1) The document summarizes key German laws related to renewable energy and deregulation of the energy market. 2) It describes laws such as the Energy Industry Law, Renewable Energy Act, Cogeneration Law that promote renewable energy, deregulate the market, and mandate priority grid access for renewable energy. 3) It shows how these laws have led to rapid growth in renewable energy capacity in Germany, with renewables now accounting for over 50% of installed capacity.

1. 1
從德國再生能源法看台灣電業法
修法
孔榮，臺灣再生能源推動聯盟 理事
2015 年 9 月 4 號

2. 2
“Every man is, no doubt, by nature, first and
principally recommended to his own care; and as
he is fitter to take care of himself than of any other
person, it is fit and right that it should be so.” –
Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments,
Section II, Chapter II., 1759

3. 3
"From this fundamental law of nature, by which
men are commanded to endeavour peace, is
derived this second law: that a man be willing,
when others are so too, as far forth as for
peace and defence of himself he shall think it
necessary, to lay down this right to all things;
and be contented with so much liberty against
other men as he would allow other men against
himself.” Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan Chapter
VI, 1651

4. 4
Federal System
Law and Bureaucracy
Social Market Economy
Deregulation of Energy Market
Market Development Approach
Market Assessment Mechanism
Decoupling of Government Funding
聯邦系統
法律和官僚主義
社會市場經濟
能源市場的放鬆管制
市場發展方法
市場評估機制
政府資助的脫鉤

5. 5
The Task at hand or that is still at hand:
Create a free market out of a non-free market
Create transparency
Do not interrupt or endanger power supply
Balance the economies need and development path
Obtain environmental goals
Economic growth
在手頭上或者依然在眼前的任務：
從一個非自由市場中，創造出自由市場
創造透明度
不中斷或危害供電
平衡的經濟需求和發展路徑
達到環保目標
經濟增長

6. 6
Market
EDL-G
EnWG
EnEV
EEG
EnVKG
KAV
KWKG
StromNEV
StromNZV
NAV
NDAV
GasGVV
GasNEV
REMIT ENWG
GWB
UWG
StromGVV
( 德國推動再生能源的配套法案)

7. 7
Energy Industry Law (EnWG, 1935, 1998, 2005,
2015)
能源產業法 (1935, 1998, 2005, 2015)
• “The objective of the law is the most securest, price effective, customer friendly,
efficient and environmental friendly supply of power to the general public with
power or gas, which is more and more reliant on renewable energy.”
• 1998: Following 96/92/EG beginning of deregulation
• Starter: vertically integrated power companies had to start to clearly lead different
accounts for different business areas. (Generation, Transmission, Distribution)
• Second: Power companies can not obstruct third companies access the grid.
• 「本法旨在確保對於有電力或瓦斯，且越來越仰賴再生能源的公眾，其最安
全的、價格有效的、對消費者友善的、有效率的，以及環境友善的供電。」
• 1998 年：隨著 96/92 / EG 開始放鬆管制
• 一開始：垂直整合的電力公司，必須開始清楚地以不同帳戶切分不同的業務
領域 （發電，輸電，配電）
• 接下來：電力公司不能阻礙第三方公司近用電網。

8. 8
Energy Industry Law (EnWG, 1935, 1998, 2005,
2015)
能源產業法 (1935, 1998, 2005, 2015)
• 2003: Strom = Gas
• 2005: The grid operator can only charge in accordance to the regulation office
• Regulation Office is a mediator for any conflict (with a target of two month)
• Power Companies with more than 100.000 customers have to split their grid part from
other economic activities
• 2008: customers can choose their meter services instead of power suppliers
• Intelligent Meters from 2010 on (measure the net power consumption and time)
• 2011: Further untangling of Transmission, long distant lines, distribution grids.
• 2003 ： strom = 瓦斯
• 2005 年：電網運營者只能依管制單位規定收費
• 「監管辦公室」是所有衝突的調停人（目標在兩個月內）
• 有超過十萬客戶的電力公司，必須將其電網業務，從其他經濟活動中分開
• 2008 年：客戶可以選擇自己的電表計量服務，而不是電力供應者
• 從 2010 年開始智慧電表（測量淨電力消耗及時間）
• 2011 ：進一步拆分輸電、長距離線路及配電電網。

9. 9
Concession Fees for Power and Gas, KAV, 1992, 2006)
電力與天然氣的特許經營費 (KAV ， 1992 年， 2006 年）
• Relates to EnWG
• Regulates concession fees for using public roads and installing as
well as operating cables / pipelines
• Upper fee schedule for end customers that receive power / gas (16
categories, low voltage, gas)
• Monitoring on community level
• 與能源產業法有關
• 規範特許經營規費，包含使用公共道路，安裝以及經營電纜 / 管道
• 對於接收電力 / 瓦斯的終端用戶有費率上限（ 16 類，低壓電力，瓦
斯）
• 監測社區等級

10. 10
Fees for Access to Power Grids (StromNEV, 2005, 2014)
併網費（ StromNEV ， 2005 年， 2014 年）
• Objective: Fee schedule for grids as well as decentralized systems
• Necessity: Grid operators have lost revenue through third parties that do not use the grid system,
that has to be balanced
• Accounting and calculatory cost can only be in relation to a similar grid operator
• “market prices”
• Very specific accounting and depreciation rules
• Decentralized fees are based on the avoided cost of grid providers own system
• Exception for energy intensive users
• 目的：電網及分散型系統的規費
• 必要性：由於第三方不使用電網系統，電網運營者因此而產生的損失，需
要被平衡
• 會計和計算的成本，只能和類似的電網運營商相關
• 「市場價格」
• 非常具體的會計折舊規則
• 分散的規費，是以電網提供者其自身系統的迴避成本為基礎
• 能源密集 ( 高耗能 ) 的用戶可豁免

11. 11
Access to Power Grid Ordinance 併網條例
(StromNZV, 2005, 2014)
• Objective: conditions for feeding power to transmission and then into the net to usage in different
locations
• Creates balance circles and timetables for energy providers (24h, change possible within
15/15min)
• Allows for purchase of “control energy” (base load) in a cross regional market
• Has to buy the cheapest offered base load
• Grip Operators have to publish “supply curve”
• Grid Operators need to make sure that customers can change power companies by using a
standardized system
• 目的：在不同地點，將電力饋入輸配電線路的條件
• 為能源供應者創造平衡圈和時間表（ 24 小時，在 15/15 分鐘內可
能改變）
• 允許在跨區域市場購買「控制能源」（基載）
• 必須買市場上最便宜的基載電力
• 電網營運者必須公布「供給曲線」
• 電網營運者需確保用戶，可透過使用單一標準化的系統，變更其電
力公司

12. 12
How does trading work?
交易如何運作
Banking Business
銀行
Power Business
電力
Account Manager
客戶經理
Bank
銀行
Grid Operator
電網營運者
Account Keeping
記帳
Bank Account
銀行帳戶
Balance Circles
平衡圈
Identifier for Booking
記帳識別碼
Bank Account Number
銀行帳號
EIC Code
EIC 代碼
Deposit (physical)
存款（實體）
Bank Counter
銀行櫃檯
Meter at the Power Station
在電廠的電表
Disbursement (physical)
支付（實體）
ATM
自動提款機
Meter at the customer
在客戶端的電表
Transfer to accounts
轉入帳戶
Wire Transfer
電匯
Power Trading (Exchange)
電力交易 ( 交換 )
Dr. Thomas Niedrig (GTFE), Lecture Stromhandel 2008, European Federation of
Energy Traders

13. 13
REMIT (EU 1227/2011)
• Power and Gas Market
• Prohibition of Insider Trading
• Cumpolsory Registration with National Regulation Authority
• Compolsory reporting on wholesale energy transactions
• Creation of Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators
(ACER)
• Regulates legal as well as natural persons
• Aplies to physical and financial contracts for Energy
• 電力和天然氣市場
• 禁止內線交易
• 強制向國家監管機構註冊
• 強制報告能源批發交易內容
• 創造能源管制機構的合作代理人（ ACER ）
• 規範法人以及自然人
• 適用於能源的實體及金融合約

14. 14
Renewable Energy Act 再生能源法
(EEG, 1991 - 2014)
• Objective: sustainable energy supply, internalization of external
cost, reduce fossil fuel usage, develop technologies
• RE priority access to grid
• Purchase (FiT) for 20 years for different technologies
• Changes to tender system (PV first)
• Prior to 2014 no cap, now breathing cap
• 目的：永續的能源供應、外部成本內部化、減少使用化石燃料、開發技
術
• 再生能源優先併入電網
• 對於不同發電技術，以固定併網費率 (FIT) 收購 20 年
• 變更為招標系統（太陽光電先開始）
• 在 2014 年之前，無容量上限，現在則為彈性上限

15. 15
Cogeneration Law 熱電聯產法
(KWKG, 2002, 2014)
• Objective: Cogeneration 25% of power production from co-
generation by 2020
• High-efficient co-generation systems have priority access to the grid
(<100MW)
• Heat and Cooling
• <20kw receive installation subsidy
• “FiT” for KWK not related to power output via grid operator
• 目的：在 2020 年前， 25% 電力來自於熱電聯產 ( 汽電共生 )
• 高效熱電聯產系統，優先併入電網（ <100MW ）
• 供熱及供冷
• 小於 20 千瓦的系統，享有設備裝置補貼
• 熱電聯產的固定併網費率，無涉電網營運者的電力輸出

16. 16
Installed Capacity 裝置容量
18.08.2015
Source: www.energy-charts.de, Fraunhofer ISE
Aug八月 2015: Hydro: 水力5,59GW, Biogas 生質瓦斯 8.79GW, Nuclear 核能 10.79GW (2010 年有21.50GW), Coal 燃煤 48.28GW, Gas 天然氣27.91GW, Wind 風力37.31GW, Offshore:離岸風力 1.59GW, PV太陽光電 39.19GW
Sum總計 179.36GW / 51% Renewables 再生能源

17. 17
Impact of Legislation – Germany
立法的影響 - 德國
Source: The Renewable Energy Industry in Germany, Germany Trade & Invest (www.gtai.com)

18. 18
Energy Services Law 能源服務法
(EDL-G, 2010, 2015)
• Target Group: Energy Services, Energy Efficiency Measures, Power Companies
• Goal: Support Energy Efficiency Measures from 2017 based on 2006/32/EU
• Government as role model that is using energy service companies
• Energy Suppliers have to inform their customers on effectiveness of energy efficiency measures as
well as possible areas the customer can apply.
• This shall be done through service companies in a competitive environment
• Power Companies are not allowed to hinder the market, the execution of services and obstruct the
creation of such markets.
• 對象：能源服務、能源效率措施、電力公司
• 目標：根據 2006 年 / 32 / EU ，支持從 2017 年開始的能源效率措施
• 由政府開始使用能源服務公司，做為榜樣
• 能源供應商必須通知其客戶，有關能效措施的有效性，以及客戶可能適用的領域。
• 在一個競爭的環境下，透過這些服務公司是能達成的。
• 電力公司不得妨礙市場、服務的執行，或阻撓這樣的市場的建立。

19. 19
Energy Services Law 能源服務法
(EDL-G, 2010, 2015)
• The Bundesstelle für Energieeffizienz (BfEE) is monitoring , collecting data, drafting
plans and is in charge to allow a transparent market (Under the Federal Office for
Economic Affairs and Export Control, BMWi – Ministry of Economic Affairs and
Technology)
• Power Companies can enroll their services with BfEE, indepedent companies have to be
marked as such. Criteria: Three years of experence in energy services, energy audit or
energy efficiency measures for at least ten (end) customers. Private Experts can also
enroll.
• Large Companies have to submit an Energy Audit (following DIN EN 16247-1. 2012)
until December 2015, then every four years.
• BfEE 負責監測、收集數據、起草計畫，並負責允許一個透明的市場（在聯邦
–經濟事務和出口管制辦公室 BMWI- 及 經濟及技術部之下）
• 電力公司可以向 BfEE 註冊自己的服務，獨立的公司必須註明。門檻：三年的
能源服務經驗、能源審計或為至少十個 ( 終端 ) 客戶提供能效措施。私人專
家也可以註冊。
• 大型企業必須提交一份能源稽核（依據 DIN EN 16247-1 ， 2012 規範），
到 2015 年 12 月之後，每四年提交一次。

20. 20
Energy Services Law 能源服務法
(EDL-G, 2010, 2015)
• Federal Office has the right to check on companies if these audits are done in a proper
way.
• An Advisor Council is set-up with members from industries, academia , association,
customers and government.
• 聯邦辦公室有權檢 公司是否以適當方式完成稽核。查
• 由來自於產業、學術界、工會、客戶和政府，建立一個顧問委員會

21. 21
Energy Saving Ordinance in Buildings
建築節能條例 (EnEV, 2007, 2013)
• Heating and Insulation
• Defines annual primary energy
consumption for old and new
buildings
• All buildings with a few
exceptions
• 2015: goal climate neutral
building sector 2050
• Heating system older than 30
years have to shut down
• 25% more saving demand for
new buildings (2015)
• Federal states have to check
on passports
• Stronger use of model buildings
• To be shown when renting or
selling, have to mention it in
advertisement
• Up to EUR 50.000 penalty
• Using DIN 4108 / DIN 4701-10
for residential buildings
• 供熱和隔熱
• 對新舊建築定義每年的初
級能源消耗
• 除少數例外，適用於所有
建築物
• 2015 年：目標 2050 年前
達到建築部門碳中和
• 超過 30 年的供熱系統必須
淘汰
• 新建築需節能
25 ％（ 2015 ）
• 聯邦必須檢查護照
• 更強的使用模範建築
• 在出租或出售房屋時，需
在廣告中展示
• 高達五萬歐元的罰金
• 住宅建物適用 DIN4108/
DIN4701-10 規範

22. 22
Labelling of energy consumption for products,
automotive and tires
貨品、汽車和輪胎的能耗標籤 (EnVKG, 2012)
• Objective: Label energy consumption, CO2 emission and other product
information in advertisement
• Exemption: second hand products, stickers that are attached for security
reasons, products for military use
• Touches upon parts that go into an end products, products themselves
• Applies to manufacturers or their legal dealer / representative within the EU
• Federal Government entrusted with monitoring, automotive central
government, together with customs in the realm of international trade
• 目的：在廣告中標示能源消耗量、二氧化碳排放量及其他產品資訊
• 豁免：二手產品、基於安全原因而使用的貼紙、軍用品
• 涉及終端產品的零件及產品本身
• 適用於製造廠或其在歐盟內的合法代理商 / 業務代表
• 在國際貿易領域，聯邦政府負責監測及關稅