The document discusses the evolution of engineering disciplines and the emergence of service science, management, and engineering. It provides historical context on IBM's innovations over 100 years and outlines a vision for creating a smarter planet through holistic service engineering approaches that improve quality of life measures across generations. Key opportunities lie in developing skills and taking an interdisciplinary approach to service innovation and research.
This document discusses service science and its importance in creating smarter product-service systems to improve quality of life. It outlines IBM's focus on service innovation and growth, as well as key priorities and challenges in developing service science as an interdisciplinary field. Global trends like urbanization, aging populations, and new technologies are driving opportunities in business, education, and government.
The document discusses service science and its role in building a smarter planet. It outlines how service sectors have grown globally and how IBM is responding by focusing on service science priorities. These priorities include understanding service systems, creating and improving complex systems, and developing skills and tools to advance service innovation. The goal of service science is to discover principles of service systems and create a smarter planet where systems are instrumented, interconnected and intelligent to improve quality of life.
The document discusses IBM's corporate governance and business ethics. It provides background on IBM's history dating back to the 19th century. It describes IBM's business structure, risk management processes, and focus on documenting controls, policies and risk assessments. The document also discusses IBM's operations in BRIC countries like India, where it has a long history and several regional offices. It outlines IBM's strategies of focusing on research and development, acquisitions, and using global centers of excellence.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
The document discusses service science and its importance for building a smarter planet. It outlines how the world's economies and jobs have shifted towards services. Service science aims to study complex service systems and improve customer-provider interactions. The document discusses key concepts in service science like service systems, value co-creation, and a systems-disciplines matrix. It emphasizes the need for a skilled multi-disciplinary workforce and highlights opportunities in areas that improve quality of life.
The document discusses the evolution of engineering disciplines and the emergence of service science, management, and engineering. It provides historical context on IBM's innovations over 100 years and outlines a vision for creating a smarter planet through holistic service engineering approaches that improve quality of life measures across generations. Key opportunities lie in developing skills and taking an interdisciplinary approach to service innovation and research.
This document discusses service science and its importance in creating smarter product-service systems to improve quality of life. It outlines IBM's focus on service innovation and growth, as well as key priorities and challenges in developing service science as an interdisciplinary field. Global trends like urbanization, aging populations, and new technologies are driving opportunities in business, education, and government.
The document discusses service science and its role in building a smarter planet. It outlines how service sectors have grown globally and how IBM is responding by focusing on service science priorities. These priorities include understanding service systems, creating and improving complex systems, and developing skills and tools to advance service innovation. The goal of service science is to discover principles of service systems and create a smarter planet where systems are instrumented, interconnected and intelligent to improve quality of life.
The document discusses IBM's corporate governance and business ethics. It provides background on IBM's history dating back to the 19th century. It describes IBM's business structure, risk management processes, and focus on documenting controls, policies and risk assessments. The document also discusses IBM's operations in BRIC countries like India, where it has a long history and several regional offices. It outlines IBM's strategies of focusing on research and development, acquisitions, and using global centers of excellence.
Energy & holistic service systems 20110804 v3ISSIP
PICMET 20 talk in Portland Oregon on August 4th 2011 - discussing energy and buildings and holistic service systems that delivery whole service to the people in them...
The document discusses service science and its importance for building a smarter planet. It outlines how the world's economies and jobs have shifted towards services. Service science aims to study complex service systems and improve customer-provider interactions. The document discusses key concepts in service science like service systems, value co-creation, and a systems-disciplines matrix. It emphasizes the need for a skilled multi-disciplinary workforce and highlights opportunities in areas that improve quality of life.
IBM is an American multinational technology company founded in 1911. It manufactured computers and related products but now focuses on cloud services, software, and consulting. IBM has faced ups and downs over its long history but recent successes are attributed to focusing on solving major global problems. Its biggest competitors are other large tech firms but tackling huge issues like pollution could yield big profits if successful, despite the challenges. The document provides an overview of IBM's history and strategies.
This document discusses IBM Power Systems and IBM i. It highlights that IBM Power Systems are designed for business computing and provide lower costs than alternatives like x86 servers over a three year period. It also notes that IBM i and Power Systems are highly integrated which can help minimize complexities and costs for businesses.
Regional innovation ecosystems and service science can work together to build a smarter planet. Universities are key players as the hearts of regional innovation ecosystems. They can act as living labs through research centers that study real-world systems to accelerate regional economic development and job growth. Data shows a strong correlation between a nation's GDP and the rankings of its top universities, demonstrating universities' importance.
Mpict cloud computing and ict workforce 20110106 v8ISSIP
The document discusses emerging trends in information and communication technologies (ICT) and their implications. It notes that ICT is becoming pervasive and networked, with tremendous impact on society, the ICT workforce, and technical education. It argues that demand will increase for local ICT talent with broader skill sets that combine both depth and breadth of knowledge across disciplines and systems.
IBM has been a technological leader for over a century, holding more patents than any other company for 17 straight years. However, its large size also makes it slower to adapt. While IBM remains highly profitable and recognized globally, its workforce has declined as jobs have moved overseas, and the recession has impacted key clients in the financial industry. To strengthen its position, IBM must continue innovating, appeal to younger customers, and increase market share in small and medium businesses. Competitors pose an ongoing threat if they can provide cheaper alternatives.
IBM Consolidates Microelectronics with GlobalFoundries and Invests In OpenPower Foundation and New Era Of Computing, such as a16-chip for neurosynaptic (brain-like) computer for cognitive computing. By Anne Phey
This document discusses emerging technologies and workforce trends. It notes that technological change is accelerating exponentially and innovation is becoming faster, more multidisciplinary, collaborative, democratized, and global. Emerging fields discussed include nanotechnology, digital forensics, renewable energy, mechatronics, and biotechnology. The importance of aligning education curricula to emerging skill needs is emphasized. Game-based learning is proposed as a way to develop transdisciplinary skills for fields converging areas like neuroscience, nanotechnology, bioinformatics and information technology. Contact information is provided for experts who can discuss forecasting emerging technology workforce needs and developing responsive education programs.
An Economic Analysis on Automated Construction SafetyRita Yi Man Li
Here are some sources for construction safety information in Hong Kong:
- Construction Industry Council - The CIC is the main regulatory body for construction safety. On their website (www.cic.hk) you can find safety guidelines, codes of practice, statistics and other resources.
- Labour Department - The Labour Department enforces workplace safety laws and regulations. Their website (www.labour.gov.hk) has information on construction safety standards and requirements.
- Occupational Safety and Health Council - A non-government body that promotes safety in various industries including construction. Their website (www.oshc.org.hk) provides safety guidelines and training resources.
- Contractor Registration Office - Contractors working in
A sneak preview into the India AM Report. We have embarked on producing and compiling the 1st comprehensive India AM Report – Mapping the Growing Additive Manufacturing Industry. The report included current scenario with on ground numbers, insights from industry experts and Future Potential of Additive Manufacturing in India. This report includes insights from 35+ experts from the Indian stakeholder ecosystem including machine manufacturers, research institutes, service bureaus and end users. The report has been validated from various checkpoints including primary research, secondary research, import data, OEMs and industry experts.
Mobilizing the utility workforce: How mobile technology and analytics will tr...Josefina Almorza Hidalgo
Mobile technologies have become imperative for
utilities. In conjunction with analytics, mobile
technologies help promote operational efficiency,
increased productivity, enhanced safety and expanded
service delivery alternatives. To fully realize these
benefits, utilities will need to embrace the technology.
By redesigning work processes and activities from a
“mobile first” perspective, the industry will be positioned
to aggressively innovate and evolve with rapidly
changing energy markets.
This document provides information on career options and paths for students after completing their B.E. in electronics and communication engineering. It outlines jobs in the private sector at tier 1 and tier 2 companies, government sector administrative and technical jobs, public sector undertakings, and higher education opportunities like M.Tech, MBA, and other masters programs. It also lists top core companies for EC engineers and entry exams for joining the defense services.
Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Feaijtsrd
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a traditional and longstanding engineering discipline subject to and eligible for professional engineering licensure in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business oriented disciplines such as operations management. Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, management engineering, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. For example, in health care, the engineers known as health management engineers or health systems engineers are, in essence, industrial engineers by another name. Mr. Sandip Subhash Narkhede | Mr. Vijay Liladhar Firke | Mr. Dhruvakumar B. Sharma "Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Fea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28028.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28028/design-and-analysis-of-runout-measuring-machine-using-fea/mr-sandip-subhash-narkhede
This is a parent information night about the Design & Engineering program offered by the Beachwood City Schools in partnership with Cleveland State University's Washkewicz College of Engineering. This was presented by Dr. Majid Rashidi, Mr. Gregg Schoof, Dr. Rich Markwardt, Mr. Bob Hardis, Mr. Ken Veon, and Mr. Gus Matheou.
This document discusses smart analytics and big data. It begins by defining the 5 V's of big data: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. It then discusses how analytics can provide competitive advantages for organizations and how the percentage of organizations realizing this advantage has increased significantly in recent years. The rest of the document discusses IBM's work in areas like smarter cities, smart service systems, and T-shaped professionals who have expertise across multiple domains. It provides examples of the large amounts of data being generated and concludes with a discussion of modeling holistic service systems at different levels from an individual to the entire planet.
Trends And Patterns In Service Innovation//Motiv StrategiesMotiv Strategies
The document discusses trends driving the shift from goods-based to service-based economies. Technology and connectivity, consumer demographics and expectations, and information economics are causing more developed countries' labor forces and GDP to increasingly come from services rather than goods. Innovation in services focuses more on customer experience, business models, and value networks than product features. Success requires finding underserved areas, compelling customer experiences, and embedding services using information and communications technologies.
IoTWorld Presentation by Accenture at DLA Piper DinnerMark Radcliffe
The document discusses Accenture and the Industrial Internet of Things. It provides details about Accenture such as its size, clients, revenues, geographic presence, and services. It then defines the Industrial Internet of Things as the transformation of physical industries through connected products, systems, processes, people and services. It discusses examples of how the Industrial Internet of Things is being applied in connected energy, transportation, and health. It also outlines the benefits of the Industrial Internet of Things and factors that are enabling its growth.
This document provides an update on progress and directions in service science. It discusses the growth of the service sector globally and at IBM. Priorities for service science research are outlined from reports by Cambridge and Arizona State Universities. The concept of SSME+D (Service Science, Management, Engineering + Design) is evolving to help create a smarter planet by focusing on innovations that improve quality of life. Key aspects of service systems, service science, and visualizing their relationship to academic disciplines are described. The goal is to develop T-shaped professionals skilled in both disciplines and systems thinking to enable effective teamwork. Opportunities in service science are seen as widespread.
This document summarizes a keynote talk given by Gurvinder Singh Ahluwalia (Guri), CTO of Cloud Computing at IBM, about IBM's cloud portfolio. The talk discusses how technology disruptions like cloud computing, mobile devices, and big data are impacting businesses. It outlines IBM's response to help clients think about, build, and tap into cloud solutions through its end-to-end cloud portfolio including public, private and hybrid cloud offerings. Specific examples discussed include workload analysis and migration to cloud, high performance computing, and IBM's acquisition of SoftLayer to gain infrastructure as a service capabilities.
IBM Research aims to drive innovation through its global network of labs. It focuses on developing technologies for big and fast data, cognitive systems, cybersecurity, and more. IBM Research contributes significantly to IBM's services through hundreds of tools and solutions delivered annually that help clients and improve productivity and quality. Going forward, IBM Research will continue exploring new computing paradigms like cognitive systems, quantum computing, and brain-inspired chips to usher in a new era of computing centered around data and analytics.
IBM is an American multinational technology company founded in 1911. It manufactured computers and related products but now focuses on cloud services, software, and consulting. IBM has faced ups and downs over its long history but recent successes are attributed to focusing on solving major global problems. Its biggest competitors are other large tech firms but tackling huge issues like pollution could yield big profits if successful, despite the challenges. The document provides an overview of IBM's history and strategies.
This document discusses IBM Power Systems and IBM i. It highlights that IBM Power Systems are designed for business computing and provide lower costs than alternatives like x86 servers over a three year period. It also notes that IBM i and Power Systems are highly integrated which can help minimize complexities and costs for businesses.
Regional innovation ecosystems and service science can work together to build a smarter planet. Universities are key players as the hearts of regional innovation ecosystems. They can act as living labs through research centers that study real-world systems to accelerate regional economic development and job growth. Data shows a strong correlation between a nation's GDP and the rankings of its top universities, demonstrating universities' importance.
Mpict cloud computing and ict workforce 20110106 v8ISSIP
The document discusses emerging trends in information and communication technologies (ICT) and their implications. It notes that ICT is becoming pervasive and networked, with tremendous impact on society, the ICT workforce, and technical education. It argues that demand will increase for local ICT talent with broader skill sets that combine both depth and breadth of knowledge across disciplines and systems.
IBM has been a technological leader for over a century, holding more patents than any other company for 17 straight years. However, its large size also makes it slower to adapt. While IBM remains highly profitable and recognized globally, its workforce has declined as jobs have moved overseas, and the recession has impacted key clients in the financial industry. To strengthen its position, IBM must continue innovating, appeal to younger customers, and increase market share in small and medium businesses. Competitors pose an ongoing threat if they can provide cheaper alternatives.
IBM Consolidates Microelectronics with GlobalFoundries and Invests In OpenPower Foundation and New Era Of Computing, such as a16-chip for neurosynaptic (brain-like) computer for cognitive computing. By Anne Phey
This document discusses emerging technologies and workforce trends. It notes that technological change is accelerating exponentially and innovation is becoming faster, more multidisciplinary, collaborative, democratized, and global. Emerging fields discussed include nanotechnology, digital forensics, renewable energy, mechatronics, and biotechnology. The importance of aligning education curricula to emerging skill needs is emphasized. Game-based learning is proposed as a way to develop transdisciplinary skills for fields converging areas like neuroscience, nanotechnology, bioinformatics and information technology. Contact information is provided for experts who can discuss forecasting emerging technology workforce needs and developing responsive education programs.
An Economic Analysis on Automated Construction SafetyRita Yi Man Li
Here are some sources for construction safety information in Hong Kong:
- Construction Industry Council - The CIC is the main regulatory body for construction safety. On their website (www.cic.hk) you can find safety guidelines, codes of practice, statistics and other resources.
- Labour Department - The Labour Department enforces workplace safety laws and regulations. Their website (www.labour.gov.hk) has information on construction safety standards and requirements.
- Occupational Safety and Health Council - A non-government body that promotes safety in various industries including construction. Their website (www.oshc.org.hk) provides safety guidelines and training resources.
- Contractor Registration Office - Contractors working in
A sneak preview into the India AM Report. We have embarked on producing and compiling the 1st comprehensive India AM Report – Mapping the Growing Additive Manufacturing Industry. The report included current scenario with on ground numbers, insights from industry experts and Future Potential of Additive Manufacturing in India. This report includes insights from 35+ experts from the Indian stakeholder ecosystem including machine manufacturers, research institutes, service bureaus and end users. The report has been validated from various checkpoints including primary research, secondary research, import data, OEMs and industry experts.
Mobilizing the utility workforce: How mobile technology and analytics will tr...Josefina Almorza Hidalgo
Mobile technologies have become imperative for
utilities. In conjunction with analytics, mobile
technologies help promote operational efficiency,
increased productivity, enhanced safety and expanded
service delivery alternatives. To fully realize these
benefits, utilities will need to embrace the technology.
By redesigning work processes and activities from a
“mobile first” perspective, the industry will be positioned
to aggressively innovate and evolve with rapidly
changing energy markets.
This document provides information on career options and paths for students after completing their B.E. in electronics and communication engineering. It outlines jobs in the private sector at tier 1 and tier 2 companies, government sector administrative and technical jobs, public sector undertakings, and higher education opportunities like M.Tech, MBA, and other masters programs. It also lists top core companies for EC engineers and entry exams for joining the defense services.
Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Feaijtsrd
Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes or systems. It is concerned with the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems or processes. While industrial engineering is a traditional and longstanding engineering discipline subject to and eligible for professional engineering licensure in most jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business oriented disciplines such as operations management. Depending on the subspecialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap with, operations management, management science, operations research, systems engineering, management engineering, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics or human factors engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user. For example, in health care, the engineers known as health management engineers or health systems engineers are, in essence, industrial engineers by another name. Mr. Sandip Subhash Narkhede | Mr. Vijay Liladhar Firke | Mr. Dhruvakumar B. Sharma "Design and Analysis of Runout Measuring Machine using Fea" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28028.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28028/design-and-analysis-of-runout-measuring-machine-using-fea/mr-sandip-subhash-narkhede
This is a parent information night about the Design & Engineering program offered by the Beachwood City Schools in partnership with Cleveland State University's Washkewicz College of Engineering. This was presented by Dr. Majid Rashidi, Mr. Gregg Schoof, Dr. Rich Markwardt, Mr. Bob Hardis, Mr. Ken Veon, and Mr. Gus Matheou.
This document discusses smart analytics and big data. It begins by defining the 5 V's of big data: volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. It then discusses how analytics can provide competitive advantages for organizations and how the percentage of organizations realizing this advantage has increased significantly in recent years. The rest of the document discusses IBM's work in areas like smarter cities, smart service systems, and T-shaped professionals who have expertise across multiple domains. It provides examples of the large amounts of data being generated and concludes with a discussion of modeling holistic service systems at different levels from an individual to the entire planet.
Trends And Patterns In Service Innovation//Motiv StrategiesMotiv Strategies
The document discusses trends driving the shift from goods-based to service-based economies. Technology and connectivity, consumer demographics and expectations, and information economics are causing more developed countries' labor forces and GDP to increasingly come from services rather than goods. Innovation in services focuses more on customer experience, business models, and value networks than product features. Success requires finding underserved areas, compelling customer experiences, and embedding services using information and communications technologies.
IoTWorld Presentation by Accenture at DLA Piper DinnerMark Radcliffe
The document discusses Accenture and the Industrial Internet of Things. It provides details about Accenture such as its size, clients, revenues, geographic presence, and services. It then defines the Industrial Internet of Things as the transformation of physical industries through connected products, systems, processes, people and services. It discusses examples of how the Industrial Internet of Things is being applied in connected energy, transportation, and health. It also outlines the benefits of the Industrial Internet of Things and factors that are enabling its growth.
This document provides an update on progress and directions in service science. It discusses the growth of the service sector globally and at IBM. Priorities for service science research are outlined from reports by Cambridge and Arizona State Universities. The concept of SSME+D (Service Science, Management, Engineering + Design) is evolving to help create a smarter planet by focusing on innovations that improve quality of life. Key aspects of service systems, service science, and visualizing their relationship to academic disciplines are described. The goal is to develop T-shaped professionals skilled in both disciplines and systems thinking to enable effective teamwork. Opportunities in service science are seen as widespread.
This document summarizes a keynote talk given by Gurvinder Singh Ahluwalia (Guri), CTO of Cloud Computing at IBM, about IBM's cloud portfolio. The talk discusses how technology disruptions like cloud computing, mobile devices, and big data are impacting businesses. It outlines IBM's response to help clients think about, build, and tap into cloud solutions through its end-to-end cloud portfolio including public, private and hybrid cloud offerings. Specific examples discussed include workload analysis and migration to cloud, high performance computing, and IBM's acquisition of SoftLayer to gain infrastructure as a service capabilities.
IBM Research aims to drive innovation through its global network of labs. It focuses on developing technologies for big and fast data, cognitive systems, cybersecurity, and more. IBM Research contributes significantly to IBM's services through hundreds of tools and solutions delivered annually that help clients and improve productivity and quality. Going forward, IBM Research will continue exploring new computing paradigms like cognitive systems, quantum computing, and brain-inspired chips to usher in a new era of computing centered around data and analytics.
IBM Research aims to drive innovation through its global network of labs. It focuses on developing technologies for big and fast data, cognitive systems, cybersecurity, and more. IBM Research contributes significantly to IBM's services through hundreds of tools and solutions delivered annually that help clients and improve productivity and quality. Going forward, IBM Research will continue exploring new computing paradigms like cognitive systems, quantum computing, and brain-inspired systems to usher in a new era of computing centered around data and analytics.
1. The document discusses service science and its focus on service systems and value co-creation. 2. It outlines foundational premises of service science including the configuration of resources and calculation of value from multiple stakeholder perspectives. 3. Future directions discussed include challenges of local optimization not equaling global optimization and real-world problems not equating to single discipline problems.
(1) Haihua Li presented on the Industrial Internet and relevant standardization activities.
(2) The presentation covered the basic concepts, origins, architectures, key directions, development, and standardization of the Industrial Internet.
(3) Key topics included the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) reference architecture, Germany's Industrie 4.0 reference model, and China's architecture for the Industrial Internet.
Microsoft Next 2014 - Keynote2 - ISS and Cloud, v. Henrik Trepka 291014Microsoft
- ISS is a global facilities management company that has ranked as the world's best outsourcing provider since 2008. In 2013, ISS had over $78 billion in revenue and over 522,000 employees.
- ISS delivers various facility services like cleaning, catering, security, and property management. They focus on business sectors like healthcare, retail, and transportation.
- Emerging technologies like cloud computing, Internet of Things, and smart connected products will transform the facilities management industry. ISS aims to leverage these technologies through strategies like developing a product cloud and integrating sensors into buildings to improve customer service and asset utilization.
1) The document discusses service science and its importance for universities. It provides definitions for key terms like service, service innovations, and service systems.
2) It notes the progress of service science, including the growth of courses, conferences, and publications in the field.
3) The document outlines important future trends for service science, such as the need for better frameworks, theories, and tools to study service systems.
The document summarizes Jim Spohrer's presentation on service provision and technology in service systems from a service science perspective. Some key points:
- Better models are needed to understand the increasingly complex and interconnected world from various perspectives including physical, social, virtual, organizational, and technological.
- Human-centered design should evolve to humanity-centered design by focusing on entire ecosystems of people, living things, and the environment with a long-term systems view.
- Value co-creation is accelerated when large numbers of skilled people with advanced technology have a safe, ethical, and sustainable environment for interaction and change.
- Upskilling is moving from individual skills to skills extended with AI tools across knowledge areas
2021004 jim spohrer alan hartman_retirement v3ISSIP
(1) The document discusses the future of artificial intelligence and service science in a post-pandemic society from a service science perspective. (2) It compares AI, which aims to automate human intelligence, to service science, which studies how systems like businesses and societies can transform and improve lives through cooperation. (3) The document outlines how service science views systems as evolving over time through running existing practices, transforming by adopting new practices, and innovating to create new practices.
This document discusses service systems and their impact on quality of life. It begins by outlining different types of systems that focus on (A) flows of things humans need like transportation and supply chains, (B) human activities like retail, banking, and education, and (C) human governance systems like cities, states, and nations. It then provides more depth on these systems and the disciplines that support them. The document emphasizes that quality of life results from quality of service systems as well as quality jobs and investment opportunities. It concludes by stating the best way to predict the future is to inspire students to build it better.
IBM University Programs aims to help build a smarter planet through research, skills development, recruiting, solutions, volunteering, and regional development. The programs focus on six areas: Research, Readiness, Recruiting, Revenue, Responsibility, and Regions. The goal is to produce T-shaped professionals with both depth in their field and breadth across disciplines to solve problems at the intersection of technology and business.
DWS15 - Connected Things Forum - Industrial internet today - Vincent Champain...IDATE DigiWorld
1. Jeff Immelt, the CEO of GE, states that industrial companies must now view themselves as software and analytics companies as well due to the rise of the industrial internet.
2. The industrial internet is fueled by innovations in hardware, software, sensors, data science, cloud computing, and mobile technology that have led to massive decreases in costs and increases in capabilities.
3. GE aims to leverage these trends and its data science expertise to generate significant customer savings and business value through services enabled by connecting machines and analyzing industrial data.
This panel will examine the impact of the growth of the service economy on organizations and information systems from four perspectives: (1) internal changes in organizations, both service providers and service clients, in terms of their structures, processes, and competencies; (2) redefinition of inter-organizational relationships and re-drawing of organizational boundaries and identities; (3) the role of IS in enabling these new collaborative relationships; and (4) the possibility of designing better applications to enhance organizations’ capacity to engage in service exchanges.
Spohrer on AI for SIRs Post 125 20240618 v6.pptxISSIP
Sons in Retirement (SIRs)
Post 125 San Jose
Host - Gene Plevyak
URL: https://sirinc2.org/branch125/
We are SIR Westgate Branch 125
We meet on the third Tuesday of the month
at the Three Flames Restaurant
1547 Meridian Ave., San Jose
Fellowship Hour: 11:00 AM
Host Santokh Badesha: https://www.linkedin.com/in/santokh-badesha-24b72916/
Recommended Readings (If Possible, Skim Before the Talk)
Patent: Management of Usage Costs of a Resource (IBM)
Jim Spohrer patent: Graphical Interface for Interacting Constrained Actors (Apple)
Jim Spohrer's Google Scholar Profile, includes open publications as well as patents
Apple's ATG Authoring Tools - Balancing Open and Proprietary Work
Forbes - Cognitive World
AI Magazine - Role of Open Source in AI
AI and Education 20240327 v16 for Northeastern.pptxISSIP
Prof. Mark L. Miller (https://www.linkedin.com/in/mlmiller751/), Northeastern University, class on AI and Education
Speaker: Jim Spohrer (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/)
===
Speaker: Dr. Jim Spohrer, retired Apple and IBM executive, currently Board of Directors for ISSIP.org (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals).
Title: AI and Education: A Historical Perspective and Possible Future Directions
Abstract: This talk will briefly survey my 50 years working in the area of AI & Education. At MIT (1974- 1978), MIT's summer EXPLO schools for AI and entrepreneurship classes. At Verbex (1978-1982), speech recognition, language models, early generative AI. At Yale (1982-1989), MARCEL, a generate- test-and-debug architecture and student model of programming bugs. At Apple (1989-1998), from content (SK8) to community (EOE) to context (WorldBoard). At IBM (1999 - 2021), service science and open source AI. At ISSIP (2021-present), generative AI and digital twins.
Bio:Jim’s Bio (142 words):
Jim Spohrer is a student of service science and open-source, trusted AI. He is a retired industry executive (Apple, IBM), who is a member of the Board of Directors of the non-profit International Society of Service Innovation Professionals (ISSIP). At IBM, he served as Director for Open Source AI/Data, Global University Programs, IBM Almaden Service Research, and CTO IBM Venture Capital Relations Group. At Apple, he achieved Distinguished Engineer Scientist Technologist (DEST) for authoring and learning platforms. After MIT (BS/Physics), he developed speech recognition systems at Verbex (Exxon), then Yale (PhD/Computer Science AI). With over ninety publications and nine patents, awards include AMA ServSIG Christopher Lovelock Career Contributions to the Service Discipline, Evert Gummesson Service Research, Vargo-Lusch Service-Dominant Logic, Daniel Berg Service Systems, and PICMET Fellow for advancing service science. In 2021, Jim was appointed a UIDP Senior Fellow (University-Industry Demonstration Partnership).
Readings:Apple's ATG Authoring Tools:
URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/279044.279173 Blog: WorldBoard
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/2060 Blog: Reflecting on Generative AI and Digital Twins
URL: https://service-science.info/archives/6521 Book: Service in the AI Era
Attached: Pages 46-54.Video: Speech Recognition (History)
URL: https://youtu.be/G9z4VAsw_kw
Thanks, -Jim
--Jim Spohrer, PhDBoard of Directors, ISSIP (International Society of Service Innovation Professionals) Board of Directors, ServCollab ("Serving Humanity Through Collaboration")Senior Fellow, UIDP ("Strengthening University-Industry Partnerships")Retired Industry Executive (Apple, IBM)
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
March 20, 2024
Host Ganesan Narayanasamy (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ganesannarayanasamy/)
Uploaded here:
===
Event 20230320
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ganesannarayanasamy_productnation-semiconductorproductnation-activity-7174119132114620418-jvpx
Themed Shaping a Sustainable $1 Trillion Era, semicondynamics.org 2024 will gather industry experts on March 20th at Milpitas, California , for insights into the latest trends and innovations Accelerating AI with Semiconductor RTL Front end services and workforce development. The event will feature keynotes from the Semiconductor ecosystem, academia and Industries.
Jim Spohrer is an advisor to industry, academia, governments, startups and non-profits on topics of AI upskilling, innovation strategy, and win-win service in the AI era. He is a retired IBM executive and was previously the director of IBM's open-source AI developer ecosystem effort. In this talk, Spohrer discusses topics such as how to keep up with accelerating change, verifying results from generative AI, and understanding how generative AI works through concepts like monkeys at typewriters in high dimensional spaces. He emphasizes balancing hype with realism and doing work alongside gaining knowledge.
This document contains notes from a presentation by Jim Spohrer on leadership, career experiences, and technology topics. The presentation covers collaborating with others, teamwork practices, storytelling, communication skills, leadership habits and mindsets. It includes links to Spohrer's online profiles and resources. Tables provide estimates of increasing GDP per employee over time and a timeline of Spohrer's career highlights and accomplishments in the fields of service science and artificial intelligence.
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
I am Jim Spohrer, a retired Apple and IBM Executive, and currently a UIDP Senior Fellow, on the Board of Directors of ISSIP and ServCollab.
I am retired, meaning my primary activities are family-oriented – families are the oldest and most important type of service systems
I volunteer to help non-profits, mentor students, professionals, and retiree (some in retirement communities where the average age is 85) on AI & service science
My hobbies are hiking, reading, programming, and building my AI digital twin and humanoid robots for maintaining farms and farming equipment.
My hobbies are also trying to understand as much as I can about the system called the universe and mult-verse, and robots to rapidly rebuild civilization including themselves from scratch.
2001 - Nonzero: The Logic of Human Desitiny (Wright) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero:_The_Logic_of_Human_Destiny
2015 - Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology - https://www.amazon.com/Geek-Heresy-Rescuing-Social-Technology/dp/161039528X
2021 - Humankind: A Hopeful History (Bregman) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humankind:_A_Hopeful_History
Humankind - https://www.amazon.com/Humankind-Hopeful-History-Rutger-Bregman/dp/0316418536
Humankind Book Review - https://service-science.info/archives/5654
2022 - Service in the AI Era: Science, Logic, and Architecture Perspectives (2022) by Spohrer, Maglio, Vargo, Warg - https://www.amazon.com/Service-AI-Era-Architecture-Perspectives/dp/1637423039
2023 - Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity-Centered (2023) by Don Norman - https://www.amazon.com/Design-Better-World-Meaningful-Sustainable/dp/0262047950/
Brno-IESS 20240206 v10 service science ai.pptxISSIP
It my pleasure to be with you all today – thanks to my host for the opportunity to speak with you all today.
Host: Leonard Walletzky <qwalletz@fi.muni.cz> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/leonardwalletzky/) +420 549 49 7690
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aUvbsmwAAAAJ&hl=cs
Katrina Motkova (https://www.linkedin.com/in/kateřina-moťková-mba-a964a3175/en/?originalSubdomain=cz)
Speaker: Jim Spohrer <spohrer@gmail.com> (https://www.linkedin.com/in/spohrer/) +1-408-829-3112
NordicHouse 20240116 AI Quantum IFTF dfiscussionv7.pptxISSIP
Jim Spohrer presented on AI and quantum computing. He discussed the history of AI from the 1955 Dartmouth workshop to modern advances like AlphaGo, GPT-3, and DALL-E 2. Spohrer noted that computation costs have decreased exponentially over time, driving increases in knowledge worker productivity. He highlighted several experts and resources he follows to stay informed on AI capabilities and implications. Spohrer sees opportunities to improve learning and performance through advances in learning sciences, technology, lifelong learning, and early education. The talk addressed how generative AI works and challenges around verification.
20240104 HICSS Panel on AI and Legal Ethical 20240103 v7.pptxISSIP
20240103 HICSS Panel
Ethical and legal implications raised by Generative AI and Augmented Reality in the workplace.
Souren Paul - https://www.linkedin.com/in/souren-paul-a3bbaa5/
Event: https://kmeducationhub.de/hawaii-international-conference-on-system-sciences-hicss/
Congratulations to the organizers of the “Symposium for Celebrating 40 Years of Bayesian Learning in Speech and Language Processing” and to Prof. Chin-Hui Lee of Georgia Tech the Honorary Chair of the Symposium.
Thanks to Huck Yang (Amazon) for the invitation to record this short message.
Huck Yang
URL: https://www.linkedin.com/in/huckyang/
Event: https://bayesian40.github.io
Recording:
Slides:
URL: https://professionalschool.eitdigital.eu/generative-ai-essentials
Course on Generative Al
Description:
Generative AI is a world-changing power tool that is getting better by the day. So now is the time to get truly inspired, climb up the learning curve, and unleash more of your creative potential.
Learning Topics:
* Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future
* Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory
* Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era
What You'll Take Away:
By the end of this session, you'll understand the importance of upskilling with today's generative AI tools to get more work done, both faster and at higher quality, as well as some pitfalls to avoid, all within the broader context of the past, present, and future of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Intelligence Augmentation (IA).
Learning Topics
Inspiration: What is Generative AI in the context of AI's history, present, and future.
Climbing Up: Ways to accelerate your learning trajectory.
Unleashing Creativity: Ways to stay future-ready in the AI era.
Deep dive into ChatGPT's features.
Techniques for basic and advanced prompting and real-world applications.
- Service science has progressed significantly in the past two decades since its inception in the early 2000s.
- However, there is still a long way to go to fully realize the potential of service science and its role in areas like upskilling with AI.
- Looking ahead, some of the biggest challenges will be upskilling entire nations with AI for digital transformation, while also decarbonizing nations through sustainable energy infrastructure - both accomplished through service-based business models.
Spohrer Open Innovation Reflections 20230911 v2.pptxISSIP
September 11, 2023
Berkeley Innovation Forum
Open Innovation Journey
Henry Chesbrough, Solomon Darwin, Jim Spohrer
https://corporateinnovation.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/BIF-Fall2023-7.28.23.pdf
Pre-Event: Monday, September 11, 2023 at The CITRIS Innovation Hub
UC Berkeley, 330 Sutardja Dai Hall, MC 1764
7:45pm - 8:30pm
8:45pm
Fireside Chat: The Open Innovation Journey - Moderated by Henry Chesbrough
Henry Chesbrough
Faculty Director, Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation, UC Berkeley
Olga Diamandis
Former Disney, Smuckers, Mattel, P&G Executive
Jim Spohrer
Former Exec: IBM, Distinguished Scientist at Apple, Director of IBM AI
Nitin Narkhede
General Manager, Emerging Technologies and Innovation, Wipro
Bus pick-up to Hotel Shattuck Plaza
Henry Chesbrough is a professor at the Haas Business School, UC Berkeley, and faculty director of the Garwood Center for Corporate Innovation. An internationally acclaimed author, Dr. Chesbrough’s Open Innovation concept was first introduced in his award-winning book, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology (2003). When he coined the term Open Innovation, he defined an approach that companies around the globe now use to innovate. Today, Chesbrough works directly with companies through Garwood’s programs to apply the principles of Open Innovation, and he continues to refine our understanding through his research and books.
Olga Diamandis is the senior manager at TE Connectivity. Previously, she served as principal technical architect at the Walt Disney Company. She also worked as principal scientst of innovation & knowledge management at The J.M. Smucker Company. Before that, she served as senior manager of Open Innovation at Mattel. She also has experience as a manager of global business development at Procter & Gamble, alongside a previous managerial role at Nestle.
Jim Spohrer previously served as IBM Director of Cognitive OpenTech - which includes open source AI/ML/DL - as well as director of IBM’s deep question-answering system Watson. Prior to that, he worked as a Distinguished Scientist in Learning Research at Apple Computer, Inc. where he developed SK8, Educational Object Economy - an open source learning object community - as well as WorldBoard which served as a vision for Planetary Augmented Reality system.
Nitin Narkhede is General Manager of Emerging Technologies and Innovation at Wipro Technologies. He is responsible for the development of new services and solutions based on emerging trends and technologies at Wipro. Nitin has been in the forefront of a number of technology and business model transitions during his 20 years of work at Wipro. Prior to his current assignment, he managed Wipro’s e-Business Solutions Practice in the Americas. Nitin has over 23 years of experience in the technology industry spanning IT strategy and planning, information systems and software product development, technology strategy and innovation management.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
19. 19
ProductivityProductivity
SustainableSustainable
InnovationInnovation
RegulatoryRegulatory
ComplianceCompliance
N
a t i o n s
N
a t i o n s
MeasuresMeasures
of Front Stage (direct customer interactions) and Back Stage (supporting activities)of Front Stage (direct customer interactions) and Back Stage (supporting activities)
Components of Businesses, Government Agencies, Non-Profits, etc.Components of Businesses, Government Agencies, Non-Profits, etc.
I n d u s t r i e s
I n d u s t r i e s
QualityQuality
The world consists of service systems interacting,
allowing many thousands of possible
Service Science Lab projects
Courtesy of
Steve Kwan, SJSU
20. 20
San José State University
Developing aDeveloping a
Service Science, ManagementService Science, Management
and Engineering (SSME)and Engineering (SSME)
Program at SJSUProgram at SJSU
Prepared for discussion at Frontiers in Service ConferencePrepared for discussion at Frontiers in Service Conference
October 4-7th, 2007October 4-7th, 2007
Stephen K. Kwan, Ph.D.Stephen K. Kwan, Ph.D.
Professor, MISProfessor, MIS
College of BusinessCollege of Business
Lou Freund, Ph.D.Lou Freund, Ph.D.
Chair, Industrial &Chair, Industrial &
Systems EngineeringSystems Engineering
College of EngineeringCollege of Engineeringkwan_s@cob.sjsu.edukwan_s@cob.sjsu.edu
408-924-3514408-924-3514
21. 21
San José State University
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/articles/brief/gbeng_brief_2.php
22. 22
San José State University
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/public/releases/yr2007/pr07_02sa.ht
m
23. 23
San José State University
Industrial & Systems Engineering 142 / 242Industrial & Systems Engineering 142 / 242
“Service Engineering and Management”
• Introduction to services / experiential economy and role of systemsIntroduction to services / experiential economy and role of systems
engineeringengineering
• Goal: Introduce students to applications of ISE concepts andGoal: Introduce students to applications of ISE concepts and
methodologies in the services environmentmethodologies in the services environment
• Text: Service Management –Text: Service Management – Fitzsimmons and FitzsimmonsFitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, McGraw-, McGraw-
HillHill
• Cases to illustrate concepts and strategiesCases to illustrate concepts and strategies
• Guest speakersGuest speakers
• Teaching experience will form basis for future program designTeaching experience will form basis for future program design
Offered Fall 2007
Offered Fall 2007
MBA 297DMBA 297D
“Service Systems Management”
To Be Offered Spring 2008
To Be Offered Spring 2008
Grad
Undergrad
24. 24
San José State University
Integrating the Curriculum with a SharedIntegrating the Curriculum with a Shared Service Systems LabService Systems Lab
What are the Characteristics of a Service Systems Lab?What are the Characteristics of a Service Systems Lab?
(as compared to a Manufacturing Systems Lab(as compared to a Manufacturing Systems Lab ↓↓ ))
25. 25
San José State University
What are the Characteristics of a Service Systems Lab?What are the Characteristics of a Service Systems Lab?
(Computer Lecture Lab is(Computer Lecture Lab is notnot a Service Systems Laba Service Systems Lab ↓↓ ))
26. 26
San José State University
Service Science Lab Layout
Characteristics of aCharacteristics of a
Service Science LabService Science Lab
Physical World
Simulated World
Virtual World
35. 35
Component Business Model to Help Decompose Your Business
Experience and Know-how from Thousands of Client Engagements
70+ maps supporting 17 industries
23 enhanced with key performance
indicators (KPI)
Over 2,000 trained CBM specialists
armed with the CBM tool
30 CBM patents filed
CBM tool license available to clients
Component Business Modeling tool 2.0
Integrates with WebSphere Business Modeler
Presentation to Gartner in October 2007, by R. Leblanc
36. 36
Integrating Component Business Models with Industry
Process Models
+ =
IBM is bringing together its Business Process Management Center of
Excellence (BPM CoE), IBM Research, and the Global Business Solution
Center (GBSC) to map Component Business Models (CBM) to Industry
Process Models
Component Business
Models (CBM) and Tool
Industry Process Models in
WBM, built by BPM CoE,
leveraging APQC’s Process
Classification Framework
Result: business transformation
engagements delivered more quickly,
through more industry-specific
insights and more powerful CBM Tool
Presentation to Forrester in November 2007, by T. Rosamilia
37. 37
Creating New Industries
• “History teaches us that we have hugely underestimated
capacity to create new industries and recreate existing
ones. In fact, the half century old Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system published by the US Census
was replaced in 1997 by the North American Industry
Classification Standard (NAICS) system. The new
system expanded the ten SIC industry sectors into
twenty sectors to reflect the emerging realities of new
industry territories. The services sector under the old
system, for example, is now expanded into seven
business sectors ranging from information to healthcare
and social assistance.”
• Kim, W. Chan and Renee Mauborgne (2005) Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create
Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Harvard Business
School Press. Boston, MA.
90. SSME: Service Science, Management, and Engineering
Engineering Service Science | Teleconference | November 6,, 2007
Service Science, Management, and Engineering (SSME):
A Next Frontier in Education,
Employment, Innovation, and
Economic Growth
Presented by Dr. Jim Spohrer
Director, Service Research
IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA
spohrer@us.ibm.com
Five key points
IBM has the largest service research organization in the world (over 500 service researchers world wide)
IBM is and will increasing use advanced science and engineering of service systems to operate and create new offerings
IBM scientist and engineers (service scientist and service system engineers) are being given new tools
IBM is as partner working with universities, governments, foundations and non-profits, and industry around the world to advance service science, management, engineering, and design (SSMED)
These are early days, and the best is yet to come!
Acknowledgement: Many people in Almaden Service Research, especially Paul Maglio, at IBM, and outside IBM have contributed to this material.
Thanks to Cheryl Kieliszewski and Jean Paul Jacob for help with the template and slide content, and other ideas.
Source: web search of history of engineering, and then professional organization web sites
We all know the benefits of innovation in terms of skilled employment and exports growth. Over the last 200 years, it has become increasingly clear that innovation sustains skilled employment and exports growth. From England and the industrial revolution, Germany and the chemicals revolution, USA and the electrical and information revolution, Japan and product quality, India and low cost services, China and low cost products – regions that excel in future product exports and services exports are likely to do so as a result of government, industry, and academic collaboration – and a focus on innovation.
-------------------------------------
We are here today to discuss services, innovation, and employment – and think about future services export that countries such as Germany might specialize in.
Over the last 200 years, the world has seen a series of innovations – a few summarized here --
Pay attention to low cost labor shift in every case… followed by technology build out.
1800-EnglandSteam Engine, Railroads, Factories, Textiles
Industrial Revolution
1840-GermanyDyes & Chemicals & Metallurgy
Chemical & Metallurgy Industries
1900-USATelephone, Radio, Television, Computers
Electronics & IT Industry
1950-JapanLow cost transistor radio and gas engine, then high quality
Electronics and Automobile Industries (Quality Movement)
1990-IndiaLow cost call centers and back office, increasingly higher quality
IT Services, Legal & Medical Services Industries
1990-ChinaLow cost products, increasingly higher quality
Consumer and industrial goods
?Industrialized Product Exports
(Carpet Mills of Georgia, USA)
?Industrialized Services Exports
(IT Data Centers of Google)
Observation: Service sector is where the job growth is, not only in the US but around the world.
Implication: Most science and engineering and management jobs will be in the service sector.
For example, Kenneth Smith of H.B.Maynard (one of the oldest and most prestigious industrial engineering consulting firms) said - “Historically, most of our business at H.B. Maynard was manufacturing, today roughly 80% is in the retail sector…”
So why do we still train most scientist and engineers for manufacturing age jobs? Could this be part of the reason that in most US engineering schools only 50% of entering engineering students graduate with an engineering degree?
The service sector is the fastest growing segment of global economies. In the US, in 1800 90% of people were worked on farms, and today less than 3% of workers are employed in agriculture. Goods, or manufacturing of physical products, peaked in the US in the mid-1950’s and has been decreasing ever since due to automation and off shoring. However, services, especially complex information and business services, as we will see is where the growth is. But the growth in the service sector jobs is not just in the developed countries, it is also happening in the developing countries. In fact, the International Labor Organization, reports that 2006 was the first time in human history that more people worker in the service sector than in agriculture world wide. 40% in service sector, 39.7% in agriculture, and 21.3% in manufacturing, with the growth coming by moving people from agriculture to services – this represents the largest labor force migration in human history.
BA-CBM is Business Architecture Component Business Model
We currently have models of over 40 industries.
Each industry is broken up into about 100 business components.
Associated with each business component is 10-100 KPI measures (Key Performance Indicator Measures)
IBM does contracts with our customers to improve measures of some service system.
B2B contracts, as we do more in the same area, go through learning curves.
Exploitation and Exploration play out, as we get more efficient at certain contracts, and take on new types of contracts for new service systems, or old service systems withnew measures (e.g., green or sustainability measures being added to many service systems)….
Eventually, our service scientist and service system engineers will have powerful tools we can only now just imagine. For example the Blue Gene super computer behind me, will be running simulations of IBM and our customers as interacting service system. A first step towards this long-term ambitious goal is our CBM tool work. For every industry the businesses are viewed as hundreds of interacting business components with associated KPI (key performance indicators)… The CBM tool (based on Eclipse and developed here at Almaden based on the PWC original methodology that did not have the tool) is already being used by thousands of strategy and change consultants around the world.
Each of the business components generates an enormous amount of data. The next tool addresses that….
Value: CBM tool, in the hands of IBM strategy & change consultants, helps customer plan and execute changes to their business. Notice that these changes happen at the business services level (business), work practices (people & organizations), and of course the technical architecture level (engineering). Service scientists deep in one of these three areas, and with broad understanding and communication skills across them all, will be more effective at finding the right solutions.
Service scientists and service systems engineers will need powerful tools to analyze all the business information and look for insights that can help the business. We are using BIW in many IBM GBS engagements today in the pharmaceutical space as well as others. Increasingly it is the basis for new service offerings around patents.
Value: Our award winning BIW tool also connects business services, work practices, and technology to transform the way our business intelligence consultants and those of our customers at pharmaceutical companies and elsewhere sift through mountains of information, to find the most valuable information that can impact their business. Again, someone who just understand the technology, or just understand the business, or just understand the work practices issues, is not as effective as a T-shaped person, deep in one of these areas, but who has the bigger picture, and communications skills to work across all the areas.
Apply science and engineering also has some mundane aspects. For example, in a company the size of IBM as we instrument our business, we see that a number of emails go unanswered because the recipient is no longer with the business. What to do? IDG has pioneered using business rules to route information to managers or other appropriate people, until the important business information gets an appropriate response.
Value: IDG helps employees submit expense reports in less time. Is deployed in ibm.com to speed the reliable processing of orders. Double win – improve IBM internal process and improve customer processes as well. To deploy IDG in ibm.com took business sign-off of course (10% fewer delayed ordered), technology signoff (functionality, performance, and maintenance issues), as well as training of workers to take advantage of the new capabilities (work practices).
All business components or service systems generate an enormous amount of information, and we want our scientists and engineers to be able to analyze the information and help managers and employees improve their performance, based on appropriate recommendations. Call centers generate and enormous amount of information, and we are developing tools that not only allow our scientists and engineers to analyze the data, but provide dashboard to managers and employees to improve their performance by focusing on what matters most to the business.
Value: Help managers and call centers agents focus on most effective changes to improve performance.
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India Call Center
http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/indian-call-centers/cs_indians.jpg
Overseas Switchboard
http://www.privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/overseasswitchboard.jpg
We suspect there are future eBay or Google size companies in the area of new services ---- some will piggy back on better sensors, or mobile phones in the real world, and others will be created in entirely new virtual worlds. Other may take the existing content on the web to new levels – with semantic web services. These are some of the areas that will drive further expansion of GDP in the information & organizational services quadrant we saw on the third slide.
Value: Researchers motivated to explore the next frontiers.
New services will piggy back on cellphones (mobile), pervasive infrastructure embedded in places in the world (location-based), and the internet (virtual)…
Service innovation is not just driving GDP growth of nations, but increasingly service innovation is driving revenue and profit growth of major companies – including companies that many think of as manufacturing companies, such as GE and IBM and many others.
Remember those 550 Service Researchers at IBM Research? One of the fundamental problems they are working on is understanding who to make services more efficient and productive to deliver, more effective and high quality to fully meet the customers needs, as well as more sustainable from an investment perspective. The fact, according to OECD reports, investment in product innovation and process innovation yields higher returns that investments in service innovation, in part because more is known about product and process innovation, than service innovation.
In 1989, CMU’s Agote published about learning curves in manufacturing companies in the journal Science. To date, much less is know about learning curves for services businesses. Manufacturing sees variance as waste to be eliminated, but in services variance can also be opportunity, and customer are the source of much of the variance.
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IBM gets 53% revenue from services – actually higher because financing is service value (hardware & financing) and maintenance is service value (software & maintenance).
IBM gets 35% profits from services.
Question: How to grow service revenue and grow profits at the same time? How do services scale? What learning curves provide an economy of scale?
What would a service science breakthrough look like?
Moore’s Law is not a law of nature, but a law of investment – for the last 50 years year over year improvements have occurred.
A Moore’s Law of service systems would provide an investment roadmap that would result in year over year improvements in service system productivity, quality, regulatory compliance, and innovative capabilities.
In sum,
Five key points
IBM has the largest service research organization in the world (over 550 service researchers world wide)
- In 2002, we had about 50 out of 3000 researcher, so this represents an 11x increase in five years
IBM is and will increasing use advance science and engineering of service to differentiate from competitors
IBM scientist and engineers (service scientist and service system engineers) are being given new tools
IBM is a thought leader working with universities, governments, and industry around the world to advance service science, management, and engineering (SSME)
These are early days, and the best is yet to come!
Source
==================
Moore’s Law
http://news.com.com/i/ne/p/photo/microprocessor_400x534.jpg
Physical system that performs computations
Service system ecology = business & societal system that creates value
We define a service systems as a value coproduction configuration of:
1. people (division of labor, multi-tasking, social networks, identity, etc.)
2. technology (cost of communication, storage, processing, fidelity of models, etc.)
3. internal and external service systems connected via value propositions (pricing, risk sharing, value networks, supply chains, etc.)
4. shared information (language, laws, measures, models)
A question I would like to leave you all with today is the question - What limits growth rates for new inventions? Clearly one measure of growth is customer adoption. How long does it take for new knowledge to work its way through complex business and societal systems to benefit customers?
I would suggest that in each case, growth and adoption are limited by the build out of a service system. Automobiles require supply chains on one end, and roads and gas stations on the other end – this is service system build out. Telephones required a service system infrastructure of lines and polls and cables, but also supply chains, and directories, and operators, and laws. Electricity is another great example, nearly everyone knows the story of the light bulb, but how many know the story of how the generators, and power lines, and operators were put in place – how the service system was funded, built out, and all the details, including pricing were set.
So if the build out of service systems is what limits growth, shouldn’t we get better at understanding how to improve service systems in a year over year methodical way?
Summary of I and T shaped professionals
On I and T shaped professionals, generalists, specialists, interactional expertise, and contributory expertise -- and the needs of the future workforce
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I-shaped professionals are deep specialists. Specialist is a synonym for I-shaped people. The world needs them and will always need them. I-shaped does not go away. From a discipline perspective, specialists are said to have &quot;contributory expertise&quot; as they can contribute to the development of the field, and solve the hard problems that the discipline has compiled a body of knowledge to solve.
A generalist is said to have &quot;interactional expertise,&quot; so they can talk with someone and understand the terms and concepts, but does not have deep knowledge to solve problems or contribute new knowledge to the field. Generalists are needed to connect specialists (or I-shaped professionals) who might not otherwise talk with each other.
T-shaped professional are deep specialists (&quot;contributory expertise&quot; in their home discipline), but also have &quot;interactional expertise&quot; across a wide range of disciplines and business functions. T-shaped professionals have all the advantages of a I-shaped professional combined with a generalist. T-shaped tend to be rarer than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to be more flexible in working on teams than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to learn new areas faster than I-shaped (though not always, depends on the learning skills of the I-shaped).
The major author on Interactional Expertise and Contributory Expertise is Harry Collins.
http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/C-D/professor-harry-collins-overview.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_expertise
The major author on the study of the right ratio of generalists to specialists in an organization is Kathleen Carley, CMU
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/bios/carley/carley.html
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/events/conferences/2000/pdf/Marcelo-Cataldo.pdf
===================================
On I and T shaped professionals, generalists, specialists, interactional expertise, and contributory expertise -- and the needs of the future workforce
----------------------------------------------------------
I-shaped professionals are deep specialists. Specialist is a synonym for I-shaped people. The world needs them and will always need them. I-shaped does not go away. From a discipline perspective, specialists are said to have &quot;contributory expertise&quot; as they can contribute to the development of the field, and solve the hard problems that the discipline has compiled a body of knowledge to solve.
A generalist is said to have &quot;interactional expertise,&quot; so they can talk with someone and understand the terms and concepts, but does not have deep knowledge to solve problems or contribute new knowledge to the field. Generalists are needed to connect specialists (or I-shaped professionals) who might not otherwise talk with each other.
T-shaped professional are deep specialists (&quot;contributory expertise&quot; in their home discipline), but also have &quot;interactional expertise&quot; across a wide range of disciplines and business functions. T-shaped professionals have all the advantages of a I-shaped person combined with a generalist. T-shaped tend to be rarer than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to be more flexible in working on teams than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to learn new areas faster than I-shaped (though not always, depends on the learning skills of the I-shaped).
The major author on Interactional Expertise and Contributory Expertise is Harry Collins.
http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/C-D/professor-harry-collins-overview.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_expertise
The major author on the study of the right ratio of generalists to specialists in an organization is Kathleen Carley, CMU
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/bios/carley/carley.html
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/events/conferences/2000/pdf/Marcelo-Cataldo.pdf
The practical starting point for all science and engineering disciplines interested in service research is to add course material that helps their students understand the growth of the service economy and the innovation needs related to service systems… eventually specific service science and service systems engineering degrees will be offered.
Perspective: Every discipline can prepare their students better to be innovators in the service economy – make them T-shaped! Both deep and broad.
For example, CMU Kathleen Carley’s computational organization theory experiments around specialists and generalists – shows the more change in the world the more the breadth helps improve adaptiveness and performance.
Service scientists are both deep and broad. They speak the language of many disciplines, and are deep in at least one area.
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Today, Services Research is the fastest growing part of IBM Research – the number of people focused on service innovation has increased by more than a factor of ten over the last three years, and now accounts for more than 1/6 of the over 3000 researchers in IBM Research. When we started the first service research group totally focused on services three and half years ago in IBM Research, it immediately became clear that service research is multidisciplinary in nature. To be successful, we’d need to attract more t-shaped people – who had both depth in some area relevant to service innovation, but breadth as well – so they could speak the languages of business, technology, and social-organizational change.
Source: Peter Bruegel
The Tower of Babel (1563)
Service science is the study of service systems. Like the story of the blind men and the elephant, each discipline interprets the whole in terms of the part it touches... (trunk = house, tusk = spear, leg = tree, belly = boulder, tail = rope).
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Blind men and elephant
http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs1104/Introduction/junl19i1.gif
Perhaps
http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/47_2/graphics/47_2_91f1.jpg
Courtesy of Steve Kwan, SJSU
Five key points
IBM has the largest service research organization in the world (over 500 service researchers world wide)
IBM is and will increasing use advanced science and engineering of service systems to operate and create new offerings
IBM scientist and engineers (service scientist and service system engineers) are being given new tools
IBM is as partner working with universities, governments, foundations and non-profits, and industry around the world to advance service science, management, engineering, and design (SSMED)
These are early days, and the best is yet to come!
Acknowledgement: Many people in Almaden Service Research, especially Paul Maglio, at IBM, and outside IBM have contributed to this material.
Thanks to Cheryl Kieliszewski and Jean Paul Jacob for help with the template and slide content, and other ideas.
The 2008 edition of US News&apos; Best Graduate Schools identified two hot areas of engineering for the future:
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/articles/brief/gbeng_brief_2.php
Smart Choices
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING. It&apos;s a growing field, and engineers are needed to clean up existing pollution problems and prevent future ones.
SERVICES SCIENCE, MANAGEMENT, AND ENGINEERING (SSME). This emerging discipline is getting a big push from industry, including IBM and Hewlett-Packard. SSME combines engineering, computer science, economics, and management to improve the service sector.
Here is the best URL for the America COMPETES Act, which includes Section 1005 on the Study of Service Science:
The best place to search for these kinds of things -- is Open Congress (http://www.opencongress.org/)
http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=America_Competes_Act
Version 5 - the final one that passed both houses of Congress and the President signed:
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?c110:5:./temp/~c110nPy6Rp::
Section 1005:
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c110:5:./temp/~c110nPy6Rp:e19768:
SEC. 1005. STUDY OF SERVICE SCIENCE.
(a) Sense of Congress- It is the sense of Congress that, in order to strengthen the competitiveness of United States enterprises and institutions and to prepare the people of the United States for high-wage, high-skill employment, the Federal Government should better understand and respond strategically to the emerging management and learning discipline known as service science.
(b) Study- Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, through the National Academy of Sciences, conduct a study and report to Congress on how the Federal Government should support, through research, education, and training, the emerging management and learning discipline known as service science.
(c) Outside Resources- In conducting the study under subsection (b), the National Academy of Sciences shall consult with leaders from 2- and 4-year institutions of higher education, as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)), leaders from corporations, and other relevant parties.
(d) Service Science Defined- In this section, the term `service science&apos; means curricula, training, and research programs that are designed to teach individuals to apply scientific, engineering, and management disciplines that integrate elements of computer science, operations research, industrial engineering, business strategy, management sciences, and social and legal sciences, in order to encourage innovation in how organizations create value for customers and shareholders that could not be achieved through such disciplines working in isolation.
Service Science is emerging, and may take many years to develop. A mature science on left, and immature science on the right. Service science is the study of value co-creation systems, composed of dynamic, emergent, configurations of interacting resources, termed service systems. Value is a judgment made by a service system about a real or proposed change in the world (physical, mental, social change).
Data – the language of nature (empirical framework)
Model – measurable experiential constructs and relationships (theoretical framework)
Analytics – validate hypotheses, fit data to model, explain variance (analytical framework)
Take Action – interact with world and iterate (engineering and design frameworks)
Can we create CAD (Computer Aided Design) tools for service systems?
Can we create Service System Ecology Simulators to glimpse evolutionary trajectories?
Main Point:
Fundamental to becoming a globally integrated enterprise is creating a more modular business. In this way you can focus in on key business capabilities that allow you to deliver unique value and leverage external global resources and partner for the rest. To do so, you start by decomposing your business into discrete business capabilities in order to prioritize what’s core and what’s differentiating. This approach helps create a business architecture which links your Business Strategy and your core business capabilities with your high level enterprise IT requirements. In order to help clients accelerate the business value behind Smart SOA, IBM has developed a unique methodology called a component business model (CBM).
A CBM is a structured approach that helps you decompose your business into components and build your business architecture. IBM has over 75 models spanning 17 industries, with 2000 consultants and 30 CBM patents filed.
Componentization to enable &apos;Managed Evolution&apos; and make platforms ready for global leverage and re-use
NEW NEWS: http://w3-03.ibm.com/services/gbs/cbm/
70+ maps supporting 17 industries
23 enhanced with key performance indicators (KPI)
Over 2,000 trained CBM specialists armed with the CBM tool
30 CBM patents filed
Release 2 of the CBM Tool and related Assets is now available with many usability, functionality, performance, and stability enhancements as requested from many of the 1500+ consultants who have downloaded the previous version of the tool:
Dramatic improvements to PowerPoint output, including better visual appearance as well as new content, for example, heat maps and performance metrics. Ability to customize output by selection of desired deliverables and components/competencies.
New capability to output CBM data to an Excel spreadsheet.
Easy sharing of CBM files between team members, plus version control options.
Automated import of Benchmark Wizard performance metrics.
Legends, patterns, and text labels on heat maps.
Text search to easily find information related to the CBM map.
New updated industry CBM maps.
Easier, friendlier download process with fewer restrictions
New maps have been harvested after 18 months of experience. Examples include new segments of the government sector and an updated one for healthcare insurance payers.
KPIs have been linked to CBM maps and indicators fed by our Benchmark Wizard to compare business performance to industry data gathered by GBS
CBM now interoperates with WB Modeler thus yielding a seamless view of business components and processes for a client
Industry solutions and content have been reconciled with CBM views of the industries. Prominent examples are Banking (with IFW) and Insurance (with IAA)
CBM has been aligned to eTOM ... thus showing that we stay aligned with industry standards and models (eTOM stands for &quot;Extended Telecom Operations Map&quot;)
We are providing our GBS consulting force a number of productivity-oriented tools to use in CBM engagements which allow for quick generation of workproducts used in our consulting methods
Finally, we are licensing a tool to our clients so that they can manage and integrate their operational strategy artifacts coming from our consulting with the other repositories and information in their companies
EXAMPLES:
US based Insurance Provider (Aetna)
Challenge
To improve the flexibility and efficiency of their claims processing, the company decided to componentize functionality within their Claim Adjudication System. The application is a legacy COBOL application which serves as the adjudication engine for medical, hospital and dental claims. The application comprised over 1350 modules including three core adjudication components. Business functionality was spread throughout these modules making maintenance and upgrades increasingly difficult.
Solution
To renovate the claims processing system to a services-based architecture capable of accomplishing the business goals, IBM developed a target client-centric adjudication flow where each task in the flow was a candidate business component. The solution leveraged the IBM Component Business Model (CBM), and IBM Legacy Transformation Services.
Benefits
This is an ongoing project that will continue into 2007. Anticipated benefits:
Enhanced flexibility and ability to update and maintain system functionality
A streamlined infrastructure to support business goals
Bulgarian Bank
Challenge
Striving for market share requires higher flexibility in customer offering, shorter time-to-market for new products, and a stronger alignment of business and IT tasks
Solution
The CBM modeling work was performed with the SOA Integration Framework (SOA-IF) V1 developed by the EIS team, based on Rational Software Architect (RSA)
Benefits
The DSK CBM attributions have been used for prioritizing functional requirements with the corebank provider
The DSK CBM Model has been used as a reference in the Branch Optimization project and in supporting the Bank’s Transformation Program
The main use of the DSK CBM Model is now in top-down SOA design, starting with the 3rd Parties / Utility Service Providers components.
There are additional opportunities in using the CBM Model as a reference for SOA Governance planning and SOA migration planning.
Large UK based Bank (Barclays)
Challenge
Design the ‘Model Bank’ for all emerging markets (new and 12 existing markets)
Design a solution that would be replicable and scaleable to support growth of the business and acquisitions/ market entries, as well as modular to support the provision of different segments/ offerings across each country
Solution
The IBM team used CBM and IFW as the key tools to deliver the target operating, process and IT models for the ‘Model Bank’ to enable significant standardization and consolidation as well as to support improved customer value propositions
Benefits
Variable: Modular solution enables countries to use only what services and systems they require. Centralised model improves capacity planning across Emerging markets
Focused: Identified key fast track projects & transformation areas which will deliver most value from the Transformation to the Model Bank
Responsive: The replicability and scaleability of the solution was core to the project to support the organic and inorganic growth targets
Resilient: Through greater standardization and consistency of processes, services and systems the large scale expansion of the business will carry a lower level of risk
JYSKE Bank
Challenge
The bank wishes to:
Free up time for sales resources by deploying new and more efficient processes in key areas
Reduce IT maintenance costs and operational risks by replacing several of the long-standing IT applications with more flexible and responsive solutions
Reduce IT development costs by increased reuse of existing and new applications, services and processes
Reduce time-to-market for new products by introducing more configurable products and processes
Improve the ability to share business and IT services and processes within the group as well as with partners
Solution
The Implementation of CBM – SOMA – IFW; By linking CBM tightly to SOMA, IBM provided a complete roadmap towards SOA
Benefits
The results from the initial phase are:
An adapted CBM model for the bank including identification of hot components and mapping of key IT-applications
A 4-year Master Plan for the program. The estimated size of the program is between 200 and 300 manyears
A CBM based governance model
Swedish Governmental Project
Challenge
To modernize legacy infrastructure and application systems to support national and European Union mandates, as well as reduce operating costs
To establish and maintain the management framework for organizational change and IT services in order to implement a new business strategy
To enable dialog between business and IT leadership to better align operational practices and IT services with business strategy
To effectively manage investment portfolio (process personnel, IT systems, services with an effective internal governance model
Enhance organizational capability for flexible responses to EU legislation and logistics trends, to preserve customer’s global leadership
Solution
Develop a component map that provides a comprehensive view that reflects strategic goals and organizational objectives on one page
Develop a Business Operating Model that defines linkages between strategic goals, field operations, performance metrics, functional organizations, support services, etc.
Exercise CBM Analytical views to provide focus, insight on capabilities, needs, and project portfolio decision-making
Swedish Customs (Tullverket)
Challenge
Managing the Trade (MT) was preparing to implement a new European Union (EU) e-customs program. Done properly, MT could transform its operations into de facto standards designed to enhance Swedish economic competitiveness. First, however, MT needed to implement a new organizational structure and strategy, and prioritize investments in business processes and IT architecture. In so doing, MT was seeking to gain competitive advantage and differentiate itself from other EU customs authorities.
Solution
Managing the Trade worked with IBM Global Business Services to define a new business operating model, and to initiate a service-oriented architecture (SOA) IT framework. By leveraging the IBM Component Business Model and IBM Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture (SOMA) methodologies, MT created a flexible, end-to-end business and IT architecture responsive to current and future requirements of the Swedish government and the EU, as well as to the organization’s own strategic objectives.
Benefits
Developed a framework to evaluate and choose future strategic projects that will align to both national and EU goals
Aligned IT and business strategy by identifying key IT services needed to support business processes
Finland based Airline (Finnair)
Challenge
The customer wished to build, leverage and re-use Architecture, Infrastructure, Processes, and Organization
Enhance their flexibility to become capable of reacting to market changes on demand. Currently, existing IT Systems inhibit change
Integrate across the enterprise – Integrate historically separate systems, people and data across organizational boundaries
Solution
BSS/OSS Analysis using CBM
The IBM team outlined Finnair Superview, defined CBM Application mapping for as-is and to-be, organized governance through Design Authority, built a unified Service Layer platform and managed development projects separately with DA support
Benefits
The Service Layer business case was reached in 3years, IT cost savings realized in certain areas and customer is willing to invest more to SOA based approach
Example: Credit Suisse
The business architecture is based on the CBM (Component Business Map) approach. The component map is organised into competency areas that contain a number of business components. For example, the competency area &quot;Trading&quot; is made up by the components Market Making, Quoting, Asset Class Trading, Hedging, Structured Products and Securitization/Issuance. A component is defined as &quot;a group of cohesive business activities supported by appropriate information systems, processes, organization structure and performance measures. Each component serves a unique purpose, and collaborates with other components within the business model, using agreed cost and service levels. Each component seeks to become best in class – which may require developing shared services, outsourcing, cosourcing and/or migration to lower cost geographies (offshoring)&quot;. The component map shows all activities whether they are automated or not and has been used as the main analysis framework during the project.
A Credit Suisse specific component map has been developed in early stages of the project using three industry maps that IBM provided as the basis (Retail and Corporate Banking, Private Banking, Investment Banking) that were then merged into one since all these businesses are supported on the SBIP.
The map was validated with the business. It helped enormously in the communication with the business. To make the map a useful tool for analysis, CS specific data such as applications, projects, costs etc. had to be mapped onto the Business Component Map. This information was captured in a database and can be re-used going forward. As a by-product, a map showing the relationship between applications, products and components has been produced. The map has been received extremely well by the business.
We are beginning to see references to service science or SSME appearing broadly in the literature and in the press now. The CACM issue is especially exciting because it does --- in the context of the ACM even --- bring together folks from a variety of disciplines, and starting to articulate this broad and deep thing.
Could mention a few of the highlights of the issue.
Transition to, so why are we here? We’re here to try to begin capitalize on this momentum more precisely.
Physical Complex Systems
Mental Complex Systems
Social Complex Systems
Wonderful Complex Systems
“The process of scientific discovery is, in effect, a continual flight from wonder.” – Albert Einstein, Autobiographical Notes
“The goal of science is to make the wonderful and complex understandable and simple – but not less wonderful.” – Herb Simon, Sciences of the Artificial
“…from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” – Charles Darwin
Miller, John H. and Scott E. Page (2007) Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NY. “Adaptive social systems are composed of interacting, thoughtful (but perhaps not brilliant) agents. It would be difficult to date the exact moment that such systems first arose on our planet – but perhaps it was when early signal celled organisms began to compete with one another for resources or, more likely, much earlier when chemical interactions in the primordial soup began to self-replicate… What it takes to move from an adaptive systems to a complex adaptive system is an open question and one that can engender endless debate. At the most basic level, the field of complex systems challenges the notion that by perfectly understanding the behavior of each component part of a system we will then understand the system as a whole… The hope is that we can build a science of complexity (an obvious misnomer, given the quest for simplicity that drives the scientific enterprise, though alternative names are equally egregious).” (Pg. 3)
Perspective is worth 100 IQ points – Alan Kay
There is nothing so practical as a good theory - ?
(the point is simply that complexity is relative to an entity trying to understand and predict some aspect of something)
Intentional Systems
Appreciative Systems
Interpretive Systems/Hermeneutic System
Symbolic Systems
Physical Systems, Chemical Systems, Biological Systems
Electronic Systems
Neural Network Systems
Networks
Cultural Systems
Learning Systems
Planning Systems
Forecasting Systems
Enterprise Systems
Control Systems
System of Systems
Living Systems
Mental/Psychological System
Computational Systems
Multiagent Systems
Market-Pricing Systems
CORE COURSES
The Information and Services Economy
How economics, engineering, law, and organizational sociology deal with the macro theme of how firms change over time and the mechanisms by which they seek innovation and advantage. Comparing and contrasting how each of these disciplines evaluates the success of adaptations and how what they learn is encoded in new mechanisms or organizational forms. The enabling and co-evolving technologies and system architectures.
(This course will be offered in the Fall Semester 2006 as IS 210, but it will appear in the schedule of classes with the title &quot;Business Architecture and Services Science&quot;)
Information and Business Architecture
Complements the first more theoretical course with a more micro and pragmatic one focused on the services lifecycle, and emphasizing the disciplines of information technology, computer science, operations research, business strategy, accounting and finance, and user-centered design. Modeling of processes and the documents/information components that request and carry them out. How different disciplines answer questions about why and how business services combine, standardize, and evolve. Comparing and contrasting what it means to evaluate and optimize a service from these different perspectives.
SSME Lecture Series
Course Name: 290-16 : Service Science, Management, and Engineering Lecture Series
Course Description: An introduction to services science: A new, interdisciplinary field that combines social science, business, and engineering knowledge needed for organizations (private, public, or nonprofit) to succeed in the shift to the service and information-based economy
THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS CLINIC
Mission is to give students real-world experience in the design, implementation, deployment, and evaluation of information and information systems.
hosted at the School of Information but open to students from engineering, computer science, business and other disciplines as an elective for which they can receive credit toward the SSME Certificate.
The Clinic’s primary client base will be organizations on the UC Berkeley campus, but the Clinic will also work with campus IT organizations and industry partners.
The Clinic will focus on evolving technologies and methods that while not experimental are still not yet widely deployed in industry. This will balance the educational needs of the students with the practical goals of the constituent organizations.
Many projects will involve business process analysis, document modeling, and web services. Organizational capability assessment, technology transfer, and change management will also be important themes in Clinic projects.
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Ravi Nemana
CORE FACULTY
Henry Chesbrough, Haas School of Business
Robert J. Glushko, School of Information
Rhonda Righter, Department of Industrial Engineering & Operations Research
AnnaLee Saxenian, School of Information (Dean)
Paul Wright, Department of Mechanical Engineering
AFFILIATED FACULTY
Quentin Hardy
Pamela Samuelson, School of Law - Boalt Hall
Hal Varian, Business/Economics/Information
Erik Wilde, Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory (TIK), ETH Zürich, Switzerland [visiting Assistant Professor, School of Information, UC Berkeley in Fall 2006]
John Zysman, Political Science
STAFF RESEARCHERS
Ben Hill
Lindsay Tabas
Mano Marks
This program will be offered from the school of Basic Engineering (BSE),
Does not require additional accredidation
SSE major will be offered officially in Fall 2007
During 2006-2007 school year, MTU will be hiring two tenure-track faculty dedicated to the SSE program
Beginning Fall 2007, faculty drawn from the business school, psychology, sociology, and other engineering departments within MTU will also teach SSE courses
Service Sector Core:
Optimization
Risk Analysis & Risk Management
Accounting and Finance
Human Factors
Cognitive Behavior
Man/Machine Systems
Interpersonal/Professional Issues (Ethics, Communication, Leadership, Teaming)
Economic Decision Analysis
Service Processes/Service Systems
Project Management (Cost Estimating, Budgeting, Change Management, Business Planning, Scheduling, Forecasting)
Sales, Marketing, Customer Relations, Supply Chains, and Logistics
Service Sector Electives:
Service Engineering Courses
Business Courses
Optimization Courses
Human Factors Courses
WORKSHOP
Workshop designed to bring together about 21 services researchers and practitioners from industry (from banking services to transportation services to services research), government, and academia to gain insight and incorporate the expertise in the workshop toward sequencing and fleshing out courses that will be a part of the undergraduate SSE curriculum.
They have secured $100K from NSF to identify curricular needs for SSE, and $500K from NSF to implement the curriculum
3-year project begins October 1, 2006
Study conducted that informed the initial iteration of courses for the SSE curriculum.
DELPHI Study (developed by RAND)
Panel of industry, academic, and government people were given a list of categories and characteristics and asked to rank them according to importance within their respective areas as they relate to services and with respect to how crucial they would be for students to have mastered as a result of engaging in the SSE curriculum.
Four rounds of surveys (with modifications to the instrument after each round)
1st round - Panel assigned important/not important responses to the categories
2nd round - Panel rated each category/characteristic on a 1-5 Likert scale
3rd round - Panel rank-ordered modified categories and the individual characteristics within categories
4th round – Panel assigned yes/no responses to remaining categories/characteristics for inclusion in curriculum
Example of category and associated characteristics
Panel identified 6 categories for a service systems curriculum
Analysis Skills
Problem solving
Economic decision analysis
Risk analysis
Cost estimating
Probability and statistics
Interpersonal Issues
Business Management
Service Processes
Operation of Service Systems
Management of Service Systems
From the results of the Delphi Study, the MTU panel identified the following types of courses:
Courses already on the books in the engineering department
(some engineering requirements, others school requirements)
Courses from other schools at MTU
Business, Psychology, Math, etc.
Courses that needed to be created and developed
The courses were sequenced resulting in an initial iteration of a curriculum
Over the remainder of the workshop, the entire group
reviewed the current curriculum
conducted an initial fleshing out of the new courses that needed to be developed
Participants were assigned to groups to develop the objectives, topics, project ideas, potential books to use, etc. for a set of 8 courses (4 “core” SSE courses, and 4 electives).
Groups were reassigned prior to the small-group development of the 4 elective courses
Each group developed and fleshed out 2 courses (1 core, and one elective)
After each round, participants discussed each group’s findings, talked about what may be missing, changed the name of the course, debated about what should and shouldn’t be included, and helped shape the focus of each course
Structure: Director, Associate Directors, Faculty, Graduate Students
Funding
The Center is funded through research grants, Corporate Memberships, executive seminars, and conferences. Funds are used to support the Center&apos;s research projects and graduate students, and to maintain relationships with Member Companies and other organizations.
Corporate Membership
Companies are invited to join SSQI as either full ($30,000 per year) or affiliate ($15,000 per year) members. A naming opportunity for the center is also available.
Full members receive one company-designated Center project per year, input to the selection of general Center projects, access to general Center reports, and free admittance to the annual conference for up to three attendees.
Affiliate members receive access to general Center reports, input to the selection of general Center projects, and free admittance for one attendee to the annual conference.
All members receive the following benefits.
Related activities to date include:
ACM, IEEE, INFORMS SIGs forming
38 Programs, 22 Countries
Over 100 conference and journal papers
&gt;100 Press, &gt;10,000 Web site mentions
Germany - $87M Innovation with Services
European Union - NESSI $100M pending
China – 5 Year Plan “Modern Services”
Japan - $30M Service Productivity
US - NSF SEE $4M plus other
IBM – 550 Service Researchers WW
Website with papers and presentations:
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/asr/summit/index.shtml
We had about 254 attendees from 21 countries.
Roland Rust, service research pioneer, University of Maryland, &quot;The SSME Palisades event was the biggest and most diverse gathering ever in support of service education. Paul Maglio and Wendy Murphy deserve a great deal of credit for making the event the success that it was.&quot;
SSME attempts to integrate a growing body of knowledge about service that derives from three areas – economics and the social sciences, management, and engineering. Economics and social sciences were first to examine, services or unproductive work, over two hundred years ago in the works of Adam Smith, and then in the early 1900’s Colin Clark was the first to compile the statistics that confirmed the remarkable growth rate of the service sector in developing economies. Since the first schools of management and MBA classes about 100 years ago, services have been growing in importance, and now it is becoming more common to find service management, service marketing, service operations, etc. courses in management schools. And very recently, there has been an explosion of writing about web services and service oriented architecture, especially in computer science as well as i-schools.
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Before describing IBM’s perspective on SSME -- I’d like to quickly review and provide a partial overview of the growing body of knowledge about service -- I guess in some ways it is not surprising. As the service sector continues to grow, accounting for more and more of the labor force contributing to GDP measures, both in the US and in the World --- the body of knowledge about service – studied from economic and social science perspectives, management and business practice perspectives, and engineering perspectives as well – is growing rapidly.
While the following list of references is very incomplete, we note that the economists (like Adam Smith) and political economists and philosopher (like Karl Marx) both agreed that services where a parasite on the rest of the economy which was primarily agriculture and early manufacturing in their days. Not until the economist Colin Clark in his book “The Conditions of Economic Progress” was the error of Smith and Marx apparent.
Over the last decade, some excellent texbooks on service have been created….
http://www.servsig.org/syllabi.htm
And the last decade and a half has also seen the creation of new journals and conferences that deal with service, and help build the body off knowledge about service and service innovation.
In fact, with the growth of services, the view of service as the dominant logic, and not products is beginning to be explored.
http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/resultsa.asp?Title=The+Service-Dominant+Logic+of+Marketing%3A+Dialog%2C+Debate%2C+and+Directions
To clarify, what I mean by systematic innovation and learning to invest to make progress – consider an analogy with Moore’s law.
Moore’s law is not a law of nature – it is an investment roadmap that says if you invest to shrink the transistor, you can increase the capabilities year over year of computational systems.
Service systems -- or “value creating systems” as they are called by Richard Normann in his book Reframing Business – are value coproduction configurations of people, technology, value propositions connecting internal and external service systems, and shared information (language, laws, measures, contracts, etc.)
Norman talks about unbundling and rebundling capabilities to create higher density coproduction configurations. For example, he describes IKEA the self-service furniture company.
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Investing to shrink transistors has helped IBM, Intel, and the whole industry develop more powerful hardware and computational systems.
Now, IBM needs to find the equivalent of Moore’s Law to guide investment in improving service systems (a business or a component of a business).
Perhaps, Richard Normann points the way when he talks about higher density coproduction configurations in “value creating systems” aka “service sytems.”
However, we know how to measure transistor density, how do we measure and begin investing in creating coproduction configuration density?
-----------------------
Moore’s Law
http://news.com.com/i/ne/p/photo/microprocessor_400x534.jpg
Physical system that performs computations
Service system ecologoy
Normann’s Law?
http://www.gbn.com/PersonBioDisplayServlet.srv?pi=24465
http://www.gbn.com/BookClubSelectionDisplayServlet.srv?si=207
Whether the service system is a person, business, or nation – or some other type of service system – it is clear that a service system is a complex system.
A key question to answer, is how did service systems originate?
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Some nice picture of complex systems that are service oriented
Systems nations, businesses, cities, families, people
(with people, technology, internal & external, and shared information)
Tools require understanding nature, organizations require understanding human nature – freedom, growth (boredom, anxiety – ZPD)
Book Text: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471419192/qid=1077018032/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/103-3454405-6368663?v=glance&s=books
Author Picture: http://www.rlg.org/annmtg/bloom.jpg
Picture of Book: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0471419192/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-3454405-6368663#reader-link
Recently, I was talking with Don Norman about service systems, and I used the following diagram to show the emergence of one type of complex system on top of another type of complex system.
His book “Things that make us smart” talks about the coevolution of technology, organizations, and people’s mental models of the world.
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So from a big picture perspective we see five phenomena or types of systems….
Service systems are emergent phenomena on top of human systems.
The focus of a service system is value coproduction.
Some people prefer the name “value coproduction science” to “service science,” but service is defined by many as value coproduction.
One might call Human System – Cognitive and Cultural System
One might call Service System – Cultural and Value Coproduction System
Drawing boundaries is hard with emergent phenomena/// when you look too closely at the boundary it disappears…
Service systems emerge out of culture – but what does culture have to do with IBM’s mission?
Looking for big patterns in human history – we can see four – hunter gathering, agriculture, manufacturing, and services – especially what Porat called information services – intangible products.
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Two big changes to note –
10,000-20,000 years ago ==== technology (agriculture, professions/guilds) and organizations (cities) – city and national investment
200 years ago (in US) ====== technology (communication & transportation, professions/schools) and organization (businesses) – business and national investment
The emergent phenomena of advanced service systems first occurred 10,000-20,000 years ago and coevolved with the emergence of agriculture and cities.
More recently, in the last two hundred years in the US, advanced service systems have coevolved with the emergence of ICT and business organizations.
Question: How did the service economy arise, what came before the modern service economy?
Without going into detail, many economists and social scientists have worked to understand the rise of services, as part of the rise of modern organizations and technology…
Eric Beinhocker in Origins of wealth traces estimates of the Global GDP per capita for 2 million years, nearly all the action happens from 1800 on, with the rise of the use of modern technology and more complex organizational forms. A facinating part of the book deals with the explosion of SKU or product and service numbers.
People – hunters to farmers to factory workers to (knowledge workers and entrepreneurs – what Florida calls the creative class, what pine & gilmore call labor in the experience and transformation economies)…
----------------------------------------------------
Sources: Porat, M. (1977) The Information Economy: Definitions and Measurements, Special Publication 77 12(1), Office of Telecommunications, US Department of Commerce.
Book picture: http://images.amazon.com/images/P/0631211020.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
Author picture: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.cso.edu/ancien_site/march_portrait.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cso.edu/ancien_site/march_bio.htm&h=270&w=250&sz=8&tbnid=eAHBA8fmVlUJ:&tbnh=108&tbnw=100&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522James%2BG.%2BMarch%2522%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26safe%3Doff
Book text: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0631211020/qid=1077242349/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/103-3454405-6368663?v=glance&s=books
Time Line: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/timeline/f_timeline.html
Farm Labor: http://www.usda.gov/history2/text3.htm
Brief History of Work: http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/socsja/SC2202/Labor/Occupationsa.html
1800 and the Jeffersonian ideal – citizens as independent and self sufficient
1800 – mobile people called settler (move and stay), conquerors (come in to rule), or sailors (come from afar to trade), changed by 1900 to include travelers -- local travel to family, on business, leisure, schools, medical, government or military service.
The first big service systems beyond family and tribes, were towns and cities which arose about 10,000 to 5,000 years ago due in large part to the technology of agriculture, that allowed people to live in one place, accumulate more possessions, live in higher density, hence more division of labor, and lower transportation and communication costs. Recall a service system is a value coproduction configuration of people (division of labor, multitasking), technology, value propositions connecting services systems, and shared information (language, laws, measures, contracts, etc.).
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Service systems of the complexity of cities, businesses, and nations are relatively new – a blink of an eye in evolutionary time.
Question: How did our modern service economy arise, what were the fundamental prerequisites?
One key to productivity in service systems is trust. Trust may seem like a soft concept, however one only needs look at eBay to see the role that technology is planning in helping to quantify trust in eBay’s recommendation. One of the biggest questions on the minds of business leaders today is how to invest to grow their businesses… the options are to invest in technology, invest in their people, invest in their organizational processes, invest in their partnership networks and value webs – clearly investment has to be made in all of these area, but how should those investments be made…. Understanding the growth of services systems is key…
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http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/7706.html
Paul Seabright (2004) The company of strangers: A natural history of economic life. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey.
In The Company of Strangers, Paul Seabright provides an original evolutionary and sociological account of the emergence of those economic institutions that manage not only markets but also the world&apos;s myriad other affairs.
,
Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, history, psychology, and literature, Seabright explores how our evolved ability of abstract reasoning has allowed institutions like money, markets, and cities to provide the foundation of social trust. But how long can the networks of modern life survive when we are exposed as never before to risks originating in distant parts of the globe? This lively narrative shows us the remarkable strangeness, and fragility, of our everyday lives.
The next big impulse in service system growth happened about 200 years ago. The disruptive technologies were railroads and telegraphs that lowered transportation and communication costs, and helped shape and give rise to modern businesses. Business are service systems – value coproduction configurations of people, technology, value proposition connecting internal and external service systems, and shared information (language, laws, measures, and contracts)…
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Two big changes to note, but this time from a population perspective…
10,000-20,000 years ago ==== technology (agriculture, professions/guilds) and organizations (cities) – city and national investment
200 years ago (in US) ====== technology (communication & transportation, professions/schools) and organization (businesses) – business and national investment
Chart: 6 Billion Human Beings: An exhibit from the Musée de l&apos;Homme Muséum National d&apos;Histoire Naturelle, Paris –France http://www.popexpo.net/english.html
Book Picture: http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0674940520/ref=sib_dp_pt/103-3454405-6368663#reader-link
Book Text: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0674940520/qid=1077018927/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_1/103-3454405-6368663?v=glance&s=books
Author Picture:
Service is value coproduction, or finding win-win interactions between a provide and a customer.
If service is value coproduction, what is a service system? The simplest service system is a person (consumes and produces services), a business enterprise is also a service system (consumes and produces services), and a nation can be viewed as a service system (produces and consumes services).
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Depending on time scale and outcome, both war and investment can be a lose-lose encounter.
The services square is also important in that it helps us understand the services triangle, and the definition of services proposed by Gadrey (2002). A service provider (A) creates a service relationships with a service client (B) in order to operate on or transform some portion of reality (people, business, products, information). The services triangle highlights four key areas for innovation in services – the service relationship, the service interventions, the ownership relationship, and the responsibility relationship. It is also worth mentioning that the value coproduced in the service relationship often has elements of capital (money) but also reputation (brand) two very different kinds of information.
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7. Gadrey, Jean (2002) The misuse of productivity concepts in services: lessons from a comparison between France and the United States. In Productivity, Innovation and Knowledge in Services : New Economic and Socio-Economic Approaches. Editors, Jean GadreyGadrey, Jean, Gallouj, Faiz. Edward Elgar Publisher.
Key are economic entities: people and organizations (have rights and can form “ownership relationships”, form “service relationships”, perform “service interventions”)
Key interactions: create or transform ownership relationships, service relationships, and service interventions.
Key objects of service: dimensions of people, dimensions of organization, products (technological or environmental), and information (coded goods, including capital and reputation)
The service triangle does not include the notion of competitors or substituters – need to extend to include this and other Bamberger notions.
Of course, we have heard a lot of objections to the notion of SSME. The first objection is that the topic area is too broad. However, physics, chemistry, biology, and anthropology are arguably broader. Furthermore, there are four main types of services as shown in the above 2 x 2.
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Upstream (help create) and downstream (help operate on and change) services jobs around four targets… While there are many taxonomies of services jobs, we introduce the notion of the services square – a simple 2x2 table that highlights services for people, business, products, and information. While services targeted at people and products are important, increasingly the fastest growth seems to be in services targeted at businesses and information.
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Most people think of the services around people – healthcare, education, retail, entertainment – however many of the highest value jobs deal with business services, product or industrial services, and information services.
There are also services around relationship, ownership, and intervention transaction costs.
2x2 –
people and business have rights and are governed by human laws
Products and information are owned and are governed by physical and mathematical laws, as well as ownership by human laws
People and products are spatially defined and embodied in atoms
Businesses and information are less easily spatially defined, and more distributed
Interestingly, academics has siloed into the same four areas – social science, schools of science & engineering, schools of management, and the newest – information schools.
A person is the atomic service system – that can consume and produce services.
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People have year over year improvement via learning. Also, for better or worse, people seem to have increasing division of labor and multitasking.
A key attribute of people is that they have a model of the world – a “world model” that is updated as they learn new skills and facts, and gain experience.
Modern Mobile Worker in car with cell phone and PDA
http://www.omniwav.com/images/person_car_pda.gif
First Mobile Phone
http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/oldphotos_1.html
Multitasking
http://www.crito.uci.edu/consortium/iab/2006-06/markSummary.pdf
Next, after a person, a family is a fundamental service system unity, with internal division of labor, technology, value propositions, and shared information
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I like the quote from the IBM GIO 1.0 – the quote is quite informative --- as one thinks about the modern evolution of service systems, and how much knowledge work we do at home these days.
Modern Family
http://www.sharpshomeoffice.co.uk/home/assets/homePic.jpg
50’s Family
http://www.civilization.ca/hist/rocket/rokt541e.html
Cities (and towns) coevolved with the rise of agriculture, and were the first big advance over nomadic tribes of humans as service systems.
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City – Peoria Police Department
http://www.peoriapd.com/people.jpg
Old City – NY Horsecart
http://www.peterpappas.com/docs/lesson12/images/nychorsecartfull.jpg
Nations arose from aggregation of city states. The Roman Empire helped reduce transportation and communication costs.
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Increasingly, IBM is being asked to help shape national innovation policies. Nations like IBM enjoy a scale advantage, so want to understand how to scale service systems and learning curves associated with service systems.
Shared Information – Measures – Prices – Communication, Transportation, and Energy Costs
World War I
http://www.wall-maps.com/Classroom/HISTORY/World/TheNationsAtWar1915.gif
Lists: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778562.html
The Top Ten: Most Livable States - November 6 - 13 Most Livable States, 2006 Rank State 1. New Hampshire 2. Minnesota 3. Iowa 4. ...
The Top Ten: Least Livable States - November 6 - 13 Least Livable States, 2006 Rank State 1. Louisiana 2. Mississippi 3. Arkansas 4. ...
The Top Ten: Most Corrupt Countries - November 6 - 13 Most Corrupt Countries, 2006 Rank Country 1. Haiti 2. Myanmar Iraq Guinea 5. Sudan ...
The Top Ten: Least Corrupt Countries - November 6 - 13 Least Corrupt Countries, 2006 Rank Country 1. Finland Iceland New Zealand 4. ...
The Human Development Index (HDI), published annually by the UN, ranks nations according to their citizens&apos; quality of life rather than strictly by a nation&apos;s traditional economic figures.
Most livable 2005: Norway, Iceland, Australia, Luxembourg, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland, Belgium, United States, Japan, Netherlands, Finland, Denmark, United Kingdoms, France, Austria, Italy, New Zealand, Germany
GDP: United States, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, China, Spain, Canada, India, South Korea, Mexico, Australia, Brazil, Russia, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden, Turkey
Universities are an especially important service system because they support division of labor, accumulation of shared information, and are a hot bed of entrepreneurial activity.
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The universities have also rapidly increased in intelligence in the last two hundred years, but primarily through division of labor – greater depth in individual silo-ed disciplines. Each discipline focuses on an abstracted portion of a service system. Service science works to integrate across disciplines.
Modern lecture hall
http://www.healthsciences.okstate.edu/images/album2/images/inside_lecturehall.jpg
Old Lecture
http://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/medtexttitlea.jpg
In the 1800’s, the cost reduction in transportation (railroads) and communication (telegraph) helped to give rise to modern business service systems.
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Businesses (and their components which are also service systems) are the type of service system of most interest to IBM.
The CBM (Component Business Model) tool and method has been used to model several dozen industries and the key performance indicators (KPI) measures that are used to track their improvement and learning rates.
Owens Cornings WW Corporate Headquarters
http://www.dachlux.com.pl/producenci/owens/pink.jpg
Old Business – glass factory - postcard
http://www.jenningsco.org/zGlass%20Factory--%20postcard.jpg
COMPANY REVENUES$ millions 1996FOREIGNASSETS1995$ billionsTOTAL ASSETS1995 General Motors Corporation168,36954.1228.0Ford Motor Company146,99169.2238.5Mitsui & Co., Ltd.144,94316.668.5Mitsubishi Corporation140,204-79.3Itochu Corporation135,54215.172.0Royal Dutch/Shell Group128,17479.7117.6Marubeni Corporation124,02713.024.4Exxon Corporation119,43466.791.3Sumitomo Corporation119,28112.050.7Toyota Motor Corporation108,70236.0118.2
The hospital is a service system that has rapidly increased in intelligence in the last two hundred years.
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Telesurgery
http://or2020.org/OR2020_REPORT/Photographs/Figure%204%20%20telesurgery%20DSC_1740%20cropped%20report.jpg
20th Century
http://www.mantenostatehospital.com/sitegraphics/abackdrop4.jpg
Middle Ages
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/3/3b/180px-Physician_in_hospital_sickroom_printed_1682.jpg
IBM is very interested in call centers – they are great examples of knowledge management in services systems, and must rapidly adapt and learn, as the environment of calls evolves.
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India Call Center
http://www.rotten.com/library/culture/indian-call-centers/cs_indians.jpg
Overseas Switchboard
http://www.privateline.com/TelephoneHistory3/overseasswitchboard.jpg
IBM is very interested in data centers as service systems as well. Data centers provide a platform for new information services, Google, Yahoo, e-Bay, Amazon, Second Life, etc.
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Data Center
http://www.sanitytech.net/images/datacenter.jpg
Library of Alexandria
http://www.bankstreetbooks.com/images/bankstreet/0395758327c.jpg
A key part of service systems is the shared information, language, laws, measures, contracts, etc.
Shared information exist both in the mental realm (in people’s memory) and in the physical realm (in books, computers, etc.)
Every year, as both population and new knowledge grows, any one person will have a much smaller percentage of the whole of knowledge, however the percentage of the information that is accessible on line is increasing. People are putting more of the information in their memories on line (scientific knowledge, pictures, movies, blog’s, etc.).
The origins of service systems lie in the division of labor. Comparative advantage (Ricardo’s Law of Association) is fundamental. The surprise is that even when a multitasking service system is totally superior to another service system, there is a high probability that exchange and division of labor can improve each individual as well as aggregate productivity.
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Wikipedia comparative advantage…
Also amazing – a law can be a more important service system innovation than a remarkable technology.
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George ? At NSF suggests that randomness is a key to the ideal solution (assuming people had the discipline to flip a coin). He also believes complex systems (service systems) are inherently unpredictable, perhaps because they “learn” to use randomness as a tool to improve system productivity/capacity. He provided references that I need to track down and read. However, aside from people not having the discipline/incentive to use randomness, I find this a very interesting area to research.
All change (value coproduction) creates winners and losers. Kaldor-Hicks extends the possibility of win-win configurations, over Pareto.
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Kaldor-Hicks efficiency
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Pareto improvements are a small subset of Kaldor-Hicks improvements.
Kaldor-Hicks efficiency (named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks) is a type of economic efficiency that captures some of the intuitive appeal of Pareto efficiency, while having less stringent criteria and therefore being applicable in more circumstances.
Under Pareto efficiency, an outcome is more efficient if at least one person is made better off and nobody is made worse off. This seems a reasonable way to determine whether an outcome is efficient or not. However, some believe that in practice it is almost impossible to make any large change such as an economic policy change without making at least one person worse off. However, most exchanges by definition are Pareto efficient since they would not voluntarily be entered unless they were mutually beneficial.
Using Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, an outcome is more efficient if those that are made better off could in theory compensate those that are made worse off and lead to a Pareto optimal outcome. Thus, a more efficient outcome can in fact leave some people worse off.
The key difference is the question of compensation. Kaldor-Hicks does not require compensation actually be paid, merely that the possibility for compensation exists, and thus does not necessarily make each party better off (or neutral). Pareto efficiency does require making each party better off (or at least no worse off).
Since any Kaldor-Hicks efficient allocation maximizes social welfare, it must necessarily be the case that any Kaldor-Hicks efficient allocation is also Pareto efficient. This is because, at any given point along the PPF, no one person can be made better off without making at least one person worse off. However, while every Pareto improvement is a Kaldor-Hicks improvement, most Kaldor-Hicks improvements are not Pareto improvements.
The Kaldor and Hicks methods are typically used as tests of Pareto efficiency rather than efficiency goals themselves. They are used to determine whether an activity is moving the economy towards Pareto efficiency. Any change usually makes some people better off while making others worse off, so these tests ask what would happen if the winners were to compensate the losers.
Using the Kaldor criterion an activity will contribute to Pareto optimality if the maximum amount the gainers are prepared to pay is greater than the minimum amount that the losers are prepared to accept.
Under the Hicks criterion, an activity will contribute to Pareto optimality if the maximum amount the losers are prepared to offer to the gainers in order to prevent the change is less than the minimum amount the gainers are prepared to accept as a bribe to forgo the change. The Hicks compensation test is from the losers point of view, while the Kaldor compensation test is from the gainers point of view. After several technical problems with each separate criterion were discovered, they were combined into the Scitovsky criterion, more commonly known as the Kaldor-Hicks criterion, which does not share the same flaws.
The Kaldor-Hicks criterion is widely applied in welfare economics and managerial economics. For example, it forms an underlying rationale for cost-benefit analysis. In cost benefit analysis, a project (for example a new airport) is evaluated by comparing the total costs, such as building costs and environmental costs, with the total benefits, such as airline profits and convenience for travellers. (However, as cost-benefit analysis may also assign different social welfare weights to different individuals, e.g. more to the poor, the compensation criterion is not always invoked by cost-benefit analysis)
The project would typically be given the go-ahead if the benefits exceed the costs. This is effectively an application of the Kaldor-Hicks criterion, because it is equivalent to requiring that the benefits should be enough that those that benefit could in theory compensate those that have lost out. The criterion is used because it is argued that it is justifiable for society as a whole to make some worse off if this means a greater gain for others.
[edit] Criticisms
The most common criticism against the Kaldor-Hicks criterion is that it only takes into account the absolute level of income, but disregards its distribution.
A related problem is that any social welfare functions based on Kaldor-Hicks criteria are cardinal in nature, and therefore suffer from the aggregation problems associated with discrepancies between the marginal value of money of rich and poor people.
At a more technical level, various versions of the Kaldor-Hicks criteria lack desirable formal properties. For instance, Tibor Scitovsky demonstrated that the Kaldor criterion alone is not symmetric: it&apos;s possible to have a situation where an outcome A is an improvement (according to the Kaldor criterion) over outcome B, but B is also an improvement over A. The combined Kaldor-Hicks criterion does not have this problem, but it can be non-transitive (A may be an improvement over B, and B over C, but A may not be an improvement over C).[1]
Another problem with Kaldor-Hicks efficiency is that it only considers private property and private income but does not take into account change in value of the Commons, Natural Environment, and other Externalities.
Common Language: Service & Service System, growing as Service Science and SSME
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Service Systems and their Services: Understand the origins of new service systems and new services. Understand what is and is not a service system, and what services are produced and consumed by instances and classes of services systems, both externally and internally. The role of people, technology, shared information, as well as the role of customer input in production processes and the application of competences to benefit others must be defined as well.
Service System Improvements: Understand the ways a service system improves or can be improved over time through investments, including improving efficiency (improved plans, methods, and techniques for a service system), effectiveness (improved measures, goals, purpose, and key performance indicators for a service system), and sustainability (improved value proposition results, robustness and versatility with more old and new service systems).
Service System Scaling: Understand the ways improvements (new competencies) in one service system can be spread (scale out and scale up) to other service systems, both within and between types of service systems. Practically, understand the way to grow profits at an increasing rate as revenues grow, thereby creating an incentive to invest in service system scaling.
Herb Simon gets my vote as the first service scientist. Fredric Bastiat gets my vote as the Aristotle of service science. The Newton and Einstein have yet to appear. We are just emerging from the categorize and correlate stage – and entering the causal explanation stage of service science.
In this talk, I will describe what SSME – Service Science, Management, and Engineering – is, and why a growing number of people around the world believe it may someday underlie a next frontier in education, employment, innovation, and economic growth.
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Since late 2002, I’ve been a student of service. There are many experts who have been studying service for decades, some in this audience today. I must confess when I started trying to understand service innovations that mattered to IBM and IBM’s clients, I didn’t realize that the shift to services wasn’t just an IBM business strategy, but was in fact a mega-trend impacting all the economies of nations around the world.
Probing deeper, it soon became clear that the study of service phenomena (or service systems) is in fact a next frontier in education, employment, innovation, and economic growth. IBM has begun working with universities around the world to promote a multidisciplinary study of service systems and service innovation, that we call service science, management, and engineering (or SSME). We are indebted to the foundational work of service research pioneers who have been developing services-related curriculum for decades. We hope to draw attention to and promote more of this foundational work through collaborations with academics, government, industry, and foundations/non-profit sector.
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Please contact Wendy Murphy (wendym@us.ibm.com) if you have any questions.
Wendy Murphy is the Almaden Services Research, Service Science, Management, and Engineering, Project Coordinator.
Observation: Information and business services is where the GDP growth is coming from.
Implication: Increasingly scientists and engineers are need to innovate new information and complex organization (business & society) services – service innovation that matters to business and society…
For example, bureau of labor statistics data show the big change in wage-and-salary employment will be in professional and business services as well as healthcare and social assistance (business and societal innovation)
About 20% of the US GDP comes from physical products (agriculture, manufacturing, construction) and about 80% comes from the service sector (government, healthcare, education, retail, financial, professional and business, media and communication, entertainment and hospitality, transportation & warehousing, utilities). As this chart based on one from Apte and Karmarkar shows, most of the growth is in information and complex organizational services. This growth should be good for IBM, because it means IT and business services are where the growth is at the national level. But why is this so?
More recently, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2005) has projected that professional and business services will be the fastest growing area for jobs in the US until about 2014.
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US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2005) URL: http://www.bls.gov/opub/ooq/2005/winter/art03.pdf
From &quot;The Impact of Academic Research on Industrial Performance“ (ttp://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10805.html)
Source: web search of history of engineering, and then professional organization web sites
Objection 1: Only natural phenomena breed sciences.
This objection suggests a criterion for determining which kind of phenomena breed sciences and which do not. The argument suggested that because computers are artificial, they are whatever they are made to be. Because of this, computers do not obey invariable laws and therefore cannot be described and explained. One response to this objection is that the objection itself is false since computers and computer programs are being described and explained . Another response to this objection is that using this criterion, large portions of other sciences would be ruled out. Portions of organic chemistry (silicones), physics (superconductivity), zoology (hybrid corn), and mathematics would be ruled out because they are not natural phenomena but phenomena that have been engineered to be.
Objection 2: The term “computer” is not well defined.
Objection 2 suggests that because the term computer is not well defined, it’s meaning will change with new developments. As such, Computer Science does not have a well-defined subject matter. The response to this is that the phenomena of all sciences change over time and that the process of understanding a phenomena or science almost guarantees that this will be the case. The meanings and scopes of many other sciences have changed as a result of identifying and understanding new phenomena. Examples include physics’s inclusion of radioactivity and psychology’s inclusion of the study of animal behavior.
Objection 3: Computer Science is the study of algorithms (or programs), not computers.
This objection suggests that Computer Science does not actually study computers. However, the definition of computer encompasses the hardware, their programs or algorithms, and all that goes with them. As such, Computer Science is the study of the phenomena surrounding computers and is inclusive of algorithms and computers.
Objection 4: Computers are instruments, not phenomena.
Objection 4 suggests that computers are instruments, and as such, the behaviors of computers will become special topics in other sciences. Responding to this objection involves noting that the computer is such a novel and complex instrument that its behavior is not subsumed under any other science. Instead, the study of computers leads to further study of computers making the computer not just an instrument but a phenomenon unto itself, requiring description and explanation.
Objection 5: Computer Science is a branch of another science.
In particular, this objection suggests that Computer Science is actually a branch of electronics or mathematics or a number of other sciences. However, while one may need to study some or all of these other sciences in order to study computers, phenomena do not tend to bound a science. Many of the phenomena of computers are also phenomena of some other science (i.e., biochemistry to biology and chemistry); however the phenomena of computers are not wholly subsumed under any one existing science.
Objection 6: Computers belong to engineering, not science.
The response to this objection posits that computers belong to both engineering AND science, and that time will reveal what professional specialization is desirable between analysis and synthesis across science and engineering as it relates to computers as well as between the pure study of computers and their application.
Normative – service systems judge each other and have expectations about expected and desired behaviors… (sometimes formalized as laws)
Simple service system ecology simulator
Measures same,, down, up, indeterminate
Population of measurement makers and users (for each stakeholder, do their perspective agree on the measure?)
Examples prices, salaries, success rates, etc.
Service systems are complex adaptive systems – performing double-loop learning (Argyris). However, they may also be viewed as producing quadruple loop learning.
Modern services systems give rise to “top ten lists”…
Service has a motive and a method.
The motive is to create more value.
The method is not to do it alone (which would be self service), but to involve another – coproduction of value.
However all the definitions share a common underlying concept… pay for performance in which client and provider coproduce value.
The performance can range from high talent performance to high tech performance, but the notion of coproduction of value is always present.
For example, a student does not get the benefit of the service, unless they do the studying that the teacher assigns
And, a patient does not get the benefit of the service, unless they do the exercise, diet, medications that the doctor assigns
And, a business does not get the benefit of the service, unless they do the reorganizations, training, adoption of new processes that the business consultant recommends.
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The entities that coproduce value can be people, businesses, or nations – we refer to the entities that produce and consume service as service systems.
Service systems are a type of complex system that can evolve and learn.
A service system is a value coproduction configuration of people, technology, internal and external service systems connected by value propositions, and shared information (language, laws, measures, etc.)
Relates to Amos Hawley’s “Human Ecology” (Population, Organizations, Technology, Environment)
Atomic Service Systems (people) augment themselves with new Service Systems (value coproduction configurations of ...) that eventually transform the environment (via collective action orchestrated by institutions, such as government), and because the environment is now even more conducive to the growth of more Atomic Service Systems, population grows and the cycle repeats
Blue Ocean Strategies (book) describes how scale influences the emergence of new service systems.
How to Grow When Markets Don’t (book) describes how adjacency in value chains influences the emergence of new service systems
The challenge is a common language.
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On coproduction of value and value propositions….
Is “your money or your life” an instance of value coproduction – yes, sadly it is – extreme coercion forces a choice about what is most valuable to someone.
If I have 12 people who want Van Gogh paintings, and I have 12 paintings, I may in fact create more value by destroying one of them before I start the bidding – sad, but possibly true.
In service systems it is sometimes difficult to tell the difference between cheating and innovation – since both are non-compliant with traditional rules.
Is this too much to pack into someone’s head? Can students really learn the evolution of the business models of 20 different industries over decades? Strange as it may seem, I run into high school kids that keep an encyclopedia of sports statistics in their head for baseball, football, basketball, and hockey over generations of players – because they trade cards and know the value of key players and teams… what would make learning about business and service system evolution as exciting as sports? Are sports teams examples of service systems?
Strangely, anthropology is divided into four main subdivisions – which map to the same four areas pretty well.
Interestingly, service systems are value coproduction configurations of the same four elements.
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A service system is a value coproduction configuration of people, technology, internal and external service systems connected by value proposition, and shared information (such as language, laws, metrics, etc.)
The fundamental problems associated with understanding service systems – the science, engineering, and management aspects of service systems.
Summary of I and T shaped professionals
On I and T shaped professionals, generalists, specialists, interactional expertise, and contributory expertise -- and the needs of the future workforce
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I-shaped professionals are deep specialists. Specialist is a synonym for I-shaped people. The world needs them and will always need them. I-shaped does not go away. From a discipline perspective, specialists are said to have &quot;contributory expertise&quot; as they can contribute to the development of the field, and solve the hard problems that the discipline has compiled a body of knowledge to solve.
A generalist is said to have &quot;interactional expertise,&quot; so they can talk with someone and understand the terms and concepts, but does not have deep knowledge to solve problems or contribute new knowledge to the field. Generalists are needed to connect specialists (or I-shaped professionals) who might not otherwise talk with each other.
T-shaped professional are deep specialists (&quot;contributory expertise&quot; in their home discipline), but also have &quot;interactional expertise&quot; across a wide range of disciplines and business functions. T-shaped professionals have all the advantages of a I-shaped professional combined with a generalist. T-shaped tend to be rarer than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to be more flexible in working on teams than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to learn new areas faster than I-shaped (though not always, depends on the learning skills of the I-shaped).
The major author on Interactional Expertise and Contributory Expertise is Harry Collins.
http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/C-D/professor-harry-collins-overview.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_expertise
The major author on the study of the right ratio of generalists to specialists in an organization is Kathleen Carley, CMU
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/bios/carley/carley.html
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/events/conferences/2000/pdf/Marcelo-Cataldo.pdf
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On I and T shaped professionals, generalists, specialists, interactional expertise, and contributory expertise -- and the needs of the future workforce
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I-shaped professionals are deep specialists. Specialist is a synonym for I-shaped people. The world needs them and will always need them. I-shaped does not go away. From a discipline perspective, specialists are said to have &quot;contributory expertise&quot; as they can contribute to the development of the field, and solve the hard problems that the discipline has compiled a body of knowledge to solve.
A generalist is said to have &quot;interactional expertise,&quot; so they can talk with someone and understand the terms and concepts, but does not have deep knowledge to solve problems or contribute new knowledge to the field. Generalists are needed to connect specialists (or I-shaped professionals) who might not otherwise talk with each other.
T-shaped professional are deep specialists (&quot;contributory expertise&quot; in their home discipline), but also have &quot;interactional expertise&quot; across a wide range of disciplines and business functions. T-shaped professionals have all the advantages of a I-shaped person combined with a generalist. T-shaped tend to be rarer than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to be more flexible in working on teams than I-shaped. T-shaped tend to learn new areas faster than I-shaped (though not always, depends on the learning skills of the I-shaped).
The major author on Interactional Expertise and Contributory Expertise is Harry Collins.
http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/contactsandpeople/academicstaff/C-D/professor-harry-collins-overview.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactional_expertise
The major author on the study of the right ratio of generalists to specialists in an organization is Kathleen Carley, CMU
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/bios/carley/carley.html
http://www.casos.cs.cmu.edu/events/conferences/2000/pdf/Marcelo-Cataldo.pdf
The practical starting point for all science and engineering disciplines interested in service research is to add course material that helps their students understand the growth of the service economy and the innovation needs related to service systems… eventually specific service science and service systems engineering degrees will be offered.
Perspective: Every discipline can prepare their students better to be innovators in the service economy – make them T-shaped! Both deep and broad.
For example, CMU Kathleen Carley’s computational organization theory experiments around specialists and generalists – shows the more change in the world the more the breadth helps improve adaptiveness and performance.
Service scientists are both deep and broad. They speak the language of many disciplines, and are deep in at least one area.
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Today, Services Research is the fastest growing part of IBM Research – the number of people focused on service innovation has increased by more than a factor of ten over the last three years, and now accounts for more than 1/6 of the over 3000 researchers in IBM Research. When we started the first service research group totally focused on services three and half years ago in IBM Research, it immediately became clear that service research is multidisciplinary in nature. To be successful, we’d need to attract more t-shaped people – who had both depth in some area relevant to service innovation, but breadth as well – so they could speak the languages of business, technology, and social-organizational change.
Source: Peter Bruegel
The Tower of Babel (1563)
So what would a service scientist actually do? Service scientist would own the body of knowledge around service system problem solving, all the weak and strong methods. First, service scientists identify a service system that needs improvement. Next, service scientists identify the stakeholders their concerns and perceived opportunities. Finally, service scientists envision augmentations (additional new service systems) or reconfigurations (of old service systems components) that best address all problems and opportunities. Especially important is the identification of year-over-year improvement trajectories and incentives to change (ROI, leadership, laws). The strongest incentive for a service scientist would be to get a share of the year-over-year value created from their innovation (augmentations and reconfigurations, or invention of new service systems), either in capital or reputation.
Are there “scale laws” of service innovation – year over year compounding effects? Can productivity, quality, compliance, sustainability, and innovation gains be made predictable, when service systems are augmented, reconfigured, or invented? These are the grand challenge questions for service scientists to answer. For example, consider a simple service system such as a computer science degree program. After the dot.com bubble burst and programming jobs were shifting to India, many computer science degree programs fell on hard times. Faculty complained that the quality of students was dropping each year, and their motivation was also dropping. Industry complained that graduates did not have all the skills required as jobs evolved. The three problems can be addressed by three new service systems – three augmentations. One takes 20% of the faculty time and implements service system A, which develops an elearning certification system based on the materials the faculty would have taught – students are not allowed into the course until they master this material, ensuring that student quality improves year over year. Filling 10% of the newly available course time is the purpose of Service System B, which surveys faculty interests, creates new relevant curriculum, and improves year over year faculty motivation. Filling the remaining 10% of available course time is the purpose of Service System C, which survey industry about on-the-job skills, creates new relevant curriculum, and improves year over year industry fit. The original problematic service system has been augmented with three new service systems that allow it to learn, and improve year over year. After a decade the course may look quite different. In this simplified example, the incentive structure for the stakeholders and the owners of the three new service systems has not been addressed. ROI, leadership, and laws all can play a role in the engineering of incentives for service system change.
47 institutions are doing &amp;/or planning ssme stuff and within those 154 courses, programs and degrees have been established with 53 in the pipeline
147 institutions doing or planning (up from 96 at YE 2006)
154 courses, programs, and degrees established in 32 countries (up from 38 in 24 at YE 2006)
53 planning courses, programs, degrees
9 centers or special seminars or groups established
MIT, Lecture Series on Service Innovation
UC Berkeley, MS in Information and Service Design
Missouri State, BS in IT Services
University of Buffalo, MS in Service Systems Engineering
Michigan Tech, BS in Service System Engineering
Virginia Tech, Center for Service Science, Quality, and Innovation
Universidad Catolica Argentina, Exec Program in SSME
Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro, SSME Course
York University, Canada, SSME course in CS dept
University of Alberta, Canada, Service Science Research Group
All national economies are shifting to services
major industrialized nations are &gt;75% services, developing nations are close behind
To better study, manage, and engineer service systems, new skills are needed
combination of business, organization, technology skills – softer skills enhance harder skills
Educational system is slowly shifting toward services
service management, operations, marketing, and engineering courses and programs exist
But this is not happening quickly enough for industrialized nations to stay competitive
China aims to shift 420M workers from farms to services in five years
At national level, government can draw investment toward service innovation by
bootstrapping investment in research and education through targeted govt programs
focusing attention on patents and intellectual property protection for service innovations
We define SSME as “the application of scientific, management, and engineering disciplines to tasks that one organization beneficially performs for and with another (‘services’) .” SSME is the study of the evolution and design of service systems, especially measurement and understanding of service productivity, quality, compliance, sustainability, and innovation. We view Science as a way to create knowledge. Engineering is a way to apply knowledge and create new value. Management improves the process of creating and capturing value.
Over the past few years we conducted a series of field studies of system management. Our method is ethnography. Ethnography is a qualitative research technique, in many ways an art as well as a science, for understanding the practices of a group or culture. It typically involves spending months, actually more like years with people of the indigenous cultures, as it is typically practiced for, living with them, observing them, by becoming one of them.
Ethnographic approaches are essential in understanding organization practices, way of life, activities, roles, etc. from the perspective of the people being studied. Increasingly in recent years ethnographic approaches are being applied to the design of computer systems and software as well.
In July 2002 we did our first field study at an IGS SDC site in Southbury where we observed middleware admins do web infrastructure work, mostly on websphere and other web hosting related systems like IHS. We observed admins performing installation and configuration activities as well as troubleshooting and problem determination. Since then we did five more such studies in various other sites. We looked at database administration in two of our studies, in Poughkeepsie, and at a customer site in North Carolina, which outsourced its systems operations to IBM.
Typically two researchers participate in each visit, which last three to five days. We follow one sysadmin for most of the day as he or she worked in the office, attended meetings, and so on. We let the admins do their work in their own setting, their way. We sit next to them, videotape or audio record them if appropriate, ask them questions as they go along doing their business though we keep our interruptions to a minimum.
In all, approximately 200 hours of videotape were collected, reviewed, and analyzed to varying degrees. As with any ethnographic study, our goal was to collect qualitative data to gain an overall understanding through detailed study of particular instances rather than to seek statistically significant quantitative measures.
We have pieces today, but existing knowledge is not integrated into a unified whole
The different strands of specialized knowledge would contribute more value to the practice if they can be brought together towards and integrated theory of service systems, rather than remaining isolated
Service science provides a useful platform to critically examine the relevance, assumptions, strengths and shortcomings of individual disciplines
The new landscape has many direct and indirect implications for IBM.
Using the framework that we presented for the Globally Integrated Enterprise, we identified one key aspect for each part of the Hexagon that will drive significant change for IBM.
The global marketplace implies that we need to deal with not only new competitors (such as Wipro or Tata), but also that we need to set up new partnerships with companies we may have never heard of before to serve an entirely new set of customers.
Economics is a key paradigm of a globally integrated enterprise and we therefore need to be very conscious and deliberate in our usage of global resources – not the cheapest, not the closest, not the most obvious, but the most set that provides the best economic benefit.
Management of the open network requires us to closely investigate the actual value creation of an activity. We might sign a large deal where the value is created by our partners and subcontractors – in that case the revenue would be flowing directly to them and we could be easily replaced. Therefore it is vital that we always understand where, when and by whom value is actually being created.
The other management areas in this open business environment which require us to find innovative approaches are risk management and Intellectual Property. Open innovation and closed IP are diametrically opposed, but can still sit on the same conceptual sphere. We have already found numerous ways to open up our patent pool, but it requires innovative thinking to make it happen. The same is true for risk management. Most of the time we are reluctant to take on any risk and our processes play at their best when they cross out any risk for IBM – this might be the best course of action for 80% of our deals, but to profit from the opportunities of the New Landscape we may have to focus on the other 20% where risk mitigation, not risk prevention will plant the roots for success.
The New Landscape is all about NEW. New markets, new assets, new infrastructure, new possibilities – old business designs will often not match. Therefore, by applying these new found insights we can create new business designs that will help us close performance and opportunity gaps currently hindering our business.
Collaboration is the name of the game – at times it can be paired with competition (then called co-opetition). When it comes to innovation, we are world leaders in traditional methods – that ofen do not include collaboration. We need to maintain our lead in the traditional model, but also find ways to lead in traditional collaboration, else the “traditional innovation” will soon be worth too little to differentiate ourselves.
SOA
SOA makes it easy to snap together services into a business process just like snapping together building blocks into a structure.
Services are repeatable business tasks
Business processes are a series of services snapped together like building blocks.
SOA is an architectural style that makes this
One aspect of SOA is application componentization – the decomposition of larger, monolithic applications into smaller self-contained components or services (eg., a single business task like “ verify account number”) that are then brought together to represent business processes (eg., opening a new account).
Additional Notes:
First of all, what is a service? &lt;read definition&gt; It’s important to stress that we’re talking about a part of a business process here. Don’t think about software or IT. Think about what your company does on a day to day basis and break those business processes up into repeatable business tasks or components. If you look at the graphic in the middle, this is the analogy of building blocks &lt;do NOT use the word “Legos”&gt; snapping together to build a structure. Services are the building blocks and they are snapped together into a business process.
Second, what is Service Orientation? Building on our definition of a service, Service Orientation is a way of integrating your business as linked services and, more importantly, the outcomes that they bring. We’re still not talking about technology; we’re talking about a thought process and a business philosophy.
What is SOA? It is quite simply the IT architectural style that supports the Service Orientation thought process makes it a reality.
And finally, what is a Composite Application? &lt;read definition&gt; So composite applications are the actual running services that have been assembled and strung together to support the what your business does. SOA helps make building and adjusting composite applications fast and easy.
But you may not know that IBM helped establish computer science departments in the 50’s and 60’s…
And you probably don’t know that IBM is working now to establish something called service science departments at universities…
It is a multidiscipline combining people, technology, and business value. The main thing slowing technology adoption is our ability to create effective organizational change that drives value fast enough for all the stakeholders affected by the change. We must overcome that limitation.
Hank Chesbrough will be teaching the first explicitly named “Service Science” course at Berkeley next spring along with Bob Glusko. On Sept 27th Financial Times published a short piece by Hank on this topic – notice the service science book the student is reading…
= group was formed and Chesbrough connection was made
*** = connecting with the pioneers Roland Rust, Mary Jo Bitner, Jim Fitzsimmons, Scott Sampson, Dick Chase (our 2 year old effort, finally links up with the 20-40 year effort in service management, service marketing, and service operations)
Dec. 2002: Almaden Service Research established, the first IBM Research group completely dedicated to understanding service innovations from a sociotechnical systems perspective, including enterprise transformation and industry evolution(http://www.almaden.ibm.com/asr/)
March 2003: IBM-Berkeley Day: Technology… At Your Service!(http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/IPRO/IBMday03/)
September 2003: Coevolution of Business-Technology Innovation Symposium(http://www.almaden.ibm.com/coevolution/)
April 2004: Almaden Institute: Work in the Era of the Global, Extensible Enterprise(http://www.almaden.ibm.com/institute/2004/)
May 2004: “Architecture of On Demand” Summit: Service science: A new academic discipline?(http://domino.research.ibm.com/comm/www_fs.nsf/pages/index.html)
June 2004: Paul Horn, VP IBM Research, briefs analysts on “Services as a Science”
September 2004: Chesbrough’s “A failing grade for the innovation academy” appears in the Financial Times(http://news.ft.com/cms/s/9b743b2a-0e0b-11d9-97d3-00000e2511c8,dwp_uuid=6f0b3526-07e3-11d9-9673-00000e2511c8.html)
November 2004: IBM’s GIO focuses on service sector innovations: government, healthcare, work-life balance(http://www.ibm.com/gio)
November 2004: Service Innovations for the 21st Century Workshop(http://www.almaden.ibm.com/asr/events/serviceinnovation/)
December 2004: Samuel J. Palmisano, IBM CEO, Harvard Business Review interview discusses the important role of “values” in organizational performance, “Leading Change When Business is Good”(http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b01/en/common/item_detail.jhtml?id=R0412C)
December 2004: IBM expands academic initiatives related to service innovations, including sponsoring Tannenbaum Institute of Enterprise Transformation at Georgia Tech.
February 2005: Chesbrough’s “Service as a Science” in Harvard Business Review Breakthrough ideas of 2005
May, June, July, etc. Oxford, Warwick, Bentley, Penn State, etc.
Service systems are complex adaptive systems – performing double-loop learning (Argyris). However, they may also be viewed as producing quadruple loop learning.
In manufacturing, the customer receives the product. In services, the customer is a partner in value co-creation. . What is the best way for two businesses two come together and co-create value.
First, find out what they mean by science, and then set the boundaries of the discussion as described above….
- most important is the “valid laws” of service systems combine physical, logic-mathematical (which depends on assumptions), and human laws (where compliance is optional based on intentions and rationality)
The fundamental axiom of service science (cannot be proved, but is the foundational premise or assumption) is that the purpose of the service system is win-win value co-creation with other service systems. Service systems are all social systems (systems made up of people interacting) interpreted through the lens of value co-creation. Value co-creation is the purpose of a service system.
Since service science does not exist yet – it would first have to cover why now?
The bottom line is that major service trends are resulting in a need for a new type of professional – who can integrate across many existing disciplines with a service focus.
Most of the service science primer is a drill down on what is already being taught in these discipline areas, plus economics…. but they key first chapter deals with the key new notion that service science introduces, that is the key to understanding the potential integration of all these areas…
But what is service? Scott Sampson in his POMS 2007 paper examines the history of eight service paradigms.
I’m proposing a 9th – where the focus is on entities, interactions, and outcomes – and the world view is of many populations of types of service systems interacting to (normatively) co-create value. If you have heard of the prisoners dilemma in game theory you know that when the two players interact, there are four possible outcomes – win-win (the best), lose-lose (the worst), as well as the two other conditions with one winner and one loser. In service system interactions, the normative behavior that both service systems aim for is value co-creation. That does not mean all service systems interactions co-create value – but if they do, and the interaction is uncoerced and purposeful, then a service interaction is said to have taken place between the service systems. So service is a type of interaction that can happen between two entities, that we’ll call service systems. There are many types of service systems in the world, and service science tries to answer the questions of why do service systems exist and why do some types of service systems persist.
SSME stands for Services Sciences, Management, and Engineering. It is an urgent call to action to become more systematic about service innovation, a proposed academic discipline that some universities have started creating, and a proposed research area that attempts to integrate and bridge theoretical silos.
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First and foremost, at this time, SSME is an urgent “call to action” for governments, industry, and academic to work together to get more systematic about service innovation.
As the economies of the world shift more towards services, service innovation is a natural complement to product and process innovation – which the world is already very good at.
To get more systematic about service innovation, government, industry, and academics need to work together to raise the common knowledge level about services and service innovation, and in the process develop “a science of services.”
SSME is also a proposed academic discipline. SSME will borrow curricula elements (lectures, portions of courses) from many existing disciplines. SSME aims to integrate these curricula elements into a new specialty.
SSME is also a proposed research area. The science of services will very likely be the study of service system design and evolution. Service systems are a kind of sociotechnical system, simply meaning they have a social component (people and organizations, like work groups and businesses and industries and nations with their regulations and laws) as well as a technological component (and we emphasize information technologies, and especially web services and ecommerce websites that often provide self-service via technology). At IBM we are especially interested in the most complex business-to-business services, that require a great deal of information technology and organizational change to accomplish a Business Performance Transformation Services (BPTS). Service systems are designed (think of computer system design), service systems evolve (think of biological systems evolution), and service systems have emergent properties, or things that only make sense at particular scales, like economic systems). Emergent properties are properties/capabilities that can only be realized at particular scales or sizes of the system – for example insurance and market clearing are only robust when systems are above a certain threshold of complexity or size.
We define SSME as “the application of scientific, management, and engineering disciplines to tasks that one organization beneficially performs for and with another (‘services’) .” SSME is the study of the evolution and design of service systems, especially measurement and understanding of service productivity, quality, compliance, sustainability, and innovation. We view Science as a way to create knowledge. Engineering is a way to apply knowledge and create new value. Management improves the process of creating and capturing value.
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We define SSME as “the application of scientific, management, and engineering disciplines to tasks that one organization beneficially performs for and with another (‘services’). In general, service innovations can improve service productivity, service quality, service compliance, service sustainability, service learning rates, as well as innovation rates – with the goal of making improvements more predictable and hence worthy of investment (predictable ROI and scaling of investment results). IBM is especially interested in the most complex types of organization to organization services – especially IT-enabled business and organizational transformation and change. For example, strategic outsourcing (SO) services, business transformation outsourcing (BTO) services, and business performance transformation services (BPTS).
A simple definition of services that does justice to the abundant variety and types of services has proven quite challenging – and consensus in the academic community has not yet been fully achieved. In desperation some have quipped that a service is anything of economic value that cannot be dropped on your foot! However, the key to understanding service value is in understanding the value of actions, performed at the time of the service purchase and delivery or the promise that the actions will be performed at a future time, in such a manner as to satisfy the client or at least according to specific agreed upon terms and conditions. The most common results of services are that the client or some designated target of the service is transformed or protected by the service – the target of the service has “state variables” then some change or protection from change of those state variables can be a concise description of the purpose of many services. The clients motivations for entering into a service agreement are as diverse as the types of services, but include reasons such as the client does not have the skills, time, desire, or authority to perform the service for themselves (self-service). Thus services often create mutual interdependencies in sociotechnical systems – as clients and providers depend on each other economically and politically. For anyone who has ever written a complex program or done software engineering, they can appreciate the complexity of coordinating many different modules to achieve a desired computational end – each module performs some actions in service of other modules and an overall hierarchy of intertwined goals. Service economies are no less complicated, in fact they are in many ways more complicated because the motivation of the clients/providers (modules) as well as their effort/quality levels is not typically as much of an issue. Complex sociotechnical systems also have a political context, with different laws and requlations as well as dynamic forces at work constantly perturbing and changing the systems as the “service design attempts to execute on the sociotechnical system.”
As important as understanding the value of actions and promises in services, it is also important to understand that service by their very nature require coproduction of value – both the provider and client must perform actions in order to create the value. So just as the client may wonder about the motivations and capabilities of the provider, the provider must accommodate a great variety of motivations and capabilities on the client side – especially in complex business to business services these issues are important to understand. Service level agreements and contracts are an effort to specify as clearly as possible the mutual responsibilities and expectations that are being agreed to. However, mutual responsibility is easy to see even in simpler services like education (students must read and study as directed by the teacher) or healthcare (patient must exercise and eat right). Even in the most trivial of services like a haircut, there is mutual responsibility as can be observed when the service is being provided to a child (who won’t sit still) or an overly indecisive person (who doesn’t know the style they want until it is too late – the hair is gone!).
The large variety of services results from innovation in work sharing, risk sharing, information sharing, asset sharing, and decision sharing arrangements (to name just a few). For example, IKEA created a successful furniture business, by shifting the work sharing arrangement from the industry norm – instead of selling assembled furniture, they focused on low cost, high quality, by shifting the assembly task to the customers. Many important services are essentially hedging strategies or promises for future actions (insurances) in case of unexpected or low probability events. Again, the study of service systems is in many ways like computer systems (designed) but in other ways like biological systems (constantly evolving new species of services with alternative work sharing and risk sharing arrangements).
Across all the many types of services, from simple to most complex business to business, there is always value in the action of others as well as coproduction of value, by actions or the promise of actions from both parties. Service sector – government and security, health and education, financial and business, communication and transportation, retail and wholesale, entertainment and hospitality, utilities and environmental -- all the skilled based performances, needed infrastructures, and “promises and social contacts” that make modern life possible. Is this too broad? We think that understanding the design and evolution of service systems can be reduced to understanding the shifting value of knowledge between technology, people, and organizations as clients and providers seek new and better ways to coproduce value. Business Performance Transformation Services are one of the most complex and important types of services to be understood and innovated.
To oversimplify greatly, we see science as a way to create knowledge. Engineering as a way to apply knowledge and create new value. Business model is a way to apply knowledge and CAPTURE value. And management improves the process of creating and capturing value. So SSME – Services Sciences, Management, and Engineering – seeks a science of services that creates new knowledge, and then applies it to create new value and capture portions for the investors and providers of those service innovations (new services or improved old services). Often a service innovation when applied to one’s own business looks like a process improvement, but when applied to a client’s business looks like a service offering.
SSME is important because increasingly GPD growth of nations depends on service innovation, revenue and profit growth of businesses depends on service innovation, and academics ability to impact business and society depends on service innovation.
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Creating a science of services is not a trivial undertaking – given that creating SSME is going to be so difficult, is it really worth the effort?
We think so.
Governments need to make service innovation a priority because their GDP growth depends on it.
Businesses need to make service innovation a priority because their revenue and profits depend on it.
And academics need to make service innovation a priority because of (1) their responsibility to prepare their students for the high value jobs of the future, (2) since education is one of the most important services in a modern economy, their productivity and quality depend on service innovation, and (3) there are outstanding research opportunities that matter to both business and society, and are as exciting as understanding computer systems, biological systems, and economic systems. A new frontier in innovation, education, and economic growth awaits.
If we didn’t think SSME was a new frontier in innovation, education, and economic growth – then we would not be advocating it. We’d be advocating that improving the quality of the separate specialists is enough – and trusting that their separate efforts could be integrated in the normal fashion to create value – however, while Adam Smith was right that the wealth of nations depends on specialization, and we are not arguing for a minute that any of the specialized disciplines that SSME draws on will go away, they are important and necessary – we do challenge the claim that normal approaches to integrating the efforts of the specialists are the best approach for the increasing complex and dynamic service systems of the future.
To make clear that specialization is not alone enough (yes we do need more specialists, but not just specialists), consider the following. If specialization alone were the key to economic growth and wealth, then why do we not still use “scribes’ in our society? What is the advantage of having general literacy? General literacy raises the over all productive capacity of the system, as well as increasing the capacity to specialize more people “on demand.” In a world dominated by language and quantity, the 3 R’s were good preparation – faster sharing of relevant information. In a world dominated by services, SSME might be good preparation – faster sharing of relevant information.
Progress as of 3Q 2005
500+ references to SSME and “Service as a Science” in magazines, newspapers, blogs, etc.
including Harvard Business Review Feb issues – “:Breakthrough Ideas for 2005”
20+ IBM Shared University Research (SUR) awards for SSME related projects
12+ university, government, industry workshops on SSME
10+ IBM SSME faculty awards
7+ programs and papers on SSME sponsored by IBM, including best paper awards in “Journal of Service Research” and “Frontiers in Services” conference
The launch of an SSME website and blog:
http://www.research.ibm.com/ssme/
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/blogs/ssme
Conferences and meetings with academics (~8 data days, faculty speakers)
10+ ambassador volunteers linked to schools
10+ Proposals received and acted upon
Academic initiative SSME course outline – 3 modules ~ complete
This is a proposal by North Carolina State University to develop a services track for their MBA program. It is being developed in consultation with IBM, and was inspired by SSME.
They are also incorporating several of these courses in a cross-school masters degree in computer networking --- adding a service component to create more marketable skill set.
Checkland, Peter and Sue Holwell (1998/2005) Information, Systems, and Information Systems: Making Sense of the Field. Wiley. Chichester, UK.
Pp. 219-220, “A consequence of the nature of the process, in which intentions are formed and purposeful action is undertaken by people who are supported by information, is that ‘information system’ has to be seen as a service system: one which serves those taking the action. Hence its form and content will have to be dictated by how the action supported is conceptualized. This means that ‘information systems development’ must start by carefully defining the action to be served, in its specific context, and using that definition to decide what information is needed and how technology can help provide it. (This reverses what often happens today in organizations – with poor results – which then lead to spectacular headlines about ‘another IT failure’.)”
Pp. 9-10, “…Boland and Hirschheim (1985) describe the field as: ‘…a combination of two primary fields: computer science and management, with a host of supporting disciplines eg psychology, sociology, statistics, political science, economics, philosophy and mathematics. IS is concerned not only with the development of new information technologies but also with questions such as: how they can best be applied, how they should be managed, and what their wider implication area. (page vii)’ A current text (Ahituv and Neumann 1990) lists no fewer than 19 ‘foundations’ of IS, seeing it as the intersection of three main disciplines: exact sciences (including control theory, general systems theory, statistics), technology (including computer science, electrical engineering) and social behavioural sciences (including management theory, sociology, psycholinguistics, economics, etc.).”
Pp. 12-16, “We will describe current SSM [soft systems methodology]… At the start of the programme the approach adopted was deliberately to attempt a naïve transfer of what would now be called ‘hard’ systems engineering from its use in such tasks as optimizing the output of a petrochemical complex to more ambiguous are of the problem of managing, broadly defined. The ‘hard’ systems engineer chooses to see the world as set of systems, and hence assumes that it is easy to answer the question: what is the system in question? He or she would then carefully define the system’s objectives; and numerous techniques are available to enable the system to be engineered to meet these objectives. Alternatives are modeled, and carefully defined criteria are used to choose between them. It was discovered that in the kind of problematic situations within and between organizations with which managers have to cope, the inability to decide ‘the system’ and name ‘its objectives’ was often what caused the situation to be regarded as problematic in the first place. (For example: Was the Anglo-French Concorde project to be regarded simply as a system to create the world’s first supersonic aircraft? Or as a political system to persuade the French the British could be good European partners? Or as a system to help maintain a UK precision engineering industry? Or as a system to ensure that the Europeans – not the Americans – were world leaders in at least on advanced technology? In the real Concorde project all these considerations and many others were relevant.) Gradually a different approach emerged (Checkland 1972). It was based on the fact that all real-world ‘management’ problem situations have a least one thing in common: they contain people interested in trying to take purposeful action. The idea of a set of activities linked together so that the whole set, as an entity, could pursue a purpose was taken to be a new kind of system concept, called ‘a human activity system’… It was accepted from very early on in this research that in building such models it was necessary to declare the set of values, the outlook, the worldview (Weltanschauung) which makes a particular model meaningful, since the purposeful action which one observer perceives as ‘freedom fighting’ will be perceived as ‘terrorism’ by another observer with a different taken-as-given image of the world. The models are clearly not would-be descriptions of reality; they are very much less complex than they would need to be to fill that role! They are, rather, concepts relevant to exploring what we perceive as ‘reality’. They are best described as ‘holons’, using the word which Koestler (1967 and 1978) made up for the abstract notion of entity which is simultaneously both autonomous whole as in principle a part of larger wholes (Checkland 1998a). Given a handful of models of this kind, that is to say models of concepts of purposeful activity built from a declared point of view, they could be used, in the so-called ‘comparison stage’ of SSM, to give a coherent structure to debate about the problem situation and what might be improved… This created a debate among the people with an interest in or concern for the problem situation, the purpose of the debate being collectively to learn a way to possible changes in the problem situation, changes which were regarded as both desirable and feasible. This normally entailed the finding of accommodations between conflicting interests, situations which did not satisfy everyone (or maybe anyone!) but could be lived with, enabling action to be taken. Occassionally an overall consensus could be achieved, a consensus being a special case of the more general (and common) notion of reaching accommodations. The SSM emerged as a learning system... The nature of the methodology is well captured in von Bulow (1989): ‘SSM is a methodology that aims to bring about improvement in areas of social concern by activating in the people involved in the situation a learning cycle which ideally is never-ending. (page 35)’ The ‘activation’ of the learning cycle is through the use of models, as outlined above, but in recent years the model-based stream of analysis has been supplemented and complemented by a second stream which explores the problem situation as a culture.”
Pg 19, “Geoffrey Vickers, in developing the theory of ‘appreciative systems’ through which he sought to make sense of his 40 years of experience in the world of human affairs (Vickers 1965), was always cogently critical of those who blithely try to apply the method of natural science to social phenomena. In conversation he used to point out that while Copernicus and Ptolemy offer vary different hypotheses about the basic structure of our solar system, we know that , irrespective of whether the sun or the earth is at the centre of the system, the actual structure is entirely unaffected by our having theories about it. Whereas when Marx propounds a theory of history this changes history! The methods of natural science, extremely productive in enabling external observers to discover the regularities of the natural universe, are exceptionally difficult to apply to human affairs.”
Pg. 22, “Researching social reality then becomes an organized discovery of how human agents make sense of their perceived worlds, and how those perceptions change over time and differ from one person or group to another. That kind of researcher does not expect to discover unchanging ‘social laws’ to set along side the laws of physics. The nature of this kind of interpretive research as been usefully summarized by Walsham (1993): ‘Interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, including the domain of human action, is a social construction of human actors and that this applies equally to researchers. Thus there is no objective reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positivist science. Our theories concerning reality are ways of making sense of the world and shared meanings are a form of intersubjectivity rather than objectivity. (page 5)’ The development of this approach to researching human situations is usually take to stem from Kurt Lewin’s view of ‘the limitations of studying complex real social events in a laboratory, the artificiality of splitting out single behavioural elements from an integrated system’ (Foster 1972)”
Pp 44-45, “Simon is responsible for what is undoubtedly the most influential body of work in the management sciences in the period since the mid-1950’s, and Simon’s analysis has been widely adopted within IS. …Lewis(1991) writes more generally of the dominance of these ideas in introductory texts. Of 39 such texts he analysed, three quarters defined the role of information systems as being to serve decision making. Of these, 84 per cent described Simon’s model of decision making, with more than half giving this as the sole conceptual framework through which to understand decision making. In a paper summarizing Simon’s influential contribution, given to a conference ‘round table’ on Simon’s work, Zannetos (1984) describes Simon’s legacy as: ‘a theory of problem solving, programs and processes for developing intelligent machines and approaches to the design of organization structure for managing complex systems. (page 75)’ …the central theme of the work of Simon and his collaborators has been to establish a true science of administrative behaviour and executive decision making… the decision maker exhibits a limited or ‘bounded rationality’, searching for decisions that are ‘good enough’ in the circumstances rather than optimal… …the aim is what Simon calls ‘satisficing’ rather than optimizing (Simon 1960)… Simon and March, in developing a behavioural theory of the firm, see ‘problems’ as ‘indicated by gaps between performance and goals’ (March and Simon, 1958, page 73) and ‘problem solving’ is then a matter of closing the gap by finding a suitable means to achieve the goal, which is taken as already known.”
Pp. 46-47, “Vickers (1974) started by rejecting the goal seeking model of human behaviour as being too poverty-stricken to match the richness of life as we experience it… …Finally, the actions taken in the mix of courses to be followed are perceived as relationship maintaining (or eluding) rather than as striving to achieve goals. It is the replacement of goal seeking by relationship managing which most clearly marks Vickers’ theory of what he calls ‘appeciative systems’ as different from Simon’s model. Seeking a goal is, for Vickers, the occasional special case of managing a relationship… …In Simon’s model, goal definition does not get much attention, but in Vickers’ ‘appreciative system’, the core of the activity concerns debate about possible courses which might be followed and the relationships they will affect. For Vickers, in contrast to Simon, managers set standards or norms rather than goals, and the focus on goals is replaced by one on managing relationships according to standards generated by previous history. Furthermore, the discussion and debate which leads to action is one in which those taking part make judgements about both ‘what is the case’ (Vickers’ ‘reality judgements’) and about its evaluation as ‘good’ or ‘bad’, ‘satisfactory’ or ‘unsatisfactory’ – what Vickers calls ‘appreciative judgements’. This places Vickers work firmly in the interpretive tradition which sees social action as based upon personal and collective sense making. It takes a process of view of organizations, is philosophically part of the tradition of phenomenology and hermeneutics, and is sociologically linked to the interpretive approach of Max Weber rather than the positivist sociology deriving from Durkheim which underpins Simon’s work and the ‘hard’ systems tradition.”
Alter, Steven (2006) The Work System Method: Connecting People, Processes, and IT for Business Results. Work Systems Press. Larkspur, CA. “I wrote this book because I believe that many applications of IT would be more successful if business and IT professionals had an organized but non-technical approach for communicating about how current work systems operate and how they can be improved with or without changing technology.” (Pg. v); “Basic Ideas. This book’s central concept is the work system. All businesses and organizations consist of multiple work systems that perform essential functions such as hiring employees, producing products, finding customers, selling to customers, providing customer service, and planning for the future.” (Pg. vi); “A work system is a system in which human participants and/or machines perform work using information, technology, and other resources to produce products and/or services for internal or external customers. Businesses operate through work systems.” (Pg. 12); “The nine elements of the Work System Framework… Customers are the people who receive, use, or benefit directly from products and services that a work system produces… Products & Services are the combination of physical things, information, and services that the work system produces for its various customers… Work practices include all the activities within the work system… Participants are people who perform the work… Information includes codified and non-codified information used and created as participants perform their work… Technologies are tools that help people work more efficiently… Environment includes the organizational, cultural, competitive, technical, and regulatory environment within which the work system operates… Infrastructure includes human, information, and technical resources that the work system relies on even though these resources are managed outside of it and are share by other work systems… Strategies consist of the guiding rationale and high-level choices within which a work system, organization, or firm is designed and operates.” (Pp. 14-16).
Alter, Steven (2002) Information Systems: The Foundations of e-Business. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ. “An information system is a work system whose business process is devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating, and displaying information, thereby supporting other work systems.” (Pg. 6); “A system is a set of interacting components that operate together to accomplish a purpose.” (Pg. 8); “A system’s purpose is the reason for its existence and the reference point for measuring its success.” (Pg. 9); “A system’s boundary defines what is inside the system and what is outside.” (Pg. 9); “A business process is a related group of steps or activities in which people use information and other resources to create value for internal or external customers. These steps are related in time and place, have a beginning and end, and have input and outputs.” (Pg. 10); “E-business was defined earlier as the practice of performing and coordinating critical business processes through extensive use of computers and communication technologies and computerized data.” (Pg. 14) “A framework is a brief set of ideas and assumptions for organizing a thought process about a particular type of thing or situation.” (Pg. 42); “A framework is typically used to create a model, a useful representation of a specific situation or thing. Models are useful because they describe or mimic reality without dealing with every detail of it.” (Pg. 44);”A project is a work system that is designed to produce a particular product and then go out of existence.” (Pg 47)