Python programming -Tuple and Set Data typeMegha V
This document discusses tuples, sets, and frozensets in Python. It provides examples and explanations of:
- The basic properties and usage of tuples, including indexing, slicing, and built-in functions like len() and tuple().
- How to create sets using braces {}, that sets contain unique elements only, and built-in functions for sets like len(), max(), min(), union(), intersection(), etc.
- Frozensets are immutable sets that can be used as dictionary keys, and support set operations but not mutable methods like add() or remove().
This Edureka Python Matplotlib tutorial (Python Tutorial Blog: https://goo.gl/wd28Zr) explains what is data visualization and how to perform data visualization using Matplotlib. It also explains how to modify your plot and how to plot various types of graphs. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Why Data Visualization?
2. What Is Data Visualization?
3. Various Types Of Plots
4. What Is Matplotlib?
6. How To Use Matplotlib?
Why Python Should Be Your First Programming LanguageEdureka!
This document discusses why Python should be the first programming language for learners. Python has a short learning curve due to its readability, lack of curly braces, and easy setup. It is a dynamic, object-oriented language with a large standard library that makes it suitable for tasks like data analysis, web development, scientific computing, and more. Many large companies like Google, YouTube, Dropbox, and Yahoo use Python for applications, tools, and internal projects. The popularity and demand for Python skills has grown significantly in recent years.
This document provides information on sugar gliders including their suitability as pets, behavior, physiology, growth of joeys, sexing, dietary recommendations, and housing recommendations. It discusses sugar gliders being social, nocturnal animals that can be tamed for human interaction. Their diet should consist of nutritionally balanced kibble, fresh fruits and vegetables, and a calcium supplement. The recommended enclosure size for adult sugar gliders is a large aviary cage measuring at least 36 inches wide by 24 inches deep by 40 inches high.
The document discusses arrays and sparse matrices as data structures. It defines array and sparse matrix abstract data types, including methods for creating, accessing, and manipulating the structures. Examples are given of representing polynomials using arrays or as a sparse matrix to illustrate different implementations of these data structures.
This document provides an introduction to Python data structures including lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries. It describes how to define, access, and modify each type of data structure. It also covers file handling, string functions, exceptions, and other Python concepts. The key points are:
- Lists are the most versatile data type and can contain elements of different types. They can be accessed by index, sliced, modified via assignments to slices.
- Tuples are immutable sequences that are useful for grouping related data. They allow packing and unpacking of elements.
- Sets store unique elements and support mathematical operations like union and intersection.
- Dictionaries store mappings of unique keys to values. They allow
Python programming -Tuple and Set Data typeMegha V
This document discusses tuples, sets, and frozensets in Python. It provides examples and explanations of:
- The basic properties and usage of tuples, including indexing, slicing, and built-in functions like len() and tuple().
- How to create sets using braces {}, that sets contain unique elements only, and built-in functions for sets like len(), max(), min(), union(), intersection(), etc.
- Frozensets are immutable sets that can be used as dictionary keys, and support set operations but not mutable methods like add() or remove().
This Edureka Python Matplotlib tutorial (Python Tutorial Blog: https://goo.gl/wd28Zr) explains what is data visualization and how to perform data visualization using Matplotlib. It also explains how to modify your plot and how to plot various types of graphs. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Why Data Visualization?
2. What Is Data Visualization?
3. Various Types Of Plots
4. What Is Matplotlib?
6. How To Use Matplotlib?
Why Python Should Be Your First Programming LanguageEdureka!
This document discusses why Python should be the first programming language for learners. Python has a short learning curve due to its readability, lack of curly braces, and easy setup. It is a dynamic, object-oriented language with a large standard library that makes it suitable for tasks like data analysis, web development, scientific computing, and more. Many large companies like Google, YouTube, Dropbox, and Yahoo use Python for applications, tools, and internal projects. The popularity and demand for Python skills has grown significantly in recent years.
This document provides information on sugar gliders including their suitability as pets, behavior, physiology, growth of joeys, sexing, dietary recommendations, and housing recommendations. It discusses sugar gliders being social, nocturnal animals that can be tamed for human interaction. Their diet should consist of nutritionally balanced kibble, fresh fruits and vegetables, and a calcium supplement. The recommended enclosure size for adult sugar gliders is a large aviary cage measuring at least 36 inches wide by 24 inches deep by 40 inches high.
The document discusses arrays and sparse matrices as data structures. It defines array and sparse matrix abstract data types, including methods for creating, accessing, and manipulating the structures. Examples are given of representing polynomials using arrays or as a sparse matrix to illustrate different implementations of these data structures.
This document provides an introduction to Python data structures including lists, tuples, sets, and dictionaries. It describes how to define, access, and modify each type of data structure. It also covers file handling, string functions, exceptions, and other Python concepts. The key points are:
- Lists are the most versatile data type and can contain elements of different types. They can be accessed by index, sliced, modified via assignments to slices.
- Tuples are immutable sequences that are useful for grouping related data. They allow packing and unpacking of elements.
- Sets store unique elements and support mathematical operations like union and intersection.
- Dictionaries store mappings of unique keys to values. They allow
This document provides an introduction and overview of NumPy, a Python library used for numerical computing. It discusses NumPy's origins and capabilities, how to install NumPy on Linux, key NumPy concepts like the ndarray object, and how NumPy can be used with Matplotlib for plotting. Examples are given of common NumPy operations and functions for arrays, as well as plotting simple graphs with Matplotlib.
This document provides an introduction to NASM assembly language programming. It covers basics of computer organization including the processor, registers, buses, and memory. It then discusses specifics of NASM like instruction syntax, data types, and I/O. The document is intended as a reference for students learning NASM assembly programming and was updated by multiple authors under the guidance of professors at NIT Calicut.
Splanchnology is the study of the visceral organs like the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory systems. The body has two main cavities - the dorsal body cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the larger ventral body cavity containing most soft organs. The ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. These cavities contain organs and are lined by serous membranes which lubricate and prevent friction between organs. Major structures in the cavities include the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the thoracic cavity and digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
The document discusses SQL commands for schema definition, constraints, and queries. It covers using CREATE TABLE to define tables and columns, including data types and constraints like PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY. ALTER TABLE is used to modify existing tables. DROP TABLE removes tables. Queries use SELECT to retrieve data that matches conditions in the WHERE clause. Joins and aliases are discussed. Additional data types like DATE and TIMESTAMP are introduced in later SQL standards.
This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays, specifically two-dimensional arrays. It explains that two-dimensional arrays consist of rows and columns to store data in more than one dimension, like a table. The document also covers how two-dimensional arrays are represented in memory, including row-major order and column-major order, and how to calculate the address of an element in a two-dimensional array based on its row and column position. It notes that multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two dimensions as well.
The National Veterinary Quarantine Services (NVQS) regulates the import and export of animals and animal products, issues import clearances and export certificates, and conducts pre-border, border, and post-border measures. This includes verifying import documents, conducting animal inspections and disinfection at borders, and post-border inspections and monitoring. The NVQS also oversees the confiscation, destruction, and disposal of rejected animal shipments. They provide information on requirements and permits needed for domestic travel of animals and shipping of animal products within the Philippines.
This document contains information about a mentoring program run by Baabtra-Mentoring Partner. It includes:
- A disclaimer that this is not an official Baabtra document
- A table showing a mentee's typing speed progress over 5 weeks
- An empty table to track jobs applied to by the mentee
- An explanation of sets in Python, including how to construct, manipulate, perform operations on, and iterate over sets
- Contact information for Baabtra
PostgreSQL Tutorial For Beginners | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/-VO7YjQeG6Y
** MYSQL DBA Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **
This Edureka PPT on PostgreSQL Tutorial For Beginners (blog: http://bit.ly/33GN7jQ) will help you learn PostgreSQL in depth. You will also learn how to install PostgreSQL on windows. The following topics will be covered in this session:
What is DBMS
What is SQL?
What is PostgreSQL?
Features of PostgreSQL
Install PostgreSQL
SQL Command Categories
DDL Commands
ER Diagram
Entity & Attributes
Keys in Database
Constraints in Database
Normalization
DML Commands
Operators
Nested Queries
Set Operations
Special Operators
Aggregate Functions
Limit, Offset & Fetch
Joins
Views
Procedures
Triggers
DCL Commands
TCL Commands
Export/ Import Data
UUID Datatype
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
This document provides definitions and implementations of various operations on one-dimensional arrays in C++. It begins with definitions of a 1D array, including how to calculate its size and address of elements. It then discusses implementations of basic operations like insertion, deletion, searching and sorting. Linear and binary search algorithms are presented for searching arrays. Selection, bubble, and insertion sort algorithms are covered for sorting. The document also discusses merging two sorted arrays. Examples of array problems and their solutions are provided at the end.
Segment trees allow storing interval data and supporting efficient range update and query operations. A segment tree is a binary tree where each node represents an interval. It is constructed by recursively splitting intervals into two halves. This allows updating and querying intervals in O(log n) time. Operations include constructing the tree by inserting values, updating a value, and querying a range by traversing relevant nodes. Segment trees have applications in computational geometry and geographic information systems by supporting fast range minimum/maximum queries.
The document discusses the divide and conquer algorithmic approach. It defines divide and conquer as dividing a problem into smaller subproblems, solving the subproblems independently, and then combining the solutions to solve the original problem. The key steps are listed as divide, conquer, and combine. Examples provided of problems solved using divide and conquer include binary search, min-max problems, merge sort, and Karatsuba's multiplication algorithm. Advantages include solving difficult problems efficiently while disadvantages include potential slowdowns from recursion and redundant solving of subproblems.
This document discusses different types of linked lists, including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides examples of circular linked lists and explains that in a circular linked list, the last node contains the address of the first node so that the list can be traversed repeatedly. The document also discusses common linked list operations like insertion and deletion of nodes. Finally, it covers stacks and queues, defining them as LIFO and FIFO data structures, respectively, and providing examples of their implementation and different types.
Discrete Mathematics - Sets. ... He had defined a set as a collection of definite and distinguishable objects selected by the means of certain rules or description. Set theory forms the basis of several other fields of study like counting theory, relations, graph theory and finite state machines.
Functional Programming by Examples using Haskellgoncharenko
The document discusses functional programming concepts in Haskell compared to traditional imperative languages like C++. It provides:
1) An example of quicksort implemented in both C++ and Haskell to illustrate the differences in approach and syntax between the two paradigms. The Haskell version is much more concise, using only 5 lines compared to 14 lines in C++.
2) Explanations of key functional programming concepts in Haskell including pure functions, recursion, pattern matching, and higher-order functions like map and fold.
3) Examples and definitions of commonly used Haskell functions and data types to summarize lists, sorting, and traversing elements - highlighting the more declarative style of functional programming.
The document provides information about B+ trees and height balancing trees. It begins with an introduction to B+ trees, describing their properties, representation, advantages over B-trees, and algorithms for insertion and deletion. It then covers key points about B+ trees, provides examples of height balanced trees like AVL trees and 2-3-4 trees, and gives pseudocode for operations on these trees like calculating balancing factors. The document concludes with solved problems on B+ trees.
SQL is a programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update and delete data from databases. Common SQL statements include JOINs, which combine data from two or more tables based on a common column. Some types of JOINs are INNER JOIN, which returns rows with matches in both tables; LEFT JOIN, which returns all rows from the left table; and FULL JOIN, which returns rows that match in either table. JOINs are often used with SELECT statements to query multiple tables at once.
This document discusses plotting data with Python and Pylab. It begins by describing a sample data table and the problem of reading and plotting the data. It then reviews options for plotting in Python like Pylab, Enthought, RPy, and Sage. The remainder of the document demonstrates how to use Pylab to read CSV data, and create bar charts, pie charts, line plots, and histograms of the sample data.
This document provides an introduction and overview of NumPy, a Python library used for numerical computing. It discusses NumPy's origins and capabilities, how to install NumPy on Linux, key NumPy concepts like the ndarray object, and how NumPy can be used with Matplotlib for plotting. Examples are given of common NumPy operations and functions for arrays, as well as plotting simple graphs with Matplotlib.
This document provides an introduction to NASM assembly language programming. It covers basics of computer organization including the processor, registers, buses, and memory. It then discusses specifics of NASM like instruction syntax, data types, and I/O. The document is intended as a reference for students learning NASM assembly programming and was updated by multiple authors under the guidance of professors at NIT Calicut.
Splanchnology is the study of the visceral organs like the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory systems. The body has two main cavities - the dorsal body cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the larger ventral body cavity containing most soft organs. The ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. These cavities contain organs and are lined by serous membranes which lubricate and prevent friction between organs. Major structures in the cavities include the heart, lungs, and blood vessels in the thoracic cavity and digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
The document discusses SQL commands for schema definition, constraints, and queries. It covers using CREATE TABLE to define tables and columns, including data types and constraints like PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY. ALTER TABLE is used to modify existing tables. DROP TABLE removes tables. Queries use SELECT to retrieve data that matches conditions in the WHERE clause. Joins and aliases are discussed. Additional data types like DATE and TIMESTAMP are introduced in later SQL standards.
This document discusses multi-dimensional arrays, specifically two-dimensional arrays. It explains that two-dimensional arrays consist of rows and columns to store data in more than one dimension, like a table. The document also covers how two-dimensional arrays are represented in memory, including row-major order and column-major order, and how to calculate the address of an element in a two-dimensional array based on its row and column position. It notes that multi-dimensional arrays can have more than two dimensions as well.
The National Veterinary Quarantine Services (NVQS) regulates the import and export of animals and animal products, issues import clearances and export certificates, and conducts pre-border, border, and post-border measures. This includes verifying import documents, conducting animal inspections and disinfection at borders, and post-border inspections and monitoring. The NVQS also oversees the confiscation, destruction, and disposal of rejected animal shipments. They provide information on requirements and permits needed for domestic travel of animals and shipping of animal products within the Philippines.
This document contains information about a mentoring program run by Baabtra-Mentoring Partner. It includes:
- A disclaimer that this is not an official Baabtra document
- A table showing a mentee's typing speed progress over 5 weeks
- An empty table to track jobs applied to by the mentee
- An explanation of sets in Python, including how to construct, manipulate, perform operations on, and iterate over sets
- Contact information for Baabtra
PostgreSQL Tutorial For Beginners | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/-VO7YjQeG6Y
** MYSQL DBA Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/mysql-dba **
This Edureka PPT on PostgreSQL Tutorial For Beginners (blog: http://bit.ly/33GN7jQ) will help you learn PostgreSQL in depth. You will also learn how to install PostgreSQL on windows. The following topics will be covered in this session:
What is DBMS
What is SQL?
What is PostgreSQL?
Features of PostgreSQL
Install PostgreSQL
SQL Command Categories
DDL Commands
ER Diagram
Entity & Attributes
Keys in Database
Constraints in Database
Normalization
DML Commands
Operators
Nested Queries
Set Operations
Special Operators
Aggregate Functions
Limit, Offset & Fetch
Joins
Views
Procedures
Triggers
DCL Commands
TCL Commands
Export/ Import Data
UUID Datatype
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
This document provides definitions and implementations of various operations on one-dimensional arrays in C++. It begins with definitions of a 1D array, including how to calculate its size and address of elements. It then discusses implementations of basic operations like insertion, deletion, searching and sorting. Linear and binary search algorithms are presented for searching arrays. Selection, bubble, and insertion sort algorithms are covered for sorting. The document also discusses merging two sorted arrays. Examples of array problems and their solutions are provided at the end.
Segment trees allow storing interval data and supporting efficient range update and query operations. A segment tree is a binary tree where each node represents an interval. It is constructed by recursively splitting intervals into two halves. This allows updating and querying intervals in O(log n) time. Operations include constructing the tree by inserting values, updating a value, and querying a range by traversing relevant nodes. Segment trees have applications in computational geometry and geographic information systems by supporting fast range minimum/maximum queries.
The document discusses the divide and conquer algorithmic approach. It defines divide and conquer as dividing a problem into smaller subproblems, solving the subproblems independently, and then combining the solutions to solve the original problem. The key steps are listed as divide, conquer, and combine. Examples provided of problems solved using divide and conquer include binary search, min-max problems, merge sort, and Karatsuba's multiplication algorithm. Advantages include solving difficult problems efficiently while disadvantages include potential slowdowns from recursion and redundant solving of subproblems.
This document discusses different types of linked lists, including singly linked lists, circular linked lists, and doubly linked lists. It provides examples of circular linked lists and explains that in a circular linked list, the last node contains the address of the first node so that the list can be traversed repeatedly. The document also discusses common linked list operations like insertion and deletion of nodes. Finally, it covers stacks and queues, defining them as LIFO and FIFO data structures, respectively, and providing examples of their implementation and different types.
Discrete Mathematics - Sets. ... He had defined a set as a collection of definite and distinguishable objects selected by the means of certain rules or description. Set theory forms the basis of several other fields of study like counting theory, relations, graph theory and finite state machines.
Functional Programming by Examples using Haskellgoncharenko
The document discusses functional programming concepts in Haskell compared to traditional imperative languages like C++. It provides:
1) An example of quicksort implemented in both C++ and Haskell to illustrate the differences in approach and syntax between the two paradigms. The Haskell version is much more concise, using only 5 lines compared to 14 lines in C++.
2) Explanations of key functional programming concepts in Haskell including pure functions, recursion, pattern matching, and higher-order functions like map and fold.
3) Examples and definitions of commonly used Haskell functions and data types to summarize lists, sorting, and traversing elements - highlighting the more declarative style of functional programming.
The document provides information about B+ trees and height balancing trees. It begins with an introduction to B+ trees, describing their properties, representation, advantages over B-trees, and algorithms for insertion and deletion. It then covers key points about B+ trees, provides examples of height balanced trees like AVL trees and 2-3-4 trees, and gives pseudocode for operations on these trees like calculating balancing factors. The document concludes with solved problems on B+ trees.
SQL is a programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update and delete data from databases. Common SQL statements include JOINs, which combine data from two or more tables based on a common column. Some types of JOINs are INNER JOIN, which returns rows with matches in both tables; LEFT JOIN, which returns all rows from the left table; and FULL JOIN, which returns rows that match in either table. JOINs are often used with SELECT statements to query multiple tables at once.
This document discusses plotting data with Python and Pylab. It begins by describing a sample data table and the problem of reading and plotting the data. It then reviews options for plotting in Python like Pylab, Enthought, RPy, and Sage. The remainder of the document demonstrates how to use Pylab to read CSV data, and create bar charts, pie charts, line plots, and histograms of the sample data.
3D printing technology is advancing rapidly in several areas.
- 3D printers can now print houses and body parts, with the first 3D printed ear transplant having already occurred. Scientists have also successfully printed a mouse's heart.
- Food and clothing 3D printers allow for customized, on-demand printing of items tailored to individuals. Designers are utilizing 3D printing for novel shoe and dress designs.
- Advancements in printing materials include glass, ceramics, and living cells. New techniques like Carbon3D's Continuous Liquid Interface Production can print objects over 25 times faster than traditional 3D printing.
The document discusses several emerging technologies related to transportation and health. It describes Hyperloop, a proposed method of travel that would transport passengers at 1000km/h using magnetic levitation. It also mentions a new invisible polymer being developed at MIT that can be applied to smooth wrinkles and act as a protective barrier for skin. Finally, it discusses 3D printed drugs and how 3D printers could be used to create customized medications for individual patients.
3. 1. 항생제란?
2. 항생제의 종류 및 작용기전
3. 동물과 식물에게 사용되는 항생제
4. 항생제의 부작용
5. 항생제의 오남용 문제
6. 해결 방안
4. 셀먼 에이브러햄 왁스먼
세균학자
셀먼 에이브러햄 왁스먼은 미국의 세균학자이다. 러시아에서 출생하였으나, 1916년 미국으로 귀화하
였다.
1944년 흙 속에서 사는 세균을 연구하다가 스트렙토마이신을 만들어 냈다.
이것은 페니실린으로 듣지 않는 병균을 죽이는 항생 물질로서 그때까지 불치의 병으로 알았던 결핵 치
료에 사용되었다. - 위키백과
알렉산더 플레밍
세균학자
알렉산더 플레밍 경은 영국 스코틀랜드의 세균학자이다. 대표 업적은 항균물질 리소자임과 푸른곰팡이
에서의 페니실린의 발견이며, 페니실린의 발견은 후에 항생제 분야 발전의 시발점이 되었다.
이에 대한 업적으로 플레밍은 1945년 에른스트 보리스 체인, 하워드 월터 플로리와 함께 노벨 생리학·의
학상을 공동 수상하였다. – 위키백과
페니실린
1. 항생제란?
파울 에를리히
미생물 면역학자
독일의 미생물학자·면역학자·화학요법의 창시자이다. 슐레지엔에서 출생, 브로츠와프, 스트라스부르, 프
라이부르크, 라이프치히의 각 대학에서 의학을 공부했다. 청년 시대부터 색소에 의한 조직 염색에 대한
연구를 추진하고, 가열 염색 결핵균 표본이 기연(機緣)이 되어서 코흐의 연구소에 초빙되어 면역학(免疫
學) 연구에 종사했다. - 위키백과
최초의 항생제 : 매독의 치료제인 살바르산
5. 1. 항생제란?
항생물질(抗生物質)은 미생물을 죽이거나 성장을
억제시키는 물질을 말한다. 이러한 물질로 만든
약을 항생제나 소독제 또는 일상적으로 마이신
[mycin]이라고도 부른다.
처음에는 곰팡이 또는 토양 미생물이 자연적으로
만들어 낸 것을 이용했으나, 현재는 구조를 약간
바꾼 반합성, 또는 완전히 새로운 합성 항생제도
많이 개발되어 사용되고 있다.
주로 결핵치료에 쓰이는 방선균(放線菌)의 하나인
스트렙토미세스속(屬)에서 분리한 항생 물질인 스
트렙토마이신(streptomycin)에서 유래하여 '마이
신'(mycin)으로 약칭하기도 하지만, 정확한 표현은
아니다.
영어 어원인 antibiotics는, 반대/저항이라는 뜻의
anti와 삶/살아있는 것을 뜻하는 bio의 결합으로,
미생물을 죽인다 혹은 저항한다는 뜻이다.
항생제 주위로는 미생물이 번식하지 못한다
6. 2. 항생제의 종류 및 작용기전
항생제의 항균작용(antibacterial activity)에는 그 작용에 따라서 살균항생제
(bactericidal-antibiotic)와 정균항생제(bacteristatic antibiootic)로 나누어진다.
정균항생제는 살균을 못하고 세균의 번식을 억제하는 데에 그친다. 비교적 전신상태가 좋은 환자의 경
도 또는 중등도 감염증은 정균성 항생제로도 효과가 있지만 중증환자 또는 방어 능력이 떨어져 있는 환
자의 감염증에는 살균항생제(bactericidal antibiotic)가 사용된다.
가. 정균성 항생물질(bacteristatic antibiotic)
테트라사이클린계, 크로람페니콜계, 마이크로라이드계 등이 여기에 속한다. MIC이상을
끊임없이 병소 내에서 유지시켜야 하기 때문에 혈중반감기마다 일정량을 되풀이 투여 하던가
1회 투여량을 늘려야 한다.
나. 살균성 항생물질(bactericidal antibiotic)
페니실린계, 카바페넴계, 아미노글리코사이드계 등이 여기에 속한다. 살균성항생물질로서
치료를 해도 증식 휴지기에서는 세균을 죽일 수 없으므로 살균성 항생물질에 있어서도 일정한
간격으로 투여를 계속해야 한다.
7. 항생제의 작용기전에 의한 분류
세포벽 합성 억제 베타 락탐계, 반코마이신 등
세포막 투과의 변화 암포테리신, 폴리믹신 등
단백질 합성 억제 테트라사이클린, 아미노글리코사이드, 마크로라이드 등
핵산 합성 억제 리팜핀, 퀴놀론
엽산 합성 억제 설파계, 피리메타민
2. 항생제의 종류 및 작용기전
8. 3. 동물과 식물에게 사용되는 항생제
>>현장에선
불편·비용발생 큰 부담…‘나 몰라라’ 일쑤
>>사각지대는 없나
왕진없는 처방전 등 불법 횡행
>>현장 관리는
관리감독 부실…채찍보다는 당근 필요
9.
10.
11. - 페니실린 계 (세포벽을 합성하지 못하도록 해 연약한 세포막이 터지도록 한다.)
페니실린은 가장 안전한 약물중의 하나이지만 가장 큰 부작용으로 과민반응이 있습니다. 약 5%에서 발진이나 혈관부종에서부터
아나필락시스라는 급성 면역반응까지 나타나기도 합니다. 그리고 장내미생물의 정상적인 균형이 깨져서 설사를 흔하게 유발하기도
하고 신염이나 신독성, 혈액학적 독성도 있습니다.
- 세팔로스포린 계
알러지 증상을 유발하므로 페니실린류에 과민반응이 있었던 경우 복용이 금기됩니다.
- 반코마이신 계
세포벽억제를 하는 강력한 항생제인 글리코펩타이드계(Glycopeptides)해당하는 반코마이신은 Red man syndrome이라는 홍조와 발열, 오한,
주사부위 정맥염 등의 부작용이 있습니다. 부작용과 정제의 어려움 등으로 사용되지 않다가 정제기술의 발달과 다른 항생제의 내성 세균의
등장으로 사용이 증가하게 되었으나 이 반코마이신에 대한 내성균도 등장하고 있어 문제가 되고 있습니다.
- 테트라사이클린 계 (미생물의 리보솜에서 t-RNA의 전사를 방해하여 단백질합성을 억제함으로써 항균작용을 한다.)
위장불쾌감, 태아의 간독성, 뼈와 치아의 침착, 햇빛 자외선에 화상을 입는 광독성, 현기증 오심 구토를 유발하는 전정기관문제 등이 있습니다.
- 아미노글리코사이드 계
전정기관 및 와우 등의 이독성, 신독성 등이 있을 수 있습니다.
- 마크로라이드 계
위장불쾌감, 이독성이 있고 담즙정체성 황달이 유발될 수 있어 간기능 부전 환자에게는 주의해서 사용해야 합니다.
- 크로람페니콜 계 (리보솜에 작용하여 단백질 합성을 억제한다.)
위장장애와 빈혈이 있을 수 있습니다.
- 퀴놀론계
오심, 구토, 설사 등의 위장장애와 두통, 어지럼증 등의 중추신경문제 광독성 등이 있습니니다.
4. 항생제의 부작용
12.
13. 5. 항생제의 오남용 문제
가. 항생제의 남용(overuse of antibiotics)
“한국인 천명 중 33명 매일 항생제”
지난달 말 한국보건사회연구원이 97년도 병·의원과 약국 자료를 토대로 조사한 ‘우리나라 의약품 사용실태’에 따르면 우리나라 인구
1천명당 33명이 매일 항생제를 복용하는 등 항생제 남용이 심각한 것으로 드러났다. 또 의료기관에서 불필요하게 항생제를 투여하
는 경우가 32.6%에 달하는 것으로 드러났다. 항생제를 매일 복용하는 사람 수를 나타내는 일일사용량기준단위(DDD)는 33.2%로 조
사됐다. 이는 경제협력개발기구(OECD) 회원국가의 평균 DDD가 21.3인 점을 감안할 때 우려할만한 높은 수준임을 보여준다. 의료
기관에서 항생제를 제대로 사용했음을 보여주는 항생제사용적합률은 평균 67.4%에 불과해 항생제가 남용되고 있는 것으로도 밝혀
졌다.
나. 면역저하 환자들의 증가
“면역 증강 제품 잘못 쓰면 면역 저하”
신종플루가 유행하면서 국민 뇌리에 박힌 단어가 ‘면역’이다. 면역력을 높이면 신종플루에 걸리지 않거나 걸리더라도 약하게 앓고
넘어갈 것이라는 기대가 크다. 당연히 면역력을 높여주는 영양제나 건강 기능 식품에 대한 관심이 높아졌다. 면역력 증진에 좋다고
소개된 제품은 수없이 많다. 이 중에서 면역 증강 효과를 인정받은 원료는 소수이다.
다. 일반인들의 자유로운 항생제 구입
“내 맘대로 처방, 병 키워요” 범람하는 의학정보가 의사보다 낫다? 불충분한 관리와 인내심 부족
일반인들도 인터넷이나 서적 등으로 의학정보를 쉽게 접할 수 있게 되면서 의사의 처방에 대해 의구심을 갖는 경우가 늘고 있다. 자
체적으로 의학지식을 습득하거나 미 검증 민간요법 등에 의존하는 경우도 있다.
발에 생긴 무좀은 약물 치료를 하면 2∼3주 안에 호전되므로 대부분의 환자들은 이후 관리를 소홀히 하지만 사실 발톱에 있는 무좀
까지 박멸하려면 3개월 이상 걸린다. 하지만 ‘이 정도면 다 낫다’며 믿고 방치하게 되면 당연히 무좀은 또 재발하게 된다.
14.
15.
16. 어떤 분들은 항생제를 드시다가 증상이 호전되면 임의로 복용을 중단
해 버리는 분들이 계십니다. 한번 먹기 시작한 항생제 치료는 증상이
사라져도 끝까지 복용 하셔야 합니다. 그래야만 항생제에 대한 내성
세균이 생기지 않기 때문입니다.
의학의 발달로 변이된 세균을 죽일수 있는 또 다른 항생제는 계속 만
들어지고 있지만, 세균 역시 인간의 기술력 못지 않게 빠르게 변하고
있습니다. 세균 번식은 건강하지 못한 상태에서 더욱 번성하게 되어
있습니다. 그러므로 결국 우리의 몸이 더욱 건강하여 세균이 번식하
지 못하는 상태로 만드는 것이 항생제 사용을 피하는 첩경이 될 것입
니다.
6. 해결 방안
