This slide describe seal gas system in compressor. This Slide is divided into three part: - What is seal gas ? - The function of seal gas? - Description Equipment in Seal gas systems
الغرض من المرجل هو تحويل المياه( التي تم ضخها إلى داخله تحت الضغط) إلى
البخار . قد يظهر البخار
إعتمادا على Superheated أو محمص شديد السخونة ، Dry saturated أو جاف مشبع ، Wet رطبا
. Boiler design تصميم المرجل
The document provides an overview of the major components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The boiler, which heats water into steam, and includes accessories like air preheaters, superheaters, and economizers.
2. The steam turbine, which is spun by the steam to drive an electrical generator.
3. The condenser, which condenses the steam from the turbine.
4. The feedwater pump, which pumps water back to the boiler to repeat the steam cycle.
Understanding the impact of operating with low feedwater heater levels ener...Jagadish Patra
Operating feedwater heaters with low levels can damage the heaters over time due to steam entering the drain cooling section. This can cause tube leaks, damage to internal components, and require repairs or early replacement of the heater. Maintaining the proper level is important to prevent this damaging environment and support reliable heater operation. Feedwater heaters improve efficiency by pre-heating feedwater before it enters the boiler using steam extracted from the turbine. Monitoring the drain cooler approach and terminal temperature difference can help determine the optimal operating level.
This document discusses various types of equipment that can be used to recover waste heat, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and run around coil exchangers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of equipment and examples of common industrial applications where they are used, such as recovering heat from boiler flue gases, furnaces, dryers, and other processes to improve energy efficiency.
This slide describe seal gas system in compressor. This Slide is divided into three part: - What is seal gas ? - The function of seal gas? - Description Equipment in Seal gas systems
الغرض من المرجل هو تحويل المياه( التي تم ضخها إلى داخله تحت الضغط) إلى
البخار . قد يظهر البخار
إعتمادا على Superheated أو محمص شديد السخونة ، Dry saturated أو جاف مشبع ، Wet رطبا
. Boiler design تصميم المرجل
The document provides an overview of the major components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The boiler, which heats water into steam, and includes accessories like air preheaters, superheaters, and economizers.
2. The steam turbine, which is spun by the steam to drive an electrical generator.
3. The condenser, which condenses the steam from the turbine.
4. The feedwater pump, which pumps water back to the boiler to repeat the steam cycle.
Understanding the impact of operating with low feedwater heater levels ener...Jagadish Patra
Operating feedwater heaters with low levels can damage the heaters over time due to steam entering the drain cooling section. This can cause tube leaks, damage to internal components, and require repairs or early replacement of the heater. Maintaining the proper level is important to prevent this damaging environment and support reliable heater operation. Feedwater heaters improve efficiency by pre-heating feedwater before it enters the boiler using steam extracted from the turbine. Monitoring the drain cooler approach and terminal temperature difference can help determine the optimal operating level.
This document discusses various types of equipment that can be used to recover waste heat, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and run around coil exchangers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of equipment and examples of common industrial applications where they are used, such as recovering heat from boiler flue gases, furnaces, dryers, and other processes to improve energy efficiency.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The document provides details about various refinery units including:
- Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT), Isomerization Unit, Continuous Catalytic Reformer (CCR) Unit, Diesel Hydrotreating (DHDT) Unit, Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating (VGO HDT) Unit, Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit, Hydrogen Generation Unit (HGU), Polypropylene Unit (PPU), Sour Water Stripping (SWS) Unit, and Amine Regeneration Unit.
It describes the objectives, key inputs and outputs of each unit.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by converting heat energy from combustion into mechanical energy using steam to power a turbine which drives an alternator. The document outlines the basic processes involved including:
- Fuel is combusted in a boiler to produce high pressure steam.
- The steam powers a turbine which converts the thermal energy to mechanical energy.
- An alternator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boiler through feedwater heating processes to improve efficiency.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
This document contains:
1) A block diagram of the plant Rankine cycle showing the main steam, high pressure turbine, intermediate pressure turbine, and low pressure turbine.
2) Heat and mass balance diagrams for the high pressure and low pressure sections of the plant, showing temperatures, pressures, enthalpies, and mass flows throughout the system.
3) A section on important heat rate formulas, defining heat rate as the heat input required to produce a unit of electrical output, and providing the specific guaranteed and actual heat rates for the plant.
GE Frame 9E Gas Turbine Nandipur Power ProjectZohaib Asif
The document provides details about the GE gas turbine model PG9171E. It has a single shaft and produces 170,000 horsepower. The turbine works on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, combusting fuel, expanding the combustion gases, and exhausting the gases. It has an axial flow compressor with 17 stages and reverse flow type combustion chambers. The fuel system can use HSD, HSFO, or natural gas and includes forwarding, filtering, and control components to supply fuel to the combustion chambers and regulate turbine speed and temperature.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document discusses the major components of steam turbines, including the casing, nozzles, blades, rotor, bearings, governors, and safety devices. It describes the functions of key parts like the nozzle, blades, governors, and oil pumps. It also classifies steam turbines based on the method of steam expansion, flow direction, final pressure, number of stages, and pressure. The document provides information on standards, parameter ranges, troubleshooting, and starting procedures for steam turbines.
The document describes the key components of a steam power plant, including:
1. The coal handling plant which includes unloading, conveying, and crushing coal.
2. The boiler, which uses water tubes or fire tubes to generate high pressure steam.
3. Turbines which convert the thermal energy of steam into rotational motion using impulse or reaction blades.
4. Condensers which cool the steam from the turbines before it returns to the boiler via feed pumps to repeat the Rankine cycle that powers the plant.
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The document provides details about various refinery units including:
- Crude Distillation Unit (CDU), Naphtha Hydrotreating Unit (NHT), Isomerization Unit, Continuous Catalytic Reformer (CCR) Unit, Diesel Hydrotreating (DHDT) Unit, Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrotreating (VGO HDT) Unit, Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit, Hydrogen Generation Unit (HGU), Polypropylene Unit (PPU), Sour Water Stripping (SWS) Unit, and Amine Regeneration Unit.
It describes the objectives, key inputs and outputs of each unit.
Thermal power plants generate electricity by converting heat energy from combustion into mechanical energy using steam to power a turbine which drives an alternator. The document outlines the basic processes involved including:
- Fuel is combusted in a boiler to produce high pressure steam.
- The steam powers a turbine which converts the thermal energy to mechanical energy.
- An alternator converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
- The steam is then condensed in a condenser and recycled to the boiler through feedwater heating processes to improve efficiency.
Power Plant Regenerative feed heating and design aspects of Feed Heaters.This is a ppt for beginners in Power Plant Engineering.Also discusses Heat Transfer and Rankine cycle.
This document contains:
1) A block diagram of the plant Rankine cycle showing the main steam, high pressure turbine, intermediate pressure turbine, and low pressure turbine.
2) Heat and mass balance diagrams for the high pressure and low pressure sections of the plant, showing temperatures, pressures, enthalpies, and mass flows throughout the system.
3) A section on important heat rate formulas, defining heat rate as the heat input required to produce a unit of electrical output, and providing the specific guaranteed and actual heat rates for the plant.
GE Frame 9E Gas Turbine Nandipur Power ProjectZohaib Asif
The document provides details about the GE gas turbine model PG9171E. It has a single shaft and produces 170,000 horsepower. The turbine works on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, combusting fuel, expanding the combustion gases, and exhausting the gases. It has an axial flow compressor with 17 stages and reverse flow type combustion chambers. The fuel system can use HSD, HSFO, or natural gas and includes forwarding, filtering, and control components to supply fuel to the combustion chambers and regulate turbine speed and temperature.
This document discusses the key aspects of a 134 MW steam turbine. It begins by defining a steam turbine as a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and converts it into mechanical energy. It then provides specific design data for a 134 MW turbine, including its rated output, speed, steam conditions, number of extractions and stages. The document goes on to classify turbines based on their steam flow, type of energy conversion, compounding, cylinder arrangement, and exhaust conditions. It describes impulse, reaction, and combined impulse-reaction turbines as well as tandem and cross-compound cylinder arrangements.
Equipos usados en perforación de pozos petrolerosJohann Quintanar
The document provides an overview of key equipment used in drilling rigs. It describes major components such as the rig itself, hoisting equipment like the crown block and traveling block, rotation equipment including the kelly and kelly bushing, mud circulation equipment like the mud pump and standpipe, drill pipe and bottom hole assembly, safety equipment including blowout preventers, and various rig facilities. Diagrams are included to illustrate how some of the components work and relate to each other.
This document outlines the components of a drilling rig, including subsurface equipment like casings, drill pipes, drill collars, and bits. It describes the normal sequence of a drilling operation as drilling open hole, running casings, cementing, and resuming drilling with a smaller bit. It also lists some recommended bit and casing sizes and identifies the main systems of a drilling rig such as the hoisting, power, fluid circulating, rotary, well control, and well monitoring systems.
The document discusses different types of steam boilers. It describes the key components and functions of a boiler, including that a boiler is a closed vessel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to generate steam. It classifies boilers based on factors like tube layout (fire tube vs water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Specific boiler types are outlined like the Lancashire boiler and locomotive boiler. Boiler properties, safety features, efficiency factors and selection considerations are also summarized. Diagrams are included to illustrate different boiler components and designs.
This document provides details on the components of an oil drilling rig, including mud tanks, shale shakers, and other equipment. It describes the purpose and function of each component. The mud tank stores drilling fluid and other solids control equipment are mounted on top, including shale shakers. Shale shakers are the first stage in removing cuttings from the drilling fluid and consist of parts like the hopper, feeder, screen basket, and vibrator. The document also discusses screen selection and causes of premature screen failure.
A boiler is a closed vessel that heats water or another fluid. Boilers are constructed from low-carbon steel and have corrugated furnaces for strength. On ships, steam is used for heating, powering turbines, pumps, and other machinery. There are different types of boilers classified by their orientation, circulation method, pressure rating, and whether water or hot gases pass through tubes. Fire tube boilers have hot gases passing through tubes surrounded by water while water tube boilers have water passing through tubes surrounded by hot gases. Packaged boilers are self-contained and efficient units that produce steam quickly.
The document provides an overview of the key components of a rotary drilling rig, including:
1. The derrick or mast and substructure which supports the rig.
2. Power and prime movers such as internal combustion engines that power the rig equipment.
3. Hoisting components such as the drawworks, crown block, and traveling block that are used to raise and lower the drill string.
4. Rotating components such as the kelly, kelly bushing, and rotary table that turn the drill string and bit.
5. Circulating components that circulate drilling fluid down the drill string and up the well annulus, including mud pumps, standpipes,
The document discusses different types of impulse turbines. It begins by introducing impulse turbines and explaining that they rely on the dynamic action of steam passing through nozzles and imparting force on turbine blades. It then describes three main types of impulse turbines: simple impulse turbines where pressure remains constant; pressure compounded turbines which step down pressure in multiple stages; and velocity compounded turbines which step down velocity through alternating fixed and moving blades. Finally, it discusses pressure-velocity compounded turbines which consider both pressure and velocity changes in a multi-stage design.
European Paper Industry‘s Views on the Waste Targets ReviewEuropeanPaper
This document outlines the European Paper Industry's views on proposed targets for waste management and recycling. It discusses current paper recycling rates across Europe, proposes specific recycling targets for paper packaging of 80% by 2020, and advocates measuring recycling based on input to the paper industry rather than a percentage alone. The paper industry believes complementary measures are needed like separate collection of paper, landfill bans, and restrictions on incineration. It also addresses definitions, extended producer responsibility, and the need to consider renewability in the circular economy. In conclusion, the paper industry welcomes recycling goals but says enabling measures must also be implemented.
The document discusses ink drying in sheet-fed printing. It describes the physical and chemical parts of the drying process, including absorption of ink and oxidation of binders over several hours. It notes that siccatives and spray powder can accelerate drying by improving oxygen exposure and holding sheets apart. Problems like inadequate drying, silk screening issues, and cracking can occur if drying is not sufficient or heavier paper grades are used.
Pemakaian Steam Shower pada Press Section (Paper Machine)Lingga Mediatama
Makalah ini membahas penggunaan steam shower pada press section dalam proses produksi kertas. Steam shower digunakan untuk memanaskan fabric dan lembaran kertas sebelum masuk ke nip press untuk mempercepat proses dewatering. Pemanasan ini meningkatkan efisiensi proses dewatering karena menurunkan viskositas air. Pemasangan steam shower memberikan manfaat seperti fabric yang lebih kering dan bersih, serta meningkatkan kinerja mesin kertas.
تتكون الدورة الديناميكية الحرارية من سلسلة من العمليات الديناميكية الحرارية التي تنقل الحرارة
في حين تتغير الضغوط ودرجات الحرارة ومتغيرات الحالة الأخرى ، مما يؤدي في ، Work والشغل
النهاية إلى عودة النظام إلى حالته الأولية . في عملية المرور خلال هذه الدورة ، قد يقوم النظام بتنفيذ شغل
. Heat Engine وبالتالي يعمل كمحرك حراري ، Surroundings على البيئة المحيطة به
Water bath ... اجهزة مختبرية- الحمام المائيAmeen ALzaidy
Water bath.
هذا العرض يتحدث عن الحمام المائي المستخدم بالمختبرات العلمية ...
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https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
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I apologize, but I do not feel comfortable summarizing a document that is not in a language I understand. Summarizing text requires comprehending the overall meaning and topic.
The physical meaning of term Ax Ay(pv,)l, in Eq. 3.1-2 is the net rate of mass efflux per unit volume. The physical meaning of (V.pv) is the divergence of pv, which is the mass flux. The divergence has a simple meaning as the net rate of mass efflux per unit volume. A very important special form of the equation of continuity is for an incompressible fluid, where the divergence of the velocity (V.v) is equal to 0, meaning no change in density.
1) The document discusses the distributive law for cross products and how it applies to vectors in the x-y plane.
2) It also explains how to find the components of a cross product vector C=A×B if the components of A and B are known using properties like the cross product of parallel vectors being zero and the direction of perpendicular vectors following the right hand rule.
3) Key identities for the cross product of unit vectors are given according to the right hand rule.