The document references various studies and theories related to cognitive maps and spatial cognition, highlighting significant works by Tolman, Lynch, and others. It discusses the development of spatial representations and their applications, specifically in the context of geographic information systems (GIS). Multiple references are cited, indicating a comprehensive overview of the subject matter.

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8. (Cognitive Map)
Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)

9. Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)
1948 Tolman

10. Tolman
Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)

11. Tolman
Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)

12. Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)
Tolman

13. Tolman, E. C. Cognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)
Tolman
Place cell Grid cell

15. ( Cognitive Map )
( Paths ) ( Edges ) ( Districts ) ( Nodes ) ( Landmarks )
Lynch, K. The image of the city.(1960)

16. Lynch, K. The image of the city.(1960)
( Paths ) ( Edges ) ( Districts ) ( Nodes ) ( Landmarks )
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17. Lynch, K. The image of the city.(1960)

18. ( route map )
Hart, R. A., Moore, G. T. The development of spatial cognition: A review.(1973)
( survey map )

19. Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H. The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments.(1975)

21. Lloyd, R. Spatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)

22. Lloyd, R. Spatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)

23. Lloyd, R. Spatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)

24. (2014)

25. (2014)

30. References
2. , , Vol. 19, No. 72,
pp. 13-18, 1999.
1. GIS, Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 76, No. 10,
pp. 703-724, 2003.
3. , , Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 304-313, 2014.
5. , , ,
, , Vol. 65, No. 529, pp. 217-223, 2000.
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─, , Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 352-367, 2009.

31. References
7. Lynch, K.: The image of the city., MIT press, 1960.
6. Hart, R. A., Moore, G. T.: The development of spatial cognition: A review.,
AldineTransaction, 1973.
8. 2016 Election News, Candidates & Polls - NBC News:
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/president
10. Lloyd, R.: Spatial cognition: Geographic environments., Springer Science &
Business Media, 1997.
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Thank you
9. Downs, R. M., Stea, D.: Cognitive maps and spatial behaviour: process and
products., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.

32. References
12. Tolman, E. C.: Cognitive maps in rats and men., Psychological review, Vol. 55,
No. 4, 1948.
11. Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H.: The development of spatial representations of large-
scale environments., Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 10, pp.
9-55, 1975.
32
Thank you