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Forensic linguistics ppt by roshna
Roshna presented on the topic of forensic linguistics to Farkhanda. The presentation introduced forensic linguistics as the analysis of written and spoken language for legal purposes. It discussed how forensic linguists study language used in legal settings and investigations. The presentation also outlined some key applications of forensic linguistics like authorship identification, linguistic analysis of text evidence, and speaker analysis, as well as related areas like document examination and plagiarism detection.
Week 1
Applied linguistics uses knowledge from linguistics and other fields like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to investigate and solve practical language-related problems in various contexts. It applies linguistic theories and methods to issues in areas such as education, workplace communication, language planning, and translation. While linguistics studies language in the abstract, applied linguistics is problem-driven and seeks to understand how language operates in real-world situations. It establishes a reciprocal relationship between theoretical expertise and practical experience with language issues. Applied linguistics plays an important role in language education by drawing on linguistic theories to inform teaching methods and stimulate innovation in language pedagogy.
Zvuková stránka jazyka
Fonetika a fonologie
Vznik řeči (respirace, fonace, artikulace)
Mluvidla
Klasifikace českých hlásek
Výslovnost spisovná (ortoepie) a nespisovná, vady výslovnosti
Vztah výslovnosti a pravopisu
Zvukové prostředky souvislé řeči (frázování a modulace)
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics
The document provides an overview of applied linguistics, including:
- Its origins in the 1940s through efforts to ally language teaching with linguistics.
- Definitions that describe it as concerned with investigating and solving real-world problems involving language.
- Its problem-based and interdisciplinary nature in drawing on linguistics and other fields like psychology to address issues in areas like language teaching, literacy, and language policy.
- Key topics it addresses including language learning, teaching, assessment, use, and pathology.
- Its focus on applying linguistic knowledge to resolve language problems people face in various contexts.
Academic and professional written genres - By Giovanni Parodi
Summary of:
Academic and professional written genres
in disciplinary communication.
Theoretical and empirical challenges
Language and Identity: A Critique
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
Morphology, the Study of the Morphemes and Word.
This document discusses morphemes, words, and word formation. It defines morphemes as the smallest meaningful units of language that cannot be divided without losing meaning or allomorphic variation. Words are composed of one or more morphemes. There are several processes for forming new words, including derivation (adding affixes), compounding (combining roots or lexemes), conversion (changing a word's class without changing form), and others. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and processes of word formation.
Lecture 4
1. Needs analysis involves gathering information about the target needs of learners as well as their learning needs. It determines what language is needed for a target situation and how learners can acquire that language.
2. Target needs refer to what language is necessary for learners to function effectively in their field or profession. Learning needs consider how learners currently learn and what resources are available to support their language acquisition.
3. Performing a needs analysis involves collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, observation, and consultation to understand the target situation, learners, learning environment, and how the ESP course can meet both target and learning needs. It is an ongoing process that requires negotiating different perspectives.
Recommended
Forensic linguistics ppt by roshna
Roshna presented on the topic of forensic linguistics to Farkhanda. The presentation introduced forensic linguistics as the analysis of written and spoken language for legal purposes. It discussed how forensic linguists study language used in legal settings and investigations. The presentation also outlined some key applications of forensic linguistics like authorship identification, linguistic analysis of text evidence, and speaker analysis, as well as related areas like document examination and plagiarism detection.
Week 1
Applied linguistics uses knowledge from linguistics and other fields like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to investigate and solve practical language-related problems in various contexts. It applies linguistic theories and methods to issues in areas such as education, workplace communication, language planning, and translation. While linguistics studies language in the abstract, applied linguistics is problem-driven and seeks to understand how language operates in real-world situations. It establishes a reciprocal relationship between theoretical expertise and practical experience with language issues. Applied linguistics plays an important role in language education by drawing on linguistic theories to inform teaching methods and stimulate innovation in language pedagogy.
Zvuková stránka jazyka
Fonetika a fonologie
Vznik řeči (respirace, fonace, artikulace)
Mluvidla
Klasifikace českých hlásek
Výslovnost spisovná (ortoepie) a nespisovná, vady výslovnosti
Vztah výslovnosti a pravopisu
Zvukové prostředky souvislé řeči (frázování a modulace)
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics
The document provides an overview of applied linguistics, including:
- Its origins in the 1940s through efforts to ally language teaching with linguistics.
- Definitions that describe it as concerned with investigating and solving real-world problems involving language.
- Its problem-based and interdisciplinary nature in drawing on linguistics and other fields like psychology to address issues in areas like language teaching, literacy, and language policy.
- Key topics it addresses including language learning, teaching, assessment, use, and pathology.
- Its focus on applying linguistic knowledge to resolve language problems people face in various contexts.
Academic and professional written genres - By Giovanni Parodi
Summary of:
Academic and professional written genres
in disciplinary communication.
Theoretical and empirical challenges
Language and Identity: A Critique
Due to the exponential growth of immigration to the developed countries, various speech communities have been created in those countries. This surge of macro-communities has instigated abundant research on the nature of the linguistic identity of these communities and its potential influence on the micro-communities. There is a seamless interaction between language and social identity, and this interaction is multi-faceted and renders myriads of ramifications. Correspondingly, many researchers or theoreticians have proposed various models for the mechanism of this interaction. Even though there is a consensus on the strong intercourse between language and identity, there are still debates on the causal direction of this interaction. Building upon sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, the related literature mostly views the causal direction from social to linguistic. However, this paper argues against any unilateral interpretations and discuss how the notions of language and identity have bilateral connections. Finally, the elemental stages of the development of linguistic identity from a semiotic outlook are discussed.
Morphology, the Study of the Morphemes and Word.
This document discusses morphemes, words, and word formation. It defines morphemes as the smallest meaningful units of language that cannot be divided without losing meaning or allomorphic variation. Words are composed of one or more morphemes. There are several processes for forming new words, including derivation (adding affixes), compounding (combining roots or lexemes), conversion (changing a word's class without changing form), and others. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts and processes of word formation.
Lecture 4
1. Needs analysis involves gathering information about the target needs of learners as well as their learning needs. It determines what language is needed for a target situation and how learners can acquire that language.
2. Target needs refer to what language is necessary for learners to function effectively in their field or profession. Learning needs consider how learners currently learn and what resources are available to support their language acquisition.
3. Performing a needs analysis involves collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, observation, and consultation to understand the target situation, learners, learning environment, and how the ESP course can meet both target and learning needs. It is an ongoing process that requires negotiating different perspectives.
Clinical linguistics: Overview
Clinical linguistics: an overview
Definition
Focus
Scope
‘Behavioral’ VS. 'Medical’ model of language pathology
History of Clinical Linguistics
Approaches to Syllabus Design
This document discusses different approaches to syllabus design for language learning. It identifies six types of syllabi: content-based, which teaches content using the target language; structural/formal, which focuses on grammatical forms and structures; notional/functional, which focuses on language functions and notions; situational, which uses real or imaginary situations; skill-based, which focuses on specific abilities; and task-based, which uses a series of complex, purposeful tasks. The document examines concepts like needs analysis and goal-setting in designing effective syllabi to guide both teachers and learners.
Designing Classroom Language Tests
The document provides guidance on developing tests and assessments. It discusses determining test objectives and population, planning with test specifications, writing test items, preparing appropriate formats, reviewing items, pre-testing, and validating items. Test specifications serve as a blueprint and should include an outline, skills assessed, and item types. Taxonomies like Bloom's and SOLO can help classify learning outcomes and assess complexity. Sample test formats are also outlined, such as for the SPM 1119 English exam in Malaysia. The goal is to develop valid and reliable assessments that accurately measure the intended objectives.
Approaches to Syllabus Design
The document discusses several approaches to syllabus design in language teaching, including structural, notional-functional, situational, skill-based, and task-based syllabi. The structural syllabus focuses on grammar structures, while the notional-functional syllabus emphasizes semantic and communicative functions. The situational syllabus organizes language content by real-world situations. Skill-based syllabi target specific language abilities, and task-based syllabi use activities for non-instructional purposes outside the classroom.
Corpus linguistics
Corpus linguistics refers to large collections of natural language texts that can be analyzed using computational techniques. Creating corpora involves collecting and transcribing written or spoken texts, which is time-consuming. Well known corpora include the British National Corpus and the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus. There are different types of corpora depending on the research questions or topics being investigated. Analyzing corpora can provide insights into patterns of language use across different text types and contexts. Teachers and material developers can use corpus analyses to inform instruction and claims about linguistic features.
Language standardization
The document discusses language standardization, including how and why languages become standardized. It notes that standardization is a prescriptive process that develops a standard variety of a language. Languages typically become standardized through resources like dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides from linguistic institutions, constitutional status as an official language, use in public domains like courts and schools, literary works, and popularity/acceptance in the community. Establishing a standard variety aims to promote national cohesion. The standard variety often reflects the language of higher socioeconomic groups. Examples are given of standardization processes and debates in countries like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Related scientific papers and books on topics like the politics of standardization and its
Introduction to Simultaneous Interpreting.ppt
Simultaneous translation requires the interpreter to listen to a spoken speech and interpret it into the target language simultaneously with only a short lag time of two to three seconds. The interpreter sits in a booth and provides an accurate and complete translation at the same rate as the speaker. Some tips for simultaneous interpretation include listening carefully, giving the most immediate translation, catching the key points if speaking is too fast, avoiding summaries unless needed, and not providing one's own commentary.
Introduction to language planning-yomna el-hossary
This document provides an introduction to language planning, defining it as the efforts to solve language problems and change linguistic behavior at the national level. It outlines four main types of language planning: corpus planning which deals with the structure of language; status planning which changes a language's role and functions in society; prestige planning which promotes a language's image and usage; and acquisition planning which spreads a language through education. The conclusion states that language planning is essential for shaping and defining a nation's identity.
Corpus linguistics intro
Corpus linguistics involves the collection and analysis of large bodies of text, known as corpora. It uses empirical methods to discover patterns of language use by examining naturally occurring texts. Key aspects of corpus linguistics include using large, representative text samples; analyzing frequency, collocation, and concordance; and applying findings to fields like lexicography, language teaching, and theoretical linguistics. Corpus analysis tools allow researchers to investigate features of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics that traditional intuition-based methods cannot.
Corpus linguistics
This document discusses corpus linguistics and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It defines a corpus as a collection of natural texts and corpus linguistics as the analysis of language based on computerized text collections. COCA can be used to learn English by solving doubts and for teaching by creating classroom activities. The document demonstrates how to use COCA's search features like lists, charts, and key word in context and provides examples of classroom activities using COCA to find frequent words by genre and examples of phrasal verbs in context.
English for specific purposes
This document discusses English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It is a separate branch of English language that has developed over 30 years. ESP focuses on meeting the specific needs of learners through materials-driven and classroom-based activities. It involves teaching, materials production, and text analysis. A needs analysis determines what skills and genres students need English for. ESP is designed for specific disciplines using their methodology. It centers on language, skills, and discourse relevant to the discipline. ESP is for adult learners in tertiary education or professional situations. The document also classifies ESP and discusses related areas like English for Academic Purposes and English for Business Purposes. It notes ESP research involves target situation analysis, learning situation analysis, present situation
The Global Language
This document discusses strategies for teaching English as a foreign language. It notes that language has both formulaic and subjective aspects, so instruction cannot treat it like other subjects. Teachers must prepare students for dialectical differences in English and decide which version to teach. Activities that engage students include videos, games, projects and quizzes. Above all, teachers should create a supportive environment where students feel comfortable speaking English.
Ideology & translation
The document discusses how ideologies shape translation studies. It notes that scientific findings can have fractional interpretations influenced by ideologies. Translations of scientific or technical theories are subject to different ideological interpretations of reality. Additionally, a translator's proficiency, cultural background, social views, political views, and economic background can all impact how they translate or interpret a work.
Contrastive rhetoric
This document provides an overview of contrastive rhetoric, which examines how a person's first language and culture influence their writing in a second language. It traces the history and development of contrastive rhetoric from the 1960s to present. It also discusses key topics within contrastive rhetoric like error analysis, cultural influences on writing conventions, genre studies, and research methods. The conclusion emphasizes that contrastive rhetoric raises awareness of cultural differences in writing patterns across languages.
Sh. tamizrad discourse and genre
This document discusses discourse and genre analysis. It defines genre as a type of discourse that occurs in a particular setting and has distinctive patterns, organization, structure, and communicative functions. Examples of genres include letters to the editor, news reports, parliamentary speeches, and court summaries. Genres are ways that people accomplish things through spoken and written language. Genre analysis examines the relationship between genres, how genres differ across cultures both in writing and speaking, and the social and cultural contexts of genres.
Corpus Linguistics
1. Corpus linguistics is the study of language using large collections of electronic texts called corpora.
2. A teacher conducted a corpus analysis of student writing to determine the most frequent words. The three most common words were "the", "for", and "it".
3. Corpora come in many types including speech, text, monolingual, parallel, and learner corpora. They are used for various linguistic analyses.
Need analysis
The document discusses conducting a needs analysis for an ELT curriculum. It provides information on the purpose of needs analysis, who should be involved in the process, and what types of information should be gathered. Specifically, it outlines that needs analysis is meant to determine students' language needs, identify strengths and weaknesses, and check if existing courses adequately address needs. It discusses targeting the right groups, sampling techniques, and gathering information on problems, priorities, abilities, attitudes and potential solutions.
The Use of Corpus Linguistics in Lexicography
1) The use of corpus linguistics in lexicography began in the 1950s as a response to the need for empirical language data to analyze words, meanings, and usage. Early corpora like the Brown Corpus and LOB Corpus compiled millions of words but were limited.
2) John Sinclair pioneered the use of larger electronic corpora and the analysis of collocations. Major corpora like the British National Corpus provided balanced samples of written and spoken English totaling over 100 million words.
3) Corpora revolutionized lexicography by providing large samples of authentic language use. Lexicographers can now obtain frequency and context data to define words accurately and identify collocations rather than relying on manual methods. This made
ESP materials development
This document discusses the differences between curriculum and syllabus. It states that a curriculum provides general statements about language learning goals and experiences, while a syllabus is more specific to what is taught in the classroom. A curriculum also defines aspects like objectives, timelines, locations and rationale, while a syllabus focuses more on content selection and sequencing. The document then examines different types of syllabus approaches and current trends in syllabus design and materials development.
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Clinical linguistics: Overview
Clinical linguistics: an overview
Definition
Focus
Scope
‘Behavioral’ VS. 'Medical’ model of language pathology
History of Clinical Linguistics
Approaches to Syllabus Design
This document discusses different approaches to syllabus design for language learning. It identifies six types of syllabi: content-based, which teaches content using the target language; structural/formal, which focuses on grammatical forms and structures; notional/functional, which focuses on language functions and notions; situational, which uses real or imaginary situations; skill-based, which focuses on specific abilities; and task-based, which uses a series of complex, purposeful tasks. The document examines concepts like needs analysis and goal-setting in designing effective syllabi to guide both teachers and learners.
Designing Classroom Language Tests
The document provides guidance on developing tests and assessments. It discusses determining test objectives and population, planning with test specifications, writing test items, preparing appropriate formats, reviewing items, pre-testing, and validating items. Test specifications serve as a blueprint and should include an outline, skills assessed, and item types. Taxonomies like Bloom's and SOLO can help classify learning outcomes and assess complexity. Sample test formats are also outlined, such as for the SPM 1119 English exam in Malaysia. The goal is to develop valid and reliable assessments that accurately measure the intended objectives.
Approaches to Syllabus Design
The document discusses several approaches to syllabus design in language teaching, including structural, notional-functional, situational, skill-based, and task-based syllabi. The structural syllabus focuses on grammar structures, while the notional-functional syllabus emphasizes semantic and communicative functions. The situational syllabus organizes language content by real-world situations. Skill-based syllabi target specific language abilities, and task-based syllabi use activities for non-instructional purposes outside the classroom.
Corpus linguistics
Corpus linguistics refers to large collections of natural language texts that can be analyzed using computational techniques. Creating corpora involves collecting and transcribing written or spoken texts, which is time-consuming. Well known corpora include the British National Corpus and the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus. There are different types of corpora depending on the research questions or topics being investigated. Analyzing corpora can provide insights into patterns of language use across different text types and contexts. Teachers and material developers can use corpus analyses to inform instruction and claims about linguistic features.
Language standardization
The document discusses language standardization, including how and why languages become standardized. It notes that standardization is a prescriptive process that develops a standard variety of a language. Languages typically become standardized through resources like dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides from linguistic institutions, constitutional status as an official language, use in public domains like courts and schools, literary works, and popularity/acceptance in the community. Establishing a standard variety aims to promote national cohesion. The standard variety often reflects the language of higher socioeconomic groups. Examples are given of standardization processes and debates in countries like Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde. Related scientific papers and books on topics like the politics of standardization and its
Introduction to Simultaneous Interpreting.ppt
Simultaneous translation requires the interpreter to listen to a spoken speech and interpret it into the target language simultaneously with only a short lag time of two to three seconds. The interpreter sits in a booth and provides an accurate and complete translation at the same rate as the speaker. Some tips for simultaneous interpretation include listening carefully, giving the most immediate translation, catching the key points if speaking is too fast, avoiding summaries unless needed, and not providing one's own commentary.
Introduction to language planning-yomna el-hossary
This document provides an introduction to language planning, defining it as the efforts to solve language problems and change linguistic behavior at the national level. It outlines four main types of language planning: corpus planning which deals with the structure of language; status planning which changes a language's role and functions in society; prestige planning which promotes a language's image and usage; and acquisition planning which spreads a language through education. The conclusion states that language planning is essential for shaping and defining a nation's identity.
Corpus linguistics intro
Corpus linguistics involves the collection and analysis of large bodies of text, known as corpora. It uses empirical methods to discover patterns of language use by examining naturally occurring texts. Key aspects of corpus linguistics include using large, representative text samples; analyzing frequency, collocation, and concordance; and applying findings to fields like lexicography, language teaching, and theoretical linguistics. Corpus analysis tools allow researchers to investigate features of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics that traditional intuition-based methods cannot.
Corpus linguistics
This document discusses corpus linguistics and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). It defines a corpus as a collection of natural texts and corpus linguistics as the analysis of language based on computerized text collections. COCA can be used to learn English by solving doubts and for teaching by creating classroom activities. The document demonstrates how to use COCA's search features like lists, charts, and key word in context and provides examples of classroom activities using COCA to find frequent words by genre and examples of phrasal verbs in context.
English for specific purposes
This document discusses English for Specific Purposes (ESP). It is a separate branch of English language that has developed over 30 years. ESP focuses on meeting the specific needs of learners through materials-driven and classroom-based activities. It involves teaching, materials production, and text analysis. A needs analysis determines what skills and genres students need English for. ESP is designed for specific disciplines using their methodology. It centers on language, skills, and discourse relevant to the discipline. ESP is for adult learners in tertiary education or professional situations. The document also classifies ESP and discusses related areas like English for Academic Purposes and English for Business Purposes. It notes ESP research involves target situation analysis, learning situation analysis, present situation
The Global Language
This document discusses strategies for teaching English as a foreign language. It notes that language has both formulaic and subjective aspects, so instruction cannot treat it like other subjects. Teachers must prepare students for dialectical differences in English and decide which version to teach. Activities that engage students include videos, games, projects and quizzes. Above all, teachers should create a supportive environment where students feel comfortable speaking English.
Ideology & translation
The document discusses how ideologies shape translation studies. It notes that scientific findings can have fractional interpretations influenced by ideologies. Translations of scientific or technical theories are subject to different ideological interpretations of reality. Additionally, a translator's proficiency, cultural background, social views, political views, and economic background can all impact how they translate or interpret a work.
Contrastive rhetoric
This document provides an overview of contrastive rhetoric, which examines how a person's first language and culture influence their writing in a second language. It traces the history and development of contrastive rhetoric from the 1960s to present. It also discusses key topics within contrastive rhetoric like error analysis, cultural influences on writing conventions, genre studies, and research methods. The conclusion emphasizes that contrastive rhetoric raises awareness of cultural differences in writing patterns across languages.
Sh. tamizrad discourse and genre
This document discusses discourse and genre analysis. It defines genre as a type of discourse that occurs in a particular setting and has distinctive patterns, organization, structure, and communicative functions. Examples of genres include letters to the editor, news reports, parliamentary speeches, and court summaries. Genres are ways that people accomplish things through spoken and written language. Genre analysis examines the relationship between genres, how genres differ across cultures both in writing and speaking, and the social and cultural contexts of genres.
Corpus Linguistics
1. Corpus linguistics is the study of language using large collections of electronic texts called corpora.
2. A teacher conducted a corpus analysis of student writing to determine the most frequent words. The three most common words were "the", "for", and "it".
3. Corpora come in many types including speech, text, monolingual, parallel, and learner corpora. They are used for various linguistic analyses.
Need analysis
The document discusses conducting a needs analysis for an ELT curriculum. It provides information on the purpose of needs analysis, who should be involved in the process, and what types of information should be gathered. Specifically, it outlines that needs analysis is meant to determine students' language needs, identify strengths and weaknesses, and check if existing courses adequately address needs. It discusses targeting the right groups, sampling techniques, and gathering information on problems, priorities, abilities, attitudes and potential solutions.
The Use of Corpus Linguistics in Lexicography
1) The use of corpus linguistics in lexicography began in the 1950s as a response to the need for empirical language data to analyze words, meanings, and usage. Early corpora like the Brown Corpus and LOB Corpus compiled millions of words but were limited.
2) John Sinclair pioneered the use of larger electronic corpora and the analysis of collocations. Major corpora like the British National Corpus provided balanced samples of written and spoken English totaling over 100 million words.
3) Corpora revolutionized lexicography by providing large samples of authentic language use. Lexicographers can now obtain frequency and context data to define words accurately and identify collocations rather than relying on manual methods. This made
ESP materials development
This document discusses the differences between curriculum and syllabus. It states that a curriculum provides general statements about language learning goals and experiences, while a syllabus is more specific to what is taught in the classroom. A curriculum also defines aspects like objectives, timelines, locations and rationale, while a syllabus focuses more on content selection and sequencing. The document then examines different types of syllabus approaches and current trends in syllabus design and materials development.
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Digital technology uses electronics, devices, and equipment that operate using binary logic and discrete signals. Examples include computers, digital cameras, MP3 players, mobile phones, and other devices that store and process digital information. A computer takes in information as input, processes it, and produces new output. Digital cameras store photos digitally on memory cards instead of film. MP3 players allow users to listen to music files in a portable format. Mobile phones allow wireless communication over long distances by connecting to nearby cell towers and handing off calls between cells as the user moves around. Many modern mobile phones are smartphones that provide additional functions beyond calls like email, apps, internet access, and cameras.
Advertising
Advertising is a way for companies to encourage people to buy goods, services, or ideas through various media sponsored by an identified company. Advertisers use many techniques to get people's attention, such as shocking images, and then try to appeal to consumers' emotions or sense of humor to promote their brand. The history of advertising dates back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where messages were painted on walls and posters to promote commercial products. One of the first well-known modern advertisers was Thomas J. Barratt, who created effective advertising campaigns for Pears Soap in the 19th century that involved slogans, images, and targeted messaging.
Oasis of the seas
Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest passenger ship with 16 decks containing various zones and activities for passengers. Some areas include the Royal Promenade shopping and dining zone, Central Park living park without a roof, and zones for pools, sports, fitness classes, and entertainment. Passengers have many options to shop, eat, relax, exercise, and be entertained during their voyage.
Sevenwondersoftheancientworld 121226000345-phpapp02
The document summarizes several of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It describes the Great Pyramid of Giza as the oldest and only remaining wonder, originally built as a tomb for King Khufu. It discusses the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, constructed by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, but later destroyed by floods. It also mentions the Temple of Artemis, rebuilt multiple times after being damaged by floods and attacks, and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia designed by Phidias and decorated with gold and ivory but later destroyed.
Christmas
Christmas is celebrated on December 25th in Great Britain. Prior to Christmas, people send greeting cards to friends and family. Christmas trees are decorated with lights, toys and colored balls. Children put stockings by their beds hoping Father Christmas will fill them with presents overnight. On Christmas day, families gather for a meal that traditionally includes turkey, potatoes, vegetables and Christmas pudding cake.
Ecology
This document contains summaries of several articles about threats facing different animal species and environmental pollution issues:
- Sumatran rhinoceros populations have been reduced to only 6 groups due to illegal poaching for their horns in traditional Chinese medicine.
- The American manatee's habitat has been reduced by human development in coastal areas, and many are killed by motorboat propellers or ingesting fishing gear.
- Elephant seals were hunted for food by sailors, with over 10,000 taken from the Galapagos islands in just 36 years, driving the species near extinction.
Important events in journalism
Journalism has evolved over centuries from word of mouth to early written reports in ancient empires like Rome and Egypt. In 1456, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press, enabling wider distribution of publications. The first regular newspaper, the Oxford Gazette, began in 1665 in England. In the US, the first printer was Stephen Day in 1638 and the first newspaper was Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences in 1690, though it was shut down after one issue. The development of newspapers continued through the 1700s and 1800s with important publications like the New York Herald establishing the modern newspaper model in 1835. Radio broadcasting began in the early 1900s and further expanded journalism. The internet brought another change with the first
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Sevenwondersoftheancientworld 121226000345-phpapp02
Sevenwondersoftheancientworld 121226000345-phpapp02
Типология словарей
- 1. Презентация студентки группы ФИЯ 2А-10 ЧГУ им. И. Н. Ульянова Ефремовой Анастасии Эмилевны
- 2. Что такое словарь? Словарь – это справочная книга, содержащая собрание слов (морфем, словосочетаний, идиом и т.д. в зависимости от его типа), расположенных по определенному принципу, и дающая сведения об их значениях, употреблении, происхождении, переводе на другие языки или информацию о понятиях и предметах, ими обозначаемых, о деятелях в какой-либо области науки, культуры и т.д.
- 6. Семиотический параметр – способы, принципы,единица, язык описания слов Классификация по единице описания Лексем Синтаксем Фразем Морфем Словари
- 13. По способу расположения слов алфавитные неалфавитные прямые обратные алфавитно-гнездовой
- 14. Прагматический параметр – социально-психологические особенности пользователей словарей С точки зрения национальности пользователя словаря ( читателя) Словари родного языка Словари чужого языка
- 20. В зависимости от отношения к объекту отражения Общие - описывают весь словарный состав, лексику общенационального или общелитературного языка. Таковыми обычно являются все указанные толковые словари. Частные (отраслевые) – описывают только какую-либо часть словарного состава языка: определенный говор, язык определенного писателя, произведения или жанра и т.п.