The document provides a summary of the history and components of Linux and Unix operating systems. It discusses how UNIX was first developed in 1969 and many variants emerged since including Linux, which was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It then outlines the key components of Linux including the kernel, development environment, user interface, documentation, and commands for navigating directories, manipulating files, and input/output redirection.

1. ‫الرحی‬‫الرحمن‬‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬‫م‬

2. LINUX AND UNIX HISTORY
Class A- 5Samester
Present by Ahmad Zia
Instructor Mujiburahman
Date 2016/10/19

3. ● UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Labs
● Many variants since then: BSD, Solaris, Mac
OS X, Linux ...
● The Linux kernel was first developed in 1991 by
Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of
Helsinki
● Linux has been widely adopted for servers and
HPC systems.
● All CCMST servers run Linux.
Linux And Unix history

4. ● The Kernel is the core of Linux.
● Boot code
● Device drivers
● Memory and file management
● The Development Environment
● Compilers, assembler, linker
● System libraries
● Other tools: object archive manager, debugger ...
The Linux Operating System

5. ● The User Interface handles interactions
between user and system
● Command line interface aka the shell (bash, tcsh)
● Graphical desktop (Gnome, KDE)
● Communication software (ftp, ssh)
● The Documentation
● Man pages
● Linux is multi-user and multi-tasking

6. ● ls lists the contents of a directory
● long listing: ls -l
● list hidden files: ls -a
● pwd prints the working directory
● cd changes the working directory
● absolute paths start with a '/'
● . and .. are special directories
● ~ is an alias to the user home directory
● mkdir creates a directory
Commands to Navigate the
Directory Tree

7. ● makes a copy of a file
● file1 file2 creates a copy of file1 and names it
file2
● mv renames a file
● mv file1 file2
● operates on files or directories
● removes a file
● -i asks for confirmation
● in UNIX there is no simple undelete command
● removes an empty directory
Commands to Manipulate Files

8. ● file displays the file type
● cat displays the content of a file
● less displays the content one page at a time
● <space> advances one page (b goes backward)
● <enter> advances one line
● goes to the next occurrence of
● grip filename prints the lines of a file
matching the expression
● grip - i for case insensitive matching
● wc -l filename counts the lines of a file
● wc -w counts the words
● wc -c counts the characters
● tail filename displays the last few lines
Commands to Manipulate Files Continue …….

9. ● redirects the input of a command
● redirects the output of a command
● appends the output of a command
● | concatenates two commands: the output of
the first command becomes the input to the
second one.
Input/Output redirection

10. ● ? matches exactly one occurrence of any
character
● matches cool, pool, fool but not spool
● * matches zero or more occurrences af any
character.
● matches all the above, but not cooler
Wildcards