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クラウドを支えるハードウェア・ソフトウェア基盤技術
This document summarizes key developments in cloud computing from 2006 to 2010. It discusses the emergence of major cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services, Google App Engine, and Microsoft Azure. It also analyzes the performance of these platforms for various applications like HPC and describes security and privacy challenges in cloud computing. Major trends covered include the growth of IaaS, PaaS, SaaS models and the shift of computing toward large cloud data centers.
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クラウドを支えるハードウェア・ソフトウェア基盤技術
- 1. 2010 12 8 Photo by digital cat
- 2. • • • OS • • • TCP/IP • • •
- 3. • • • • • Amazon Google Microsoft • HPC •
- 4.
- 5. 2006 8 9 Search Engine Strategies Conference “ ” ... Wikipedia
- 6. Google SOA 2004 2Q Web2.0 2005 4Q 2006 SaaS 2006 4Q 2008 1Q 4Q NTT 2009 7 29
- 7. Amazon Amazon “Amazon's cloud computingwill surpass its retailing business,” Larry Dignan http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=8471 2007 http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22606/page3/
- 8. SaaS UC Berkeley ud SP lo A C Web Web SaaS SaaS Web ASP SaaS IaaS, PaaS SaaS (Software as a Service)
- 9. SaaS UC Berkeley ud SP lo A C Web Web SaaS SaaS Web SaaS IaaS, PaaS s y s dr le un b- Fo Fa NVIDIA Intel, Samsung TSMC
- 10.
- 11. • • • * • 2 • • *) Jack Dongarra, “An Overview of High Performance Computing and Challenges for the Future,” HPDC 2009.
- 12. • • • •
- 13. • Salesforce.com PaaS • 1 • SIer •
- 14. mixi • • Amazon WS • EC2/S3/Load balancing • CloudFront • Flash/Flex
- 15. •1 180 / • 7000 • Amazon EC2 50 Hadoop 30 5 •
- 16. Animoto.com • CPU • Facebook SNS • • Amazon EC2
- 17. • • • • • •
- 18. NIST NIST Definition of Cloud Computing v15 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/
- 19. On-demand self-service Broad networkaccess Resource pooling Rapid elasticity Measured service NIST Definition of Cloud Computing v15 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/
- 20. ! ! ! ! !
- 21. • •1 10
- 22. • • • MTBF* 3 1000 1 1 10 1 100 • e.g., Google RAID ECC • • * Mean Time Between Failures
- 23.
- 24. • • • • • 2 PUE PUE = DC IT * Power Usage Effectiveness
- 25. • IT • • Sun Black Box 2006 Google 2005 1 1160 / 2003
- 26. Google Google Publickey 2009 7 17 http://www.publickey1.jp/blog/09/post_36.html
- 27. Microsoft 4 DC Microsoft 112 22.4 IT-PAC: Free cooling 2000 / PUE 1.06
- 28. DC (2006 Microsoft ) 1000 5 $95/Mbps/ $13/Mbps/ 7.1 $2.20/GB/ $0.40/GB/ 5.7 140 / 1000 / 7.1 M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A. D. Joseph, R. Katz,A. Konwinski, G. Lee, D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stoica, and M. Zaharia, “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” 2009
- 29. Google • Google 900 675 •3 45 450 225 • Microsoft 0 2006Q1 2007Q1 2008Q1 2009Q1 2010Q1 • 2008 21 8000 30 • Amazon • 2009 EC2 4 • 2009 52 “Who Has the Most Web Servers,” Data Center Knowledge, May 14, 2009, http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/05/14/whos-got-the-most-web-servers/
- 30. Amazon EC2 Google AppEngine Amazon Azure Photo by naixn
- 31. SaaS (Software asa Service): Service Salesforce.com Google Apps Container PaaS (Platform as a Service): Google App Engine OS Windows Azure VMM aaS (Infrastructure as a Service): HW Amazon EC2 VMM: Virtual Machine Monitor
- 32. • SaaS (Software as a Service) • • Google Apps Salesforce CRM • PaaS (Platform as a Service) • • Google App Engine Force.com • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) • • Amazon EC2 Blue Cloud
- 33. Amazon Web Services •2006 S3 • Amazon * • Web • 2006 8 EC2 • 2008 8 • *)
- 34. Amazon • • • Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) • CloudWatch • Elastic MapReduce • • Auto Scaling • Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) • • Elastic Load Balancing • CloudFrond • • • Flexible Payments Service (FPS) • SimpleDB • DevPay • Relational Database Service (RDS) • • • Simple Storage Service (S3) • Simple Queue Service (SQS) • Elastic Block Storage (EBS) • Simple Notification Service (SNS) • AWS Import/Export
- 35. Amazon Elastic MapReduce SNS SQS RDS SimpleDB KVS Elastic Load Balancing EBS EC2 S3 CloudFront CDN Edge Location
- 36. Amazon EC2 • OS S3 • EC2 launch • (Web service API) • upload S3 •1 2007 Opteron 1.0 - 1.2 GHz
- 37. Regions Availability Zone • Region • 4 • Availability Zone Region • • AWS region (US WEST) AWS region (APAC) Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 2
- 38. EC2 • Small 1 $0.085 x 24 x 365 = $744.6 • 1 Cluster Compute 10 • $1.6 x 24 x 10 = $384 Instance type ECU Memory (GB) Storage (GB) Arch. Price ($/h) Small 1 1.7 160 32bit 0.085 Large 4 7.5 850 64bit 0.34 Ex-large 8 15 1690 64bit 0.68 High-mem quad 26 68.4 1690 64bit 2.4 High-CPU ex-large 20 7 1690 64bit 0.68 Cluster Compute* 33.5 23 1690 64bit 1.6 *) 10
- 39. EC2 • • 1 0.085 ! 0.095 • Windows • 3 4 0.085 ! 0.12 • • 1/3 • small 1 • 0.085 x 24 x 365 = 744.6 • 0.03 x 24 x 365 + 227.5 = 489.8
- 40. EC2 • • • • 1/2 1/3 • 0.085 -> 0.029 8/20 • • • •
- 41. AWS • • PaaS: RightScale Heroku EC2 PaaS • IaaS: Eucalyptus EC2/S3 • IaaS PaaS • • •
- 42. SaaS (Software asa Service): Service Salesforce.com Google Apps Container PaaS (Platform as a Service): Google App Engine OS Windows Azure VMM aaS (Infrastructure as a Service): HW Amazon EC2 VMM: Virtual Machine Monitor
- 43. Google Google Web Gmail Maps ... Sawzall App Engine MapReduce BigTable Google File System
- 44. Google App Engine •Web • Web 3 • Python Java • • • • DB •
- 45. Google App Engine Google App Engine DB DB Bigtable
- 46. GAE • • • API • 30 • • SDK
- 47. • • • CPU 6.5 hour/day $0.10/hour 1GB/day $0.10/GB 1GB/day $0.12/GB 1GB/day $0.15/GB x month 2000/day $0.0001/mail
- 48. Windows Azure • Windows ASP .NET • • Visual Studio • Microsoft • • Windows Azure platform appliance
- 49. • IaaS • • • PaaS SaaS http://jp.fujitsu.com/solutions/cloud/ http://cloud.nifty.com/ Softbank http://tm.softbank.jp/business/white_cloud/ IIJ GIO http://www.iij.ad.jp/GIO/
- 50. HPC HPC • • SaaS !IaaS User • App. • IaaS VM VM VM ! H/W H/W H/W
- 51. TOP500: LINPACK 2010 11 100 InfiniBand: 80% 90 80 70 10 Gigabit Ethernet: 74% 60 % 50 40 Gigabit Ethernet: 54% 30 #231 Amazon EC2 InfiniBand 20 cluster compute instances Gigabit Ethernet 10 10 Gigabit Ethernet 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Rank ※ : Rmax : Rpeak
- 52. AIST Green Cloud Amazon EC2 (AGC) Cluster Instance Intel E5540/2.53GHz Intel X5570/2.93GHz CPU 2 sockets 8 cores 2 sockets 8 cores Memory 48 GB 23 GB Network InfiniBnad, 10GbE 10GbE SAS 300GB x2 EBS 20GB HDD (RAID1) Ephemeral 850GB x2 CentOS 5.5 CentOS 5.4 OS BMM, PVM, HVM HVM BMM: Bare Metal Machine PVM: Para Virtualized Machine HVM: Full Virtualized Machine
- 53. MPI PingPong PingPong 2500 Send 0 1 2000 Recv IB-BMM 2 Throughput (MB/s) 1500 15 BMM 1000 500 EC2 PVM HVM 0 16 1k 16k 1M 16M 1G Message size (byte)
- 54. • Bloss: Block Sakurai-Sugiura • 100 • MPI OpenMP rank 0 rank 0 N 760MB Bcast Reduce 10GB 1GB 1GB Bcast Gather 350MB
- 55. Bloss: Bloss (2 ranks per node, 4 threads per rank) 120 100 Parallel Efficiency (%) 80 IB-BMM BMM 60 EC2 5% PVM HVM 40 BMM 21.06 PVM 22.33 20 HVM 22.66 EC2 20.00 0 1 2 4 8 16 Number of nodes
- 56. • HPC • • • CPU • I/O • Passthrough •
- 57.
- 59. • • • • • • • “Assessing the Security Risks of Cloud Computing,” Gartner http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?id=685308
- 60. DDoS API VPN WAN IO VM NoSQL VM Pay-for-use M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A. D. Joseph, R. Katz,A. Konwinski, G. Lee, D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stoica, and M. Zaharia, “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” 2009
- 61. • • • • • • CPU
- 62.
- 63. • M.Armbrust, et al., “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” 2009 • L.A.Barroso and U.Holzle, “The Data Center as a Computer” Google • SACSIS 2010 • JJUG 2009 10 8 • NTT 2009 7 29