philippine Science High Schools • Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) • Quezon City Regional Science High School • Manila Science High School • Naga City Science High School • Goa Science High School
42 Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies Indigenous Knowledge – is embedded in the daily life experiences of young childrens as they grow up • Some examples: • Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies • Using herbal medicine • Preserving foods • Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties • Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting • Using Indigenous technology in daily lives • Building local irrigation systems • Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties • Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits • Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
43 THE ROLE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT
44
45 Every nation endeavors to attain development. Everyone desires development. But what does ‘development’ really mean?
46 To many countries,‘development’ is simply becoming in the future what industrialized countries are today..
47 • the acceleration of economic growth. • the reduction of inequality. • the eradication of absolute poverty. Development
48 •is a multi-dimensional process • . •involves the reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social systems •involves major changes in the administrative, institutional and social structures •involves major changes in popular attitudes, customs and beliefs.
49
50 Science and Technology are both regarded as forces needed for improving the welfare of developing states. Role of Science and Technology
51 Science and technology are key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin ➤ economic advances ➤ improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
52 ON ONE HAND… Science and Technology are also feared to be contributors to the dehumanization of man and to the degradation of the environment.
53 The role of science and technology in development should be directed towards the reduction of the inequalities between advanced and developing countries, and between various sections of the population in a country.
54 • Through breakthroughs in health services and education, these technologies have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. • Eradicating malaria, a scourge of the African continent for centuries is now possible. • Cures for other diseases which are endemic in developing countries are also now possible, allowing people with debilitating conditions to healthy and productive lives. • The extent to which developing economies emerge as economic powerhouses depends on their ability to grasp and apply insights from science and technology and use them creatively. Innovation is the primary driver of technological growth and drives higher living standards.
55 • Certain innovations and discoveries will raise bio-ethical issues ➤ genetic modification of food crops ➤ cloning of human embryos MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
56 • Cost of health care will worsen the present inequality by limiting health care access to wealthy individuals. ➤ health care in certain countries, where the demand for very high cost diagnostic equipment and surgical interventions enabling longevity and better quality of life for older wealthy people overstretches public health care budgets, and lowers service quality in poor neighborhoods. MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
57 • Resource-intensive technologies, focused on satisfying high consumption demand, like holidays abroad in costal resorts, wilderness areas, or iconic cities, increase carbon emissions and environmental damage. MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
58  invest in quality education for youth,  invest in continuous skills training for workers and managers  ensure that knowledge is shared as widely as possible across society. TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES… Developing countries should
59 Chapter Requirements • Prepare a 3-page essay on: • 1. The history of Science and Technology in the Philippines. ( Ref. Olivia Caoili’s piece) • 2. Current issues faced by the Philippines (i.e., brain drain, • poverty, colonial mentality, disaster risk reduction) • 3. Among the issues mentioned, what field should the • government concentrate / put emphasis on in relation to • nation-building?
60 Assignment: 1. Read about • The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology. - Technology as a way of Revealing • The philosophy of Martin Heidegger – The Question Concerning Technology 2. What is a good life?
THANK YOU!

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES.pptx

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    1 Click icon toadd picture SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Prepared by : Diocemee A Polestico
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    2 Learning Outcomes: • Discussthe role of Science and Technology in Philippine Nation Building. • Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation building. • Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.
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    3 Group Activity Prepare andpresent documentary presentation on the following:  History of S & T in the Philippines The Philippine Government S &T Agenda Major Development programs and personalities in S & T in the Philippines Science Education in the Philippines Selected indigenous science and technologies
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    4 HISTORY of Sand T in the PHILIPPINES • represents the wide scientific and technological advances the Philippines has made. • The main managing agency responsible is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). • The science department has consulting agencies for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, Metal Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorological and the Volcanology and Seismology
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    5 Fe del Mundo- Pediatrics Eduardo Quisumbing - Plant Taxonomy Gavin Trono - tropical marine Phycology Maria Orosa - Food Technology …history Notable Scientists - who have made notable contributions in different scientific fields:
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    6 STONE AGE • Archeologicalfindings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C. • Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
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    7 Iron Age • TheIron Age lasted from the third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. • During this period Filipinos were engaged in the extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.
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    8 They learned toweave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and diked fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions. They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for inter-island trade raids. The Spaniards later utilized Filipino expertise in boat- building and seamanship to fight the raiding Dutch, Portuguese, Muslims and the Chinese pirate Limahong as well as to build and man the galleons that sailed to Mexico. Inventions/Discoveries
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    9 10th Century A.D. •Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I (Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to the Philippines. • These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th century to the 15th century A.D
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    10 The people ofMa-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betelnuts, yu- ta cloth (probably jute or ramie?) for Chinese porcelain, leads fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin. Trading
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    11 Before the Spaniards •Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract medicine from herbs. • They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and weights and measure. • They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. • The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
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    12 Spanish Colonial Period •contributed to growth of science and technology in the country. • The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institutions. • Early years of Spanish rule, Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music were taught. • Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to the natives. • Colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Sto. Tomas were established.
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    13 • Study ofmedicine was given priority in the Spanish era, especially in the later years. • The Spanish also contributed to the field of engineering by constructing government buildings, churches, roads, bridges and forts. • Biology is given focus. • Contributors to science in the archipelago during the 19th century were botanists, Fr. Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr. Jose Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.
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    14 •The Galleon Tradehave accounted in the Philippine colonial economy. •Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. •Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected. •The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe influenced by the rapid development of scientific ideals brought about by the Age of Enlightenment.
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    15 Spanish Regime Later partof the 16th Century - Development of schools • Colegio de San Ildefonso-Cebu-1595 • Colegio de San Ignacio-Manila-1595 • Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Manila-1597
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    16 • Development ofHospitals oSan Juan Lazaro Hospital - the oldest in the Far East was founded in 1578. •The Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos Del Pais de Filipinas founded by Governador Jose Basco y Vargas in 1780 encouraged research in agriculture and industry. The society promoted cultivation of indigo, cotton, cinnamon, and silk industry. • In 1789 Manila was opened to Asian shipping, inaugurating an era of increase in export of rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and indigo, and imports of manufacturing goods.
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    17 The 19th Century •In 1863 the colonial authorities issued a royal degree to reform the existing educational system. • In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened in UST. After 15 years it granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina to 62 graduates. • The licentiate degree equivalent to a Master degree was granted Bachelor’s degree in pharmacy to its 1st six graduates who included Leon Ma. Guerrero considered was the father of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. • There were no school for engineering but they offered nautical four year course for pilot of merchant marine that includes the subjects: Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, Physics, Hydrography, Meteorology, Navigation and Pilotage
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    18 • Higher educationwas generally viewed with suspicion as encouraging rebellion among native Filipinos and thus only few daring students were able to undertake higher studies. • The expanded world trade and commerce in the later part of the 19th century led to the rapid development of Manila as cosmopolitan center. • Modern amenities such as steam tramways, waterworks, newspaper, electric lights, banking system were introduce in 19th century. • Jesuits promoted meteorological studies founding Manila observatory at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865.
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    19 American Period and Post-CommonwealthEra • The progress of S&T in the Philippines continued under the American rule. • On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. • On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science. • On December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.The Bureau of Science became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.
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    20 • Science, duringthe American period, was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy. • Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade. • In 1946, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. • In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government.
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    21 •In a reportby the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. •In 1958, under President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board.
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    22 Marcos Era andMartial Law • the importance given to science grew. • In the amended 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development.” • In his two terms of presidency and during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting S&T.
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    23 the Department ofEducation was directed to revitalize science courses in public high schools. additional funds were channeled to support projects in applied sciences and science education. a big part of the war damage fund was given to private universities to encourage them to create courses in science and technology and research. upgrade of the science curricula and teaching equipment. establishment of research and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools Notable S&T Accomplishments of the Marcos Regime
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    24 •creation of theNational Grains Authority •establishment of the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries •promotion of scientific research and invention •establishment of the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) under the Department of National Defense. •creation of the Philippine National Oil Company
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    25 • establishment ofthe National Academy of Science and Technology composed of scientists as a reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country. • creation of a Task Force on the formulation of a national action program to assess S&T policies and programs. • invested funds and time in organizations for scientific research, such as the NSDB, the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research and Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the International Rice Research Institute, the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of Forest Products.
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    26 • instituted theHealth Sciences Center creation of the National Committee on Geological Sciences • reorganization of the National Science Development Board and its agencies into a National Science and Technology Authority • granting of salary increases to teachers in the Philippine Science High School • enactment of a law for the completion of the National Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños • establishment of Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School.
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    27 The Fifth Republic •under President Corazon C. Aquino • The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving S&T a representation in the cabinet. • Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, S&T’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. • In the 1990 SONA, Aquino announced that S&T development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
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    28 • In 1988,Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. • The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000. • Aquino encouraged scientists and inventors to bring the Philippines to its former position as second to Japan in the field of S&T. • Aquino encouraged the private research sector to form a stronger bond with public research to help jump-start the progress in the area of Philippine Research and Development. • Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988, Science for the Masses Program • Funding for the S&T sector was tripled • The Science and Technology Master Plan was formulated • A Research and Development Plan was also formulated
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    29 Under Pres. FidelV. Ramos • significant increase in personnel specializing in the S&T field. • 3,500 scholarships were given to students taking up S&T-related courses - Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 • modernization and update of science classrooms. Health care services were promoted through local programs - "Doctors to the Barrio Program.”
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    30 Under Pres. FidelV. Ramos • Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel • National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology • Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) • Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act • The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
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    31 Under Pres. JosephEstrada • Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749[33]) - to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of the country’s natural resources • Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792)[34] which outlaws computer hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy
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    32 Under Pres. JosephEstrada • launch of a full-scale program based on cost effective irrigation technologies • Basic health care, basic nutrition, and useful education • Speed up the program for establishing one science high school in every province pushed for the advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age announcement of the passage of the e- Commerce Act
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    33 Under Pres. GloriaArroyo • dubbed as the "golden age" of science and technology • Numerous laws and projects concerning the environment and science helped push STI • The term "Filipinnovation" was coined to promote the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia strengthening the schools and education system to focus more in science, technology and mathematics passage of the Biofuels Act.
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    34 Under Pres. BenignoAquino conferment of 4 new National Scientist for their scientific contribution. • Gavino C. Trono - extensive studies made on seaweed species helped families in the coastal areas. • Angel C. Alcala - served as the pioneer scientist and advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics, secology and herpetology • Ramon C. Barba - all year round availability of mangoes was made possible through his studies on the induction of flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species. • Edgardo D. Gomez - steered the national-scale assessment of damage coral reefs which led to a national conservation program.
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    35 Major Development Programsand Personalities in S & T in the Philippines After series of consultation the National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) recommended policies and programs to improve the competitiveness of the Philippines
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    36 Teaching science involvesways on how to effectively teach science – means exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively Learning science includes both pedagogy and most interesting aspect – helping understand and love science Understanding science implies developing and applying science process skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and activities in everyday life. Science Education in the Philippines Focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science
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    37 •John Dewey stressedthe importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach students – nature must indeed furnish first physical stimuli to provide wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking •Marx (1994) – science is going to be one of the most important school subjects in the future •
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    38 • Science Education– justified by the vast amount of scientific knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens in a scientifically and technically driven world • Provides skills and knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what Knight (1986) describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet the goals of science in the society • Developing a science culture is therefore an immense responsibility for schools
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    39 • Science Educationin Basic and Tertiary Education • In basic education science education helps students learn important concepts and facts that are related to everyday life • Develops positive attitude such as the love for knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity • Develop a strong foundation for studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future
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    40 • In tertiaryeducation, science education deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific words • through offering courses in the General Education curriculum • Focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine and health sciences • Provides scholarships to encourage more students to pursue science courses.
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    41 Science Schools inthe Philippines • Science education is supported by the government in the establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. • Several government programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools for science education • Some science schools: • Philippine Science High Schools • Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) • Quezon City Regional Science High School • Manila Science High School • Naga City Science High School • Goa Science High School
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    42 Selected Indigenous Scienceand Technologies Indigenous Knowledge – is embedded in the daily life experiences of young childrens as they grow up • Some examples: • Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies • Using herbal medicine • Preserving foods • Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on cultural properties • Preserving and selecting good seeds for planting • Using Indigenous technology in daily lives • Building local irrigation systems • Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties • Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits • Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard
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    43 THE ROLE OFSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT
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    45 Every nation endeavorsto attain development. Everyone desires development. But what does ‘development’ really mean?
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    46 To many countries,‘development’ issimply becoming in the future what industrialized countries are today..
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    47 • the accelerationof economic growth. • the reduction of inequality. • the eradication of absolute poverty. Development
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    48 •is a multi-dimensionalprocess • . •involves the reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social systems •involves major changes in the administrative, institutional and social structures •involves major changes in popular attitudes, customs and beliefs.
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    50 Science and Technologyare both regarded as forces needed for improving the welfare of developing states. Role of Science and Technology
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    51 Science and technologyare key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin ➤ economic advances ➤ improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
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    52 ON ONE HAND… Scienceand Technology are also feared to be contributors to the dehumanization of man and to the degradation of the environment.
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    53 The role ofscience and technology in development should be directed towards the reduction of the inequalities between advanced and developing countries, and between various sections of the population in a country.
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    54 • Through breakthroughsin health services and education, these technologies have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. • Eradicating malaria, a scourge of the African continent for centuries is now possible. • Cures for other diseases which are endemic in developing countries are also now possible, allowing people with debilitating conditions to healthy and productive lives. • The extent to which developing economies emerge as economic powerhouses depends on their ability to grasp and apply insights from science and technology and use them creatively. Innovation is the primary driver of technological growth and drives higher living standards.
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    55 • Certain innovationsand discoveries will raise bio-ethical issues ➤ genetic modification of food crops ➤ cloning of human embryos MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
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    56 • Cost ofhealth care will worsen the present inequality by limiting health care access to wealthy individuals. ➤ health care in certain countries, where the demand for very high cost diagnostic equipment and surgical interventions enabling longevity and better quality of life for older wealthy people overstretches public health care budgets, and lowers service quality in poor neighborhoods. MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
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    57 • Resource-intensive technologies, focusedon satisfying high consumption demand, like holidays abroad in costal resorts, wilderness areas, or iconic cities, increase carbon emissions and environmental damage. MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS POSES CHALLENGES
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    58  invest inquality education for youth,  invest in continuous skills training for workers and managers  ensure that knowledge is shared as widely as possible across society. TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES… Developing countries should
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    59 Chapter Requirements • Preparea 3-page essay on: • 1. The history of Science and Technology in the Philippines. ( Ref. Olivia Caoili’s piece) • 2. Current issues faced by the Philippines (i.e., brain drain, • poverty, colonial mentality, disaster risk reduction) • 3. Among the issues mentioned, what field should the • government concentrate / put emphasis on in relation to • nation-building?
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    60 Assignment: 1. Read about •The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology. - Technology as a way of Revealing • The philosophy of Martin Heidegger – The Question Concerning Technology 2. What is a good life?
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