This document summarizes principles of successful broiler house ventilation during winter months. It outlines 12 key points, including sealing air leaks, properly insulating houses, setting minimum ventilation rates that increase with bird age, bringing in outside air high and mixing it before it reaches birds, and adjusting backup thermostats and alarms. Maintaining proper minimum ventilation is important for air quality and litter moisture control, even when outside temperatures are cold or it is raining. Both under-ventilation and over-ventilation can cause issues, so ventilation rates should be monitored and adjusted accordingly.
1. Minimum ventilation is important for broiler chickens in the first few weeks to guarantee fresh air, optimal growth, and organ development. It uses still air or very low air speeds to avoid chilling the chicks.
2. There are different ventilation systems used depending on the age of the chickens and outdoor temperatures, ranging from minimum ventilation for young chicks to tunnel ventilation for older birds to control heat.
3. Key factors for minimum ventilation systems include air exchange rate, pressure drop across inlets, and uniform air distribution without excess cooling of the chicks. This helps optimize health, growth and final performance of the flock.
Management of flock in hot and cold weatherRahmeen Ajaz
Ventilation of poultry houses involves managing temperature, humidity, and air quality for optimal bird performance. There are different ventilation systems for different weather conditions, including minimum ventilation for winter, tunnel ventilation for summer, and transitional ventilation for moderate weather. Key aspects of ventilation management include housing/ventilation systems, static pressure, controlling humidity, and calculating the appropriate number and placement of fans.
Ventilation management in ECH by Dr. Rashid Sohail My Own Business
Ventilation is necessary to maintain air quality for poultry by removing stale, moist air and bringing in fresh air. The key objectives of ventilation are to provide a suitable living environment for maximum growth and livability of birds. Ventilation is measured by static pressure, which is the pressure difference between inside and outside of a house. Proper static pressure is necessary to effectively ventilate without excess pressure. Forced ventilation uses fans and controls the temperature, humidity, and airflow. Parameters like fan capacity, cooling pads, and minimum ventilation are selected based on house size and bird numbers/weights.
The document provides guidelines for hot weather ventilation systems for poultry housing. It discusses the importance of house sealing, insulation, and avoiding thermal bridging for closed environment houses. For all house types, proper roof insulation is critical to prevent radiant heat from entering. Tunnel ventilation is recommended as the best management tool, pulling air down the length of the house through inlets and exhaust fans. Proper design of the ventilation system including fan capacity, operating pressure, number of fans, cooling pad area, and inlet area is outlined. Maintenance, monitoring, and managing the wind chill effect for different bird ages is also covered.
This document summarizes different types of ventilation systems used in poultry houses. It discusses natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation systems. The main types of mechanical ventilation systems covered are negative pressure systems, positive pressure systems, and combined/dual systems. Negative pressure systems are most commonly used and have fans and inlets as main components. Different types of negative pressure systems for cold, hot, and transitional weather are described. The document also briefly discusses positive pressure systems and combined ventilation systems. Basic components of a ventilation system like inlets, controllers, cooling pads, sensors, and exhaust fans are listed.
Management of Poultry House Ventilation by Dr.Muhammad Ashiq ToorAshiq Toor
This document discusses managing poultry house ventilation. It describes two types of ventilation systems - natural airflow and mechanical airflow using fans. For mechanical ventilation, it explains positive and negative pressure systems. The document focuses on mechanical ventilation and discusses minimum ventilation for cold weather, tunnel ventilation for hot weather, and transitional ventilation for moderate weather. It provides details on components of mechanical ventilation systems including fans, inlets, controllers, sensors and formulas for calculating their sizes and settings based on house dimensions and number of birds.
Need of Insulation in Poultry Farm | Poultry Farm InsulationAerolam Insulations
The value of insulation is generally recognised in temperate and cold climates, where its function is often thought of as primarily to help keep birds warm in cold weather, with minimal fuel use. However, insulation has a valuable although different function in summer also: protecting birds from heat stress caused by solar heat gain through the roof. This protection is needed in moderate to cool climate areas, and even more in warm to hot areas.
1) The document discusses principles of ventilation for livestock buildings, including how ventilation works to maintain air quality within animals' comfort zones by removing stale air and moisture and replacing it with fresh air.
2) It explains the different ventilation needs for various types of animals and temperatures, including the need for supplemental heat or increased insulation in cold weather to maintain proper humidity levels.
3) Guidelines are provided for minimum and maximum ventilation rates depending on animal type and barn size, and factors like inlet size and fan setup are discussed to ensure efficient air flow and mixing.
1. Minimum ventilation is important for broiler chickens in the first few weeks to guarantee fresh air, optimal growth, and organ development. It uses still air or very low air speeds to avoid chilling the chicks.
2. There are different ventilation systems used depending on the age of the chickens and outdoor temperatures, ranging from minimum ventilation for young chicks to tunnel ventilation for older birds to control heat.
3. Key factors for minimum ventilation systems include air exchange rate, pressure drop across inlets, and uniform air distribution without excess cooling of the chicks. This helps optimize health, growth and final performance of the flock.
Management of flock in hot and cold weatherRahmeen Ajaz
Ventilation of poultry houses involves managing temperature, humidity, and air quality for optimal bird performance. There are different ventilation systems for different weather conditions, including minimum ventilation for winter, tunnel ventilation for summer, and transitional ventilation for moderate weather. Key aspects of ventilation management include housing/ventilation systems, static pressure, controlling humidity, and calculating the appropriate number and placement of fans.
Ventilation management in ECH by Dr. Rashid Sohail My Own Business
Ventilation is necessary to maintain air quality for poultry by removing stale, moist air and bringing in fresh air. The key objectives of ventilation are to provide a suitable living environment for maximum growth and livability of birds. Ventilation is measured by static pressure, which is the pressure difference between inside and outside of a house. Proper static pressure is necessary to effectively ventilate without excess pressure. Forced ventilation uses fans and controls the temperature, humidity, and airflow. Parameters like fan capacity, cooling pads, and minimum ventilation are selected based on house size and bird numbers/weights.
The document provides guidelines for hot weather ventilation systems for poultry housing. It discusses the importance of house sealing, insulation, and avoiding thermal bridging for closed environment houses. For all house types, proper roof insulation is critical to prevent radiant heat from entering. Tunnel ventilation is recommended as the best management tool, pulling air down the length of the house through inlets and exhaust fans. Proper design of the ventilation system including fan capacity, operating pressure, number of fans, cooling pad area, and inlet area is outlined. Maintenance, monitoring, and managing the wind chill effect for different bird ages is also covered.
This document summarizes different types of ventilation systems used in poultry houses. It discusses natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation systems. The main types of mechanical ventilation systems covered are negative pressure systems, positive pressure systems, and combined/dual systems. Negative pressure systems are most commonly used and have fans and inlets as main components. Different types of negative pressure systems for cold, hot, and transitional weather are described. The document also briefly discusses positive pressure systems and combined ventilation systems. Basic components of a ventilation system like inlets, controllers, cooling pads, sensors, and exhaust fans are listed.
Management of Poultry House Ventilation by Dr.Muhammad Ashiq ToorAshiq Toor
This document discusses managing poultry house ventilation. It describes two types of ventilation systems - natural airflow and mechanical airflow using fans. For mechanical ventilation, it explains positive and negative pressure systems. The document focuses on mechanical ventilation and discusses minimum ventilation for cold weather, tunnel ventilation for hot weather, and transitional ventilation for moderate weather. It provides details on components of mechanical ventilation systems including fans, inlets, controllers, sensors and formulas for calculating their sizes and settings based on house dimensions and number of birds.
Need of Insulation in Poultry Farm | Poultry Farm InsulationAerolam Insulations
The value of insulation is generally recognised in temperate and cold climates, where its function is often thought of as primarily to help keep birds warm in cold weather, with minimal fuel use. However, insulation has a valuable although different function in summer also: protecting birds from heat stress caused by solar heat gain through the roof. This protection is needed in moderate to cool climate areas, and even more in warm to hot areas.
1) The document discusses principles of ventilation for livestock buildings, including how ventilation works to maintain air quality within animals' comfort zones by removing stale air and moisture and replacing it with fresh air.
2) It explains the different ventilation needs for various types of animals and temperatures, including the need for supplemental heat or increased insulation in cold weather to maintain proper humidity levels.
3) Guidelines are provided for minimum and maximum ventilation rates depending on animal type and barn size, and factors like inlet size and fan setup are discussed to ensure efficient air flow and mixing.
Heat stress from high temperatures is a major problem for poultry production. Evaporative cooling can help but is only effective under low humidity conditions. A two-stage air cooling system uses underground pipes to first sensibly cool the air before further cooling it evaporatively. A study showed this system maintained stable indoor temperatures for poultry even as outdoor temperatures varied widely, improving production over conventional cooling methods.
The document discusses ventilation for poultry housing. It explains that ventilation is needed to manage temperature, humidity and air quality for optimal bird performance. It describes different ventilation types including minimum, transitional and tunnel ventilation suited for different weather. Key parameters for fan selection and sizing of fans, inlets, cooling pads are discussed. Potential problems with uneven ventilation or temperature are also summarized if the ventilation system is not designed or operated properly.
The presentation discusses in detail the efficacy and multipurpose use of an environmentally controlled poultry house and.It basically determines the efficacy of each section of the EC poultry house.
This document discusses layer management strategies for different seasons. It outlines that the environment, including temperature, impacts layer performance. There are three main seasons in India - winter, summer, and rainy. Specific management practices are needed for each season to address environmental stresses and optimize production. For winter, ventilation is important while extending daylight hours can boost egg production. In summer, adequate cooling and water are critical to prevent heat stress. During rainy season, litter and housing must be kept dry to prevent disease. Key factors like housing, ventilation, feeding, and water management must be adapted to seasonal conditions.
Ventilation is necessary in modern controlled poultry houses to provide fresh air into the house and to expel noxious gasses from the house to keep the environment fresh and birds healthy.
There are different types of ventilation depends on the weather like minimum ventilation in cold weather, transitional ventilation in optimum weather and tunnel ventilation in extreme weather.
This document discusses insulation, its purposes, benefits, types of materials used, and calculations for determining insulation effectiveness and heat loss. Insulation works by surrounding an area with material that reduces heat transfer, maintaining uniform temperature and conserving heat. More isolated air spaces in a material make it a better insulator. The R-value and permeability measure a material's insulating properties, with higher R-values and lower permeability indicating better insulation. Formulas are provided to calculate heat loss through walls and ventilation.
This document provides tips on improving the energy efficiency of home heating and cooling through proper maintenance and use of a programmable thermostat. It recommends regularly changing air filters and scheduling annual tune-ups to maintain equipment efficiency. Using a programmable thermostat to adjust temperatures when home is unoccupied can save up to $180 per year on energy costs. The guide also suggests sealing and insulating the home as well as installing efficient HVAC equipment sized for the home to improve comfort and reduce energy bills.
This document discusses sprains and includes sections on causes, symptoms, first aid, prevention, and references. It was written in March 2015 by Andrea Vivar de la Garza and Jessica Alejandra Vega Loza for their English IV class, taught by Pablo Hernández Hernández. The document provides an overview of sprains and information to help treat and prevent them.
Φορολογική μεταχείριση της χρεωστικής διαφοράς (ζημιάς) που προέκυψε σε βάρος προσωπικής εταιρείας από την ανταλλαγή ομολόγων του Ελληνικού Δημοσίου στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος συμμετοχής στην αναδιάταξη του ελληνικού χρέους
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses Kurt Lewin's force field analysis framework for implementing planned organizational change. It describes how a group of managers applied this framework to analyze the forces impacting the openness of communication and effectiveness of their work team. The managers identified driving forces that supported more openness, such as interdependence and career goals, as well as restraining forces hindering change, such as lack of experience with conflict and risk of worsening issues. Lewin's force field analysis provided a way to understand how these opposing forces maintained the team's current functioning level and how modifying the forces could enable movement to a different, improved level of openness and performance.
Throughout the project, the documenter used various technologies to create effects for an opening film scene. Blogger was used to document the planning process, and Final Cut Pro was used for video editing. When filming, a Nikon D3200 camera that can record 1080p video at 24 frames per second was used. Blogger allowed organization of plans and storyboards online. Lessons learned include always using manual focus with a DSLR camera to ensure shots remain in focus rather than relying on autofocus.
The importance of SW Procurement to your company's value chainQahir Makhani
This document discusses the importance of software procurement to a company's value chain. It argues that companies now have choices in how they procure software, such as consolidating vendors, using multiple vendors, or buying a product from one vendor containing software from others. Making the right procurement choices requires considering questions like current systems, compatibility, visibility across the value chain, and opportunities to reduce spend and hardware. The value chain concept shows how primary and support activities must integrate to create value, and software procurement is a strategic decision that can optimize a company's IT estate.
The document discusses Jennie-O Turkey Store's performance and outlook. It notes that while the first half of 2015 saw strong retail, foodservice, and deli sales growth, avian influenza is expected to significantly impact the second half with sales forecast to be down 15% and margins between 10-12%. However, the Jennie-O brand remains strong and various initiatives around value-added products, foodservice, and premium deli are positioned for long-term growth.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Heat stress from high temperatures is a major problem for poultry production. Evaporative cooling can help but is only effective under low humidity conditions. A two-stage air cooling system uses underground pipes to first sensibly cool the air before further cooling it evaporatively. A study showed this system maintained stable indoor temperatures for poultry even as outdoor temperatures varied widely, improving production over conventional cooling methods.
The document discusses ventilation for poultry housing. It explains that ventilation is needed to manage temperature, humidity and air quality for optimal bird performance. It describes different ventilation types including minimum, transitional and tunnel ventilation suited for different weather. Key parameters for fan selection and sizing of fans, inlets, cooling pads are discussed. Potential problems with uneven ventilation or temperature are also summarized if the ventilation system is not designed or operated properly.
The presentation discusses in detail the efficacy and multipurpose use of an environmentally controlled poultry house and.It basically determines the efficacy of each section of the EC poultry house.
This document discusses layer management strategies for different seasons. It outlines that the environment, including temperature, impacts layer performance. There are three main seasons in India - winter, summer, and rainy. Specific management practices are needed for each season to address environmental stresses and optimize production. For winter, ventilation is important while extending daylight hours can boost egg production. In summer, adequate cooling and water are critical to prevent heat stress. During rainy season, litter and housing must be kept dry to prevent disease. Key factors like housing, ventilation, feeding, and water management must be adapted to seasonal conditions.
Ventilation is necessary in modern controlled poultry houses to provide fresh air into the house and to expel noxious gasses from the house to keep the environment fresh and birds healthy.
There are different types of ventilation depends on the weather like minimum ventilation in cold weather, transitional ventilation in optimum weather and tunnel ventilation in extreme weather.
This document discusses insulation, its purposes, benefits, types of materials used, and calculations for determining insulation effectiveness and heat loss. Insulation works by surrounding an area with material that reduces heat transfer, maintaining uniform temperature and conserving heat. More isolated air spaces in a material make it a better insulator. The R-value and permeability measure a material's insulating properties, with higher R-values and lower permeability indicating better insulation. Formulas are provided to calculate heat loss through walls and ventilation.
This document provides tips on improving the energy efficiency of home heating and cooling through proper maintenance and use of a programmable thermostat. It recommends regularly changing air filters and scheduling annual tune-ups to maintain equipment efficiency. Using a programmable thermostat to adjust temperatures when home is unoccupied can save up to $180 per year on energy costs. The guide also suggests sealing and insulating the home as well as installing efficient HVAC equipment sized for the home to improve comfort and reduce energy bills.
This document discusses sprains and includes sections on causes, symptoms, first aid, prevention, and references. It was written in March 2015 by Andrea Vivar de la Garza and Jessica Alejandra Vega Loza for their English IV class, taught by Pablo Hernández Hernández. The document provides an overview of sprains and information to help treat and prevent them.
Φορολογική μεταχείριση της χρεωστικής διαφοράς (ζημιάς) που προέκυψε σε βάρος προσωπικής εταιρείας από την ανταλλαγή ομολόγων του Ελληνικού Δημοσίου στο πλαίσιο του προγράμματος συμμετοχής στην αναδιάταξη του ελληνικού χρέους
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses Kurt Lewin's force field analysis framework for implementing planned organizational change. It describes how a group of managers applied this framework to analyze the forces impacting the openness of communication and effectiveness of their work team. The managers identified driving forces that supported more openness, such as interdependence and career goals, as well as restraining forces hindering change, such as lack of experience with conflict and risk of worsening issues. Lewin's force field analysis provided a way to understand how these opposing forces maintained the team's current functioning level and how modifying the forces could enable movement to a different, improved level of openness and performance.
Throughout the project, the documenter used various technologies to create effects for an opening film scene. Blogger was used to document the planning process, and Final Cut Pro was used for video editing. When filming, a Nikon D3200 camera that can record 1080p video at 24 frames per second was used. Blogger allowed organization of plans and storyboards online. Lessons learned include always using manual focus with a DSLR camera to ensure shots remain in focus rather than relying on autofocus.
The importance of SW Procurement to your company's value chainQahir Makhani
This document discusses the importance of software procurement to a company's value chain. It argues that companies now have choices in how they procure software, such as consolidating vendors, using multiple vendors, or buying a product from one vendor containing software from others. Making the right procurement choices requires considering questions like current systems, compatibility, visibility across the value chain, and opportunities to reduce spend and hardware. The value chain concept shows how primary and support activities must integrate to create value, and software procurement is a strategic decision that can optimize a company's IT estate.
The document discusses Jennie-O Turkey Store's performance and outlook. It notes that while the first half of 2015 saw strong retail, foodservice, and deli sales growth, avian influenza is expected to significantly impact the second half with sales forecast to be down 15% and margins between 10-12%. However, the Jennie-O brand remains strong and various initiatives around value-added products, foodservice, and premium deli are positioned for long-term growth.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Jitendrasinh Jadon is seeking a role that utilizes his 2+ years of experience in Java development. He has expertise in development, testing, bug fixing, and system analysis. He is proficient with technologies like Spring, Hibernate, Struts 2, and databases like MySQL and DB2. His experience includes working on projects for HRDF and CARMA as a developer, tester, and system analyst. He has a Bachelor's degree in Information Technology.
This document contains:
1. A list of 4 technicians at Syarikat XYZ.
2. An inspection report of a Samsung Galaxy S6, including its specifications, features, and test results.
3. A description of defects categorized as critical, major, and minor issues.
4. A list of on-site tests to be conducted, including drop tests and hi-pot tests, along with required results.
Este documento habla sobre Interbrand y Eurobrand, que establecen el valor de las marcas internacionales basándose en factores cuantitativos y subjetivos. Interbrand evalúa anualmente las 100 marcas más valiosas del mundo mediante el análisis de su desempeño financiero, influencia en el consumidor y capacidad de obtener precios premium. Eurobrand también clasifica las principales marcas globales. En 2012, las 10 marcas más valiosas eran estadounidenses, lideradas por Apple. Las marcas tecnológicas dominan los primeros p
This document appears to be an audit checklist for conducting an ISO 9001 quality management system audit. It includes sections on documentation requirements, management responsibility, resource management, product realization, measurement and improvement. The audit will review elements of the organization's quality system against the requirements of ISO 9001 to determine conformity. The audit provides no guarantee of compliance but is a review of the quality system elements present at the time of the audit.
Heat stress can significantly impact the productivity of poultry flocks. The thermoneutral zone for chickens is 18-25°C, above which heat loss mechanisms are less effective and birds rely more on evaporative cooling. When temperatures exceed the thermoneutral zone, birds must expend more energy to maintain normal body temperature, diverting energy away from growth and production. High temperatures combined with high humidity further increase heat stress on birds. Proper management of ventilation, drinking water, and feeding can help mitigate negative impacts of heat stress on performance.
1. Proper environmental management through effective ventilation is important for maximizing broiler flock performance and reducing production costs. Ventilation is needed to control temperature, humidity, air quality, and distribute environment evenly.
2. Climate affects housing and ventilation design - extreme climates require more sophisticated environmental control. Cold climates require preventing moisture buildup while hot climates challenge temperature control. Tunnel ventilation with evaporative cooling can support high densities even in very hot weather.
3. The target temperature for broilers changes during growout - ventilation must be adjusted to maintain optimum temperature in the narrow performance zone for best feed conversion. Consistently meeting targets yields significant economic returns.
This document provides guidance on operating a broiler house during cold weather brooding conditions. It discusses the importance of house tightness and proper air inlet setup to ensure optimal air mixing. It recommends latching inlets closed on the non-brooding end of the house and only opening half of the inlets on the brooding end. Maintaining a static pressure of at least 0.08 inches while using a 1.5-2 inch inlet opening is important for proper air distribution during brooding. Getting the environmental controls, ventilation system, and heating setup correctly from the start of brooding is crucial for optimal bird performance and fuel efficiency throughout the grow-out period.
The document provides basic husbandry information for commercial broilers, including proper ventilation, temperature, lighting, and feeding guidelines. Tables include recommended fan sizes and ventilation rates at different ages. Proper care and management of the broiler environment is important to minimize mortalities and improve production. Additional resources on poultry production can be found on the Ontario government website.
The document discusses proper management during the first 48 hours of a chick's life to maximize performance, immunity, and livability. Key aspects that are essential to avoid stress include maintaining the correct temperatures and humidity levels within the thermo neutral zone, adequate ventilation, a 23-hour lighting program, access to clean water, and consumption of a nutrient-rich starter feed. Proper early management is critical to ensure the full development of the immune, thyroid, and digestive systems and allow the chicks to reach their genetic performance potential.
Grain aeration is a popular grain storage tool used in Australia by farmers, offering harvest flexibility, increased marketing opportunities and better control of grain quality. As the range of chemical control options is reduced, grain aeration provides a powerful non-chemical stored grain insect management option.
Poultry House Management for Alternative ProductionGardening
Alternative poultry production usually includes outdoor access but also requires attention to the indoor environment. The indoor area provides protection from weather but must have adequate ventilation, temperature control, lighting and litter management. While outdoor access is a main feature of these systems, the indoor conditions are also crucial to poultry welfare and health. This publication provides information on managing the indoor environment for alternative poultry production systems.
Theory 1 27 forFABRICATION AND ANALYSIS OF “MIST FAN”College
Mist fans work by blowing air over a fine mist of water, which evaporates and cools the air through evaporative cooling. This document discusses the design, components, and operation of a mist fan. It describes how water is pumped through nozzles to create a mist, then blown by an electric fan to cool the surrounding air. The key components are a collecting tank, centrifugal pump, delivery pipes, nozzles, regulator, and electric fan. It also discusses measuring mist fan performance using psychrometric charts and outlines various applications like cooling outdoor areas, festivals, sports events, and pool parties.
Environmentally Controlled House in Poultry ProductionRAJESHKUMARYADAV53
This document discusses environmentally controlled houses (ECH) for poultry production. ECH allows precise control over factors like temperature, humidity, ventilation and lighting. This improves flock performance and productivity compared to conventional housing. Key features of ECH include mechanical ventilation systems, supplemental heating and cooling, automated feeding and watering, and lighting programs to control the indoor environment. ECH enables year-round production with seven flocks per year, faster growth, better feed efficiency and lower disease incidence compared to conventional housing.
Air conditioning accounts for around 6% of the average household's energy usage and costs homeowners $11 billion per year. Switching to a high-efficiency air conditioner and taking other energy-saving actions like regularly cleaning filters can reduce cooling costs by 20-50%. Proper maintenance of air conditioning units is important to improve efficiency and prolong the life of the unit. Common types of air conditioners include central, room, ductless mini-split, and evaporative coolers.
This document discusses greenhouse cooling and heating systems. It describes how ventilation systems work using mechanical fans or natural thermal buoyancy and wind. Two common evaporative cooling systems are described: fan and pad systems that pull air through wet pads, and fog systems that disperse fine water droplets. Factors that influence the effectiveness of these systems are discussed. The document also covers greenhouse shading and factors to consider for heating systems.
This document discusses the history and development of modern poultry production facilities. It describes how early production before 1940 involved backyard flocks raised for both meat and eggs. Advances in breeding, nutrition, and refrigeration in the 1940s-1960s led to larger commercial operations. Today, production is highly specialized and uses total confinement facilities for disease control and automation. Facilities must be tailored for different age classes and products, with separate housing for brooding, laying, and broilers. Fan and evaporative cooling pad selection depends on area needs to provide optimal temperatures and ventilation for bird health and growth.
This document discusses ways for restaurants to reduce energy costs through various efficiency measures. It notes that restaurants use significantly more energy per square foot than other commercial buildings. Simple no-cost strategies are recommended like turning off equipment when not in use and reducing preheat times. Low-cost options include installing occupancy sensors, LED lighting, and energy efficient appliances. Larger investments like connectionless steamers provide greater long-term savings.
Broiler growth is greatly influenced by the climate within the poultry house. The first steps to optimizing the environment are to monitor actual conditions and compare them to standard levels, in order to determine what steps need to be taken to achieve optimal bird performance. Key environmental parameters that affect broiler performance include temperature, ventilation, feed quality, water quality, and light levels. Proper environmental management requires monitoring these parameters.
Development of a Small-Scale Meat Dryer with Automated Dual Heating SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes the development of a small-scale meat dryer with an automated dual heating system. The dryer uses both solar energy and electricity to continuously maintain an average operating temperature of 65°C for drying meat. It can dry 5kg of meat in 24 hours, significantly faster than traditional sun drying methods. The dryer was tested in Ethiopia and produced high quality dried meat protected from contamination compared to open air sun drying.
Development of Wind Operated Passive Evaporative Cooling Structures for Stora...AZOJETE UNIMAID
A Wind operated passive evaporative cooler was developed. Two cooling chambers were made with clay container (cylindrical and square shapes). These two containers were separately inserted inside bigger clay pot inter- spaced with clay soil of 7 cm (to form pot-in-pot and wall-in wall) with the outside structure wrapped with jute sack. The soil and the jute sacks were wetted with salt solution. Five blades were constructed inside the cooling chambers with aluminium material which were connected with a shaft to a vane located on a wooden cover outside the cooling chamber. The vanes (made of aluminium) were to be powered by the wind which in turn rotates the blades inside the cooling chamber. The total volume of 40500cm3 and storage capacity of 31500cm3 were recorded for the square structures while total volume of 31792.5cm3 and storage capacity of 24727.5cm3 were recorded for the cylindrical structures. During the test period, the average temperatures of 27.07oC, 27.09oC and 33.6oC were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average relative humidity of 92.27%, 91.99% and 69.41% were obtained for the pot-in-pot (cylindrical), wall-in-wall (square) and the ambient respectively. The average minimum and maximum wind speed recorded for the month of October was 2.5m/s and 2.6m/s respectively
10. article azojete vol. 12 94 102 sunmonuOyeniyi Samuel
- Researchers developed two wind-powered passive evaporative cooling structures for storing tomatoes - a cylindrical structure and a square structure.
- The structures used evaporative cooling and were powered by wind turning blades inside that circulated air.
- Testing found the cylindrical structure maintained an average temperature of 27.07°C and relative humidity of 92.27% while the square structure maintained 27.09°C and 91.99%, both significantly lower than the ambient temperature and humidity.
1. The study compared the power consumption of air cooling versus water cooling for an extrusion process using four different resins.
2. Water cooling used slightly more energy than air cooling for all resins, with the greatest difference seen in PET where water cooling used 80% more energy.
3. Air cooling is recommended for dedicated processes as it provides sufficient cooling with less energy use than water cooling, however the screw design must match the resin to avoid excessive heating or cooling needs.
Measuring And Controlling Energy Costs Mike Brumm Brumm Swine Consultancy IncJohn Blue
Measuring and Controlling Energy Costs, Dr. Mike Brumm, Brumm Swine Consultancy, Inc., from the 2009 Iowa Pork Congress, January 28 - 29, Des Moines, Iowa, USA.
Are rising energy costs cutting into your bottom line? Energy efficiency plays an important role in a pork producer's ability to be profitable. Mike will discuss today's energy costs and how they are affecting today's pork producers. He will offer ideas that will help pork producers minimize their energy costs and save significantly on energy bills.
Similar to أساسيات التهوية الدنيا في فصل الشتاء (20)
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Mechanics:- Simple and Compound PendulumPravinHudge1
a compound pendulum is a physical system with a more complex structure than a simple pendulum, incorporating its mass distribution and dimensions into its oscillatory motion around a fixed axis. Understanding its dynamics involves principles of rotational mechanics and the interplay between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. Compound pendulums are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as seismology for measuring earthquakes, in clocks to maintain accurate timekeeping, and in mechanical systems to study oscillatory motion dynamics.
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...Sérgio Sacani
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
Galaxies (573)
Hariyalikart Case Study of helping farmers in Biharrajsaurav589
Helping farmers all across India through our latest technologies of modern farming like drones for irrigation and best pest control For more visit : https://www.hariyalikart.com/case-study
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
2. Page 2 of 14
Broiler Whole Bird Condemnation (Region)
SW
% Septox
% Airsac
% I.P.
% Leukosis
% Bruise
% Other
% Total
% 1/2 parts
condemnations
Data for week ending November 29, 2003
Mid-
West
S.
East
Mid-
Atlantic
S.
Central
0.283
0.047
0.028
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.368
0.356
0.193
0.077
0.026
0.003
0.007
0.016
0.322
0.401
0.222
0.110
0.021
0.005
0.011
0.013
0.383
0.357
0.122
0.040
0.047
0.001
0.005
0.023
0.238
0.270
0.161
0.042
0.063
0.001
0.005
0.008
0.282
0.462
Broiler Performance Data (Company)
Live Production Cost
Average
Co.
Feed cost/ton
w/o color ($)
Feed cost/lb meat (¢)
Days to 4.6 lbs
Chick cost/lb (¢)
Vac-Med cost/lb (¢)
WB & 1/2 parts
condemn. cost/lb
% mortality
Sq. Ft. @ placement
Lbs./Sq. Ft.
Down time (days)
157.31
14.45
42
4.04
0.05
0.16
3.84
0.78
6.91
15
Data for week ending November 29, 2003
Top
25%
141.62
13.21
41
3.30
0.05
0.17
3.16
0.78
7.45
17
During very cold weather, minimum ventilation
fans should be controlled by a timer to ensure suf-
ficient ventilation occurs to maintain air quality
and to remove moisture.
Following are some key points outlining success-
ful wintertime broiler house ventilation based on
poultry industry experiences and university
research findings.
1. Seal all house air leaks. A house with many air
leaks cannot be properly ventilated.
All air must come in through inlets — not leaks
and cracks. Cold air falls, so cold outside air leak-
ing through cracks, curtains, holes and other
unwanted openings drops to the floor. This results
in condensation, causing wet litter, litter “cake”
and poor bird performance. Test house “tight-
ness” by measuring static pressure. If all house
doors, curtains and inlets are closed and one 48-
inch (122cm), 20,000 CFM fan is turned on, you
should be able to pull a negative static pressure of
0.12 inches (3.1mm) in an older house and 0.15
(3.8mm) in a newer house. If the house doesn’t
pass this test, too much air is coming in through
leaks and cracks. In other words, the higher the
number measured from the static pressure test,
the tighter the house.
2. Insulate before you ventilate.
Good growing conditions cannot be maintained in
a poultry house during cold weather if heat isn’t
kept in. Ceiling insulation should be approxi-
mately R-19 for southern USA to R-28 for Canada.
Insulation should be routinely inspected for tears,
holes, places where it may have shifted or areas
where there is no insulation at all. Consider insu-
lating end walls, end doors and other house areas
that are not currently insulated.
3. Set the fan timer for proper minimum ventila-
tion rate — according to bird age.
Ensure all fans are controlled by a single timer.
Proper ventilation rate usually ranges from 0.10
CFM/bird in week 1 to 0.90 CFM/bird by week 8.
The most important principle of winter ventilation is to bring air into
the house high and at high velocity to get good air mixing. Cold air must
not be allowed to drop onto birds.
FIGURE 1
Warm air can hold a lot more moisture than cold air. This explains how
proper minimum ventilation airflow can help remove moisture from the
house even when a cold rain is falling outside.
FIGURE 2
Continued on page 3
3. Page 3 of 14
EXAMPLE: During week 1, with 24,000 birds, you
would need 0.10 CFM x 24,000 = 2,400 CFM on
average. We say “on average” because you can’t
run a 2,400 CFM fan. Use a timer, for example, to
run two 10,000 CFM 36-inch (91 cm) fans for the
percentage of time needed to average 2,400 CFM.
Find the percentage of time needed by dividing the
CFMs needed by the CFM capacity of the fans you
will be running. In this example, 2,400 CFM/20,000
fan CFMs = 0.12. Multiply this number x 5 minutes
(timer cycle) = 0.6 minutes or 36 seconds run-time
out of a 5 minute cycle (36 seconds on-time out of
300 seconds = 0.12).
Never ventilate with less than two 36-inch (91cm)
fans. Single 36-inch (91 cm) fan ventilation will not
typically yield sufficient static pressure to ventilate
properly. Heat moves toward fans, so ventilating
with a single 48-inch (122 cm) fan concentrates heat
at that end of the house. Running two or more min-
imum ventilation fans helps maintain temperature
uniformity. This in turn will boost flock perfor-
mance.
4. Increase fan timer settings (minimum ventila-
tion rate) each week.
Fan run-time must be increased weekly to handle
the increased moisture that birds respire as they
grow. As noted in point 3, the rate needed typically
increases from 0.10 CFM/bird to 0.90 CFM/bird
over an eight-week period. Note that having a
properly set minimum ventilation timer is as
important at the end of the growing period as it is
in the beginning. During the latter part of the grow-
ing period, the thermostat control usually overrides
the timer. However, the minimum ventilation timer
must remain properly set to maintain air quality
when higher temperatures no longer trigger the
thermostat control.
5. Maintain minimum ventilation settings regard-
less of outside or inside conditions.
Without minimum ventilation, inside air quality
will deteriorate and create litter moisture and
ammonia problems. The amount of house heat loss
with minimum ventilation is small, and economi-
cally justifiable to avoid moisture problems.
Remember, minimum ventilation must be practiced
even if a cold rain is falling outside. Heating cold air
increases its moisture holding capacity. When air is
heated 20°F (11°C), its relative humidity will be
reduced by about one half; therefore, its ability to
pick up water roughly doubles. Cold air entering
the house in wintertime gets warmed and dried.
Thus, this “conditioned” air is able to carry excess
moisture out of the house through ventilation fans.
Ventilation is the only way to remove moisture from
poultry house litter.
Continued on page 4
Continued from page 2
Good static pressure is critical for proper airflow. Too wide air inlet
openings cause static pressure to drop and allow air to drop onto birds.
Too narrow openings cause static pressure to rise too high and choke off
airflow.
FIGURE 3
A rule of thumb is to unlatch about 15 inlets for every 48-inch fan that
will be brought on. At the beginning of a growout, half of the inlets in
the brood chamber and all inlets in the growout end may be latched
closed.
FIGURE 4
Air leaks around top and bottom of curtains lower static pressure and
allow cold, wet air to contact birds and litter.
FIGURE 5
4. Page 4 of 14
6. Bring cool outside air into the house high above
the birds, with enough velocity to mix with warm
inside air before contacting birds.
Achieving this goal requires a tight house operating
at a static pressure of around 0.10 inches (2.5mm),
and properly designed and adjusted air inlets. A
static pressure of approximately 0.10 inches (2.5
mm) moves air 20 feet (6.1 m) toward the center of
the house. Static pressure controlled vent boxes do
the best job. A good “jetstream” of incoming air
along the ceiling avoids chilling birds. In addition,
the mixing action improves heating fuel usage effi-
ciency by preventing warm air produced by birds,
furnaces and brooders from rising to the ceiling and
staying there. Mixing fans can also help promote
temperature uniformity and reduce fuel usage.
7. If wet litter and/or ammonia become a problem,
increase the minimum ventilation rate (fan timer
settings).
This means increasing the fan run-time. Birds
deposit about 2 pounds (0.9 kg) of water into the
house per 1 pound (0.45 kg) of feed eaten. Thus, a
lot of water is deposited into a poultry house dur-
ing the growing period. Fecal material plus exces-
sive moisture causes ammonia, and this worsens
when litter moisture is high. Proper ventilation is
the only way to remove moisture from litter.
Growers who have tried to operate minimum ven-
tilation fans by using a humidistat to turn fans on
and off have found this does not work. Humidistats
can’t hold accuracy in the environment of today’s
poultry houses. A practical measure of litter mois-
ture content is to squeeze a handful of litter. If it
sticks together tightly and remains in a ball, it is too
wet. If it sticks together only slightly, it has the
proper moisture content. If it doesn’t hold together
at all, it is too dry.
8. If increased minimum ventilation rate does not
solve a wet litter problem, add a small amount of
heat.
Sometimes when a house has “slick” litter, more fan
run-time may not solve the problem. This usually
means the house needs a little more furnace or
brooder heat to help lower humidity and facilitate
moisture. It may be possible to dry out a house by
slightly increasing fan run-time during the warmest
part of the day when humidity is low. If this does
not work, heat must be added.
9. If the house gets too dusty and litter is too dry,
reduce the minimum ventilation rate.
This situation usually signals over-ventilation, and
calls for lowering the fan on-time setting.
10. If a house gets too warm, look at the thermostat
setting, not the fan timer setting.
The minimum ventilation timer setting is for mois-
ture removal and air quality, not temperature con-
trol. To make the house cooler, a thermostat or con-
Continued on page 5
Continued from page 3
Curtains nailed to kneewall and with flaps at top prevent air leakage
into house.
FIGURE 6
If a squeezed handful of litter sticks together in a lump or ball, it’s too
wet.
FIGURE 7
In new construction, foam sealing strips can be used to stop air leaks; in
existing houses, use smoke bombs to find leaks and seal them with caulk-
ing or expandable foam sprays.
FIGURE 8
5. Page 5 of 14
troller temperature set-point is used to override the
ventilation timer and add more ventilation. In this
mode, we are now ventilating at a higher rate for
temperature control purposes and fan operation is
determined by the thermostat or controller setpoint.
Do not confuse this with minimum ventilation,
which is timer-operated.
11. Adjust and reset backup thermostat settings,
curtain drops and alarms from day 1 to catch.
It is possible, even in wintertime, to lose birds due
to high heat and high humidity if the power fails or
fans fail to operate. With larger birds, just a few
minutes in a totally enclosed house with no ventila-
tion can elevate temperatures as much as 20°F
(11°C), causing suffocation and death. Protection
from this situation can be achieved by maintaining
recommended backup settings throughout the
grow-out. A good rule to follow is to set backups
and alarms at 10°F (5.5°C) above and below target
temperature.
Recirculating Fans Can Assist Ventilation and
Save Fuel.
In addition to the principles outlined above, grow-
ers might also consider using stirring or paddle fans
as a way of improving wintertime in-house condi-
tions and saving on heating costs. Field studies over
the last two years have shown that recirculating
fans can significantly help prevent temperature
stratification (i.e., warm air staying near the ceiling
and cold air collecting at bird level).
One analogy that helps us understand the idea of
temperature stratification is to think of taking a
leisurely warm bath. After a while the water cools
off, so you turn on the hot water at the front of the
tub to warm things up. The rear of the tub still
remains cold while the water at your feet can be
very warm or even scalding hot. The only way to
make the water uniformly warm is to stir it.
Continued from page 4
Wet kneewall (left picture) indicates air leaks, usually through unsealed
sill plate and/or curtains not nailed to kneewall. Properly sealed and
caulked house will have dry kneewall and litter, as in right picture.
FIGURE 9
Paddle-type “Casablanca” fans can help mix warm air near the ceiling
with cooler air at bird level, which can save fuel costs and help ventila-
tion air remove moisture. Paddle fans are most useful in high-ceiling
houses.
FIGURE 11
Vane axial stirring fans can be pulled up to the ceiling to allow pace for
machinery operation in low-ceiling houses. Although these fans blow air
horizontally, they will assist in-house air mixing just as paddle fans do,
with the same potential for fuel savings and moisture control.
FIGURE 12
Unsealed carpentry joints are another source of air leaks that spoil ven-
tilation airflow and cause wet litter.
FIGURE 10
Continued on page 6
6. Page 6 of 14
Continued from page 5
Similarly, mixing or stirring the air in the broiler
house produces less of a temperature difference
from ceiling to floor and more uniformity from
wall to wall. The result: lower fuel usage, drier lit-
ter, less cake under waterers, less cake removal
between flocks and a better environment for
growing birds.
Even with the best minimum ventilation manage-
ment and vent boxes to provide good air mixing
in a house, minimum ventilation fans will be run-
ning only a fraction of the time. Recirculating fans
provide a continuous way of mixing air in the
house without running an exhaust fan and with-
out chilling birds.
Many years ago, an attempt to recirculate air was
made by hanging 36-inch (91 cm) fans up high in
houses and blowing them horizontally in a race-
track pattern. There were problems with this con-
cept in that 36-inch (91 cm) fans move a lot of air
which chills young birds. Running several 36-inch
(91 cm) fans in a house provides more air velocity
than needed for mixing during cold weather or
brooding.
Paddle-type recirculating fans for cooling and
recirculating air were also tried, but with mixed
results when paddle fans were used for recirculat-
ing air, they they were commonly used in the
down-draft mode — resulting in too much air
being blown down. when this occurs, young birds
scatter and move away from areas under fans.
With the advent of tunnel ventilation, interest in
paddle or recirculating fans subsided. However,
during the last four years, new approaches to
achieving air-mixing with recirculating fans have
been developed.
One new approach is the use of 18- to 24-inch (46-
61 cm) vane axial fans. These run horizontally in
the house in much the same way as 36-inch (91
cm) fans, but provide a better air-mixing pattern.
Chicks aren’t chilled since they don’t move as
much air. These fans are also available in variable
speed models. Being able to vary fan speed can be
useful, especially for 24-inch (61 cm) models,
ensuring fans do not create cold drafts on young
birds. A second approach now becoming popular
is using paddle fans in the updraft mode, as has
been practiced for some time in very cold or
mountainous areas. A couple of years ago,
Auburn University and some integrators began
experimenting with paddle type agricultural ceil-
ing fans used in the updraft mode. Pulling air up
through the fan directs ceiling air out toward the
house sidewall, instead of blowing air directly
down on birds. Air velocity measurements on the
floor should be minimal (less than 50 ft/min; 15.2
m/min). Application of the results of these field
studies has led to significant fuel savings and rep-
resents a toll that improves house environmental
quality.
In summary, both new approaches have proven
effective. Since both approaches work well, decid-
ing whether to go paddle or vane axial is up to the
broiler grower.
For more information on poultry housing and
ventilation management, please contact Aviagen
North America’s technical service department at
1-800-826-9685 or www.aviagen.com. You may
also visit Auburn University’s Poultry Housing
and Ventilation Web site: www.poultryhouse.com
Jim Donald
Professor and Extension Engineer
Biosystems Engineering Department
Auburn University
7. Page 7 of 14
Foodborne illness caused by non-typhoid
Salmonella is a significant public health problem
worldwide. In the United States, Salmonella is the
leading cause of foodborne outbreaks and second
only to Campylobacter in total number of foodborne
illnesses. Most human Salmonella infections occur
from the ingestion of contaminated foods, primari-
ly of animal origin. Salmonella contamination can
occur at any point along the food chain, from farm
to fork.
The genus Salmonella encompasses more than
2,500 different serotypes based on the Kauffmann-
White serotyping scheme of Salmonella O, phase 1
and phase 2 antigens. Salmonella serovar or
serotype is defined by the unique O, phase 1 and
phase 2 antigen combinations. For example, anti-
genic formula: B i 1,2; and D1 g,m -; defines the
biphasic and monophasic serotypes Typhimurium
and Enteritidis, respectively. Although all
Salmonella serotypes must be considered potential
human pathogens, only a limited number are rou-
tinely associated with human infections. The top
two, Salmonella enterica serovars reported by the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
are Enteritidis and Typhimurium, the same
serovars isolated from poultry. Therefore, serotyp-
ing Salmonella plays an important role in epidemi-
ology because it is often used to identify the source
of Salmonella contamination.
Salmonella serotyping is based on identification
of the variable cell surface lipopolysaccharide (O
antigen) and flagellar proteins (Phase 1 and 2 anti-
gens). It can be a formidable task due to the numer-
ous antisera required, reading and interpreting
ambiguous tube H antigen agglutinations, and iso-
lating the phase 2-expressing variant of the biphasic
salmonellae. Since the antigenic composition of
Salmonella O, H1 and H2 antigens are ultimately a
reflection of the unique DNA sequences; we devel-
oped, validated and implemented a PCR-based
approach that could solve a number of logistical
challenges associated with classical serotyping pro-
cedures.
A multiplex PCR was developed to identify gene(s)
or gene sequence unique to O, and phase 1 gene
alleles associated with Salmonella serotypes com-
monly isolated from poultry: Enteritidis; Hadar,
Heidelberg; and Typhimurium. Because PCR is spe-
cific to targeted gene allele, additional Salmonella
serotypes can be identified, provided this initial
PCR screen identified the other O antigen or phase
1 antigen gene alleles. We have observed excellent
correlation between PCR and conventional serotyp-
ing in correctly identifying Salmonella serovar
(Table 1). With the multiplex PCR, our diagnostic
lab has been able to identify serotypes for 83% of
Salmonella submissions with this method alone.
From a pure culture, we can obtain results in 1⁄2
day. We have also been able to use multiplex PCR,
along with Salmonella-specific invA PCR (Liu 2002;
Hong 2003a) in PCR screens of environmental sam-
ples, identifying Salmonella serotype(s) prior to its
isolation and confirmation. What our multiplex
PCR misses, we can identify by restriction fragment
length polymorphism (RFLP) PCR of phase 1 and
phase 2 antigen, gene allele. RFLP PCR has excel-
lent agreement with the gold standard, serotyping
(Hong 2003b). However, turnaround time for
RFLP-PCR is 2 days, again starting with pure cul-
ture.
Conventional serological serotyping scheme is a
time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive
procedure. With our PCR based typing scheme,
serotyping can be done in less time, 3-4 days,
including the time required for the enrichment,
selection, and extraction of DNA template from
pure culture or enrichment broth. The method is
also cost-effective and needs little technical train-
ing. Inclusion of this multiplex PCR with a general
Salmonella specific PCR and culture enrichments
would also not only decrease time it takes to identi-
fy samples with Salmonella but identify the serotype
PCR-based scheme for identifying Salmonella serotypes:
bringing bacteriological serotyping into 21st century.
John J. Maurer, Yang Hong,
and Charles L. Hofacre
Dept. of Avian Medicine,
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
8. Page 8 of 14
as well, without culture. Another advantage of our
PCR based typing scheme is that large service labo-
ratories can rapidly identify major Salmonella
serotypes Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and
Typhimurium in a screen of Salmonella isolates and
focus their efforts to serotyping the remaining,
serotypes not covered by the multiplex PCR assays.
Ultimately, we envision this assay as the second
part of a general, Salmonella-specific PCR screen
that provides laboratories with preliminary results
as to the presence of S. enterica serotypes that are
generally associated with human illness. We are
currently working to further expand the repertoire
of phase 1 antigen gene alleles recognized by mul-
tiplex PCR as well as develop simple and safe filter
transport medium for mailing Salmonella cultures
or enrichments to our diagnostic lab for testing.
Hong, Y., M. Berrang, T. Liu, C. Hofacre, S. Sanchez, L. Wang, and J. J. Maurer. 2003a. Rapid detection of
Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:3492-3499.
Hong, Y., T. Liu, C. Hofacre, M. Maier, S. Ayers, D. G. White, L. Wang, and J. J. Maurer. 2003b. A restriction frag-
ment length polymorphism based polymerase chain reaction as an alternative to serotyping for identifying Salmonella
serotypes. Avian Dis. 47:387-395.
Liu, T., K. Liljebjelke, E. Bartlett, C. L. Hofacre, S. Sanchez, and J. J. Maurer. 2002. Application of nested PCR to
detection of Salmonella in poultry environments. J. Food Prot.65:1227-1232.
1Serotyping results for these Salmonella isolates were provided by the National Veterinary Service Lab.
2z6 and g,ms were detected by PCR-RFLP.
Table 1. Application and validation of molecular-typing for identifying S. enterica serotypes
Serotypes
(number of
isolates)
Kentucky
(n=74)
Heidelberg
(n=27)
Montevideo
(n=10)
Typhimurium
(n=5)
Mbandaka
(n=4)
Enteritidis
(n=3)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
C2; i; z6
2
(n=74)
B; r; 1,2
(n=27)
C1; g,ms
2
(n=10)
B; i; 1,2
(n=5)
C1; z10; e,n,z15
(n=4)
D1; g,m
(n=3)
C2; i; z6
(n=74)
B; r; 1,2
(n=27)
C1; g,ms
(n=10)
B; i; 1,2
(n=5)
C1; z10; e,n,z15
(n=4)
D1; g,m
(n=3)
z6
1,2
none
1,2
e,n,z15
none
i
r
g,ms
i
z10
g,m
C2
B
C1
B
C1
D1
O
serogroup
identity
Flagellar
antigenic
formula
phase 1 phase 2 PCR-typing Serotyping1
O group and flagellar
typing
(O; phase 1; phase 2)
Method
Correlation
(Kappa test)
9. Page 9 of 14
REMINDER
All previous issues of the
Poultry Informed Professional
are archived on our website
www.avian.uga.edu under the
Online Documents and
The Poultry Informed
Professional links.
Broiler Whole Bird Condemnation
(Company)
Average
Co.
% Septox
% Airsac
% I.P.
% Leukosis
% Bruise
% Other
% Total
% 1/2 parts condemnations
Data for week ending November 29, 2003
Top
25%
0.190
0.062
0.039
0.002
0.007
0.013
0.312
0.364
0.344
0.044
0.086
0.001
0.003
0.008
0.488
0.267
The University of Georgia is committed to the principle of affirmative action
and shall not discriminate against otherwise qualified persons on the basis
of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, physical or mental handicap,
disability, or veteran’s status in its recruitment, admissions, employment,
facility and program accessibility, or services.
The Poultry Informed Professional Newsletter is published with support from The Primary Breeder Veterinarians Association.
Primary
Breeders
Veterinary
Association
COBB-VANTRESS
The Ontario Association of Poultry Practitioners is hosting a technical symposium for poultry veterinarians on
May 13th - 15th, 2004 to be held at the Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.
Previous OAPP technical meetings have been very successful and afforded attendees excellent opportunities for
learning more about important disease and industry issues. The symposium will feature several internationally
recognized speakers. The first day and a half of this workshop will offer an excellent opportunity for general
pathology review for poultry veterinarians as well as for candidates preparing for the American College of Poultry
Veterinarians board exam. The last day will focus on major causes of immunosuppression and respiratory disease
encountered in the field using a case study approach.
This meeting qualifies for a maximum of 6 Continuing Education credits by the American College of Poultry
Veterinarians.
Please contact Hill Taglietti, Elanco Animal Health at 800-265-5475 or 519-821-0277 or by email at
jill_taglietti@elanco.com for registration information.
10. Page 10 of 14
Broiler Eggs Set in 19 Selected States
Up 2 Percent
According to the latest National Agricultural Statistics Service
(NASS) reports, commercial hatcheries in the 19-State weekly
program set 207 million eggs in incubators during the week
ending November 29, 2003. This was up 2 percent from the
eggs set the corresponding week a year earlier. Average hatch-
ability for chicks hatched during the week was 83 percent.
Average hatchability is calculated by dividing chicks hatched
during the week by eggs set three weeks earlier.
Broiler Chicks Placed Up 2 Percent
Broiler growers in the 19-State weekly program placed 165
million chicks for meat production during the week ending
November 29, 2003. Placements were up 2 percent from the
comparable week a year earlier. Cumulative placements from
December 29, 2002 through November 29, 2003 were 7.98 bil-
lion, down slightly from the same period a year earlier.
October Egg Production Down Slightly
U.S. egg production totaled 7.39 billion during October 2003,
down slightly from last year. Production included 6.34 billion
table eggs and 1.06 billion hatching eggs, of which 1.00 billion
were broiler-type and 57.0 million were egg-type. The total
number of layers during October 2003 averaged 333 million,
down 1 percent from a year earlier. October egg production
per 100 layers was 2,218 eggs, up one percent from October
2002.
All layers in the U.S. on November 1, 2003, totaled 335 million,
down 1 percent from a year ago. The 335 million layers con-
sisted of 277 million layers producing table or commercial type
eggs, 54.7 million layers producing broiler-type hatching eggs,
and 2.48 million layers producing egg-type hatching eggs.
Rate of lay per day on November 1, 2003, averaged 71.9 eggs
per 100 layers, up 1 percent from a year ago.
Laying flocks in the 30 major egg producing States produced
6.90 billion eggs during October 2003, down 1 percent from a
year ago. The average number of layers during October, at 311
million, was down 2 percent from a year ago.
Egg-Type Chicks Hatched Up 9 Percent
Egg-type chicks hatched during October totaled 35.0 million,
up 9 percent from October 2002. Eggs in incubators totaled
29.5 million on November 1, 2003, down 2 percent from a year
ago.
Domestic placements of egg-type pullet chicks for future
hatchery supply flocks by leading breeders totaled 306,000
during October 2003, up 65 percent from October 2002.
Broiler Hatch Up 2 Percent
The October 2003 hatch of broiler-type chicks, at 735 million,
was up 2 percent from October of the previous year. There
were 588 million eggs in incubators on November 1, 2003, up
2 percent from a year earlier.
Leading breeders placed 6.5 million broiler-type pullet chicks
for future domestic hatchery supply flocks during October
2003, up 4 percent from October 2002.
Turkey Eggs in Incubators on
November 1 Down 2 Percent
Turkey eggs in incubators on November 1, 2003, in the United
States totaled 29.8 million, down 2 percent from November 1 a
year ago. Eggs in incubators were 6 percent above the October
2003 total of 28.1 million. Regional changes from the previous
year were: East North Central, down 7 percent; West North
Central, up 6 percent; North and South Atlantic, down 2 per-
cent; South Central, down 19 percent; and West, down 8 per-
cent.
Poults Placed During October
Down 4 Percent From Last Year
The 22.9 million poults placed during October 2003 in the
United States were down 4 percent from the number placed
during the same month a year ago. Placements were up 3 per-
cent from the September 2003 total of 22.2 million. Regional
changes from the previous year were: East North Central,
down 13 percent; West North Central, up 1 percent; North and
South Atlantic, down 6 percent; South Central, down 3 per-
cent; and West, down 4 percent.
Third-Quarter Turkey Production
Declines Slightly
According to the latest Economic Research Service (ERS)
reports, U.S. turkey production in the third quarter of 2003
was 1.41 billion pounds, down 0.5 percent from the same
period in 2002. The decrease in production came as fewer
birds slaughtered (down 0.9 percent) offset an increase in
average weights (up 0.9 percent). Federally inspected
slaughter in the fourth quarter of 2003 is forecast at 1.48 bil-
lion pounds, slightly lower than during the same period
last year. The decrease in production is expected to again be
due to a combination of a lower number of birds slaugh-
tered and higher average weights.
Third-Quarter Exports Higher Than Previous Year
U.S. turkey exports for the third quarter of 2003 were 130
million pounds up 33 percent from the previous year. This
places the estimate for annual 2003 exports at 467 million
pounds, an increase of 28 million pounds from last year, but
Excerpts from the latest USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service
(NASS) “Broiler Hatchery,” “Chicken and Eggs” and
“Turkey Hatchery” Reports and Economic Research Service (ERS)
“Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Situation Outlook”
Continued on page 9
11. Page 11 of 14
USDA Reports continued from page 8
about 20 million pounds lower than in 2001. Exports in
September were 50 million pounds, up 38 percent from a
year earlier and the highest monthly exports so far in 2003.
The increase in exports in September was chiefly due to
higher exports to Mexico. Shipments to Mexico in
September were 28 million pounds, 89 percent higher than
a year earlier. Shipments to Russia and Canada were also
higher. The increased trade with these countries helped to
offset lower shipments to a number of other countries,
especially Hong Kong. Fourth quarter exports are forecast
to be slightly higher than the previous year, as U.S. eco-
nomic growth helps to stimulate the Mexican economy, the
largest market for U.S. turkey exports.
Third-Quarter Ending Stocks Lower
Lower third-quarter production together with a modest
gain in exports pulled third-quarter ending stocks down.
Cold storage holdings of whole turkeys at the end of
September were estimated at 384 million pounds, an 8-per-
cent increase from the same period last year. However, the
increase was offset by a strong decline in the cold storage
holdings for turkey parts. Stocks of turkey parts at the end
of September were estimated at 269 million pounds, down
15 percent from a year earlier. Total third-quarter ending
stocks for turkey were 653 million pounds, a decrease of
almost 3 percent from third-quarter 2002.
October Whole Bird Prices Higher
Slightly reduced domestic production and improving
exports pushed whole turkey prices higher in October. The
three region average price for whole birds was 64.4 cents
per pound, 3 percent higher than October 2002. The price
increase was attributed totally to whole toms, as whole hen
prices continued lower than a year earlier. Prices for whole
birds and parts are expected to gradually strengthen in the
fourth quarter as exports to Mexico increase, prices for com-
peting meats are high, and production is forecast to be
below a year earlier.
Broiler Production Climbs in Third Quarter
U.S. broiler production in the third quarter of 2003 was 8.45
billion pounds, 2.4 percent above the same period last year.
The growth in production was attributed to a small increase
in the number of birds slaughtered (up 0.6 percent) and an
increase in their average weights (up 1.5 percent). Federally
inspected slaughter in fourth-quarter 2003 is forecast at 8.18
billion pounds, an increase of 3 percent over the fourth
quarter of last year. Increased fourth-quarter production is
again expected to come from gains in the number of birds
slaughtered and higher average weights. The weekly broil-
er hatchery report shows that over the last 8 weeks (Sept. 13
through Nov. 1), the number of broiler chicks placed for
grow-out has increased an average of 1.4 percent compared
with the same period last year. The data for eggs placed in
incubators over the last 3 weeks points toward continued
growth in chick placements--egg numbers placed have
averaged 2.9 percent higher than the same 3-week period in
2002.
2003 Broiler Exports Decline
Slightly in Third Quarter
U.S. broiler exports in the third quarter of 2003 were 1.18
billion pounds, down 2 percent from the same quarter in
2002. This lowers the annual 2003 export estimate to 4.8 bil-
lion pounds about even with the previous year. Exports in
September were 374 million pounds, up 18 percent from a
year earlier. The increase in September exports was the
result of higher shipments to Russia, Mexico, and the NIS
countries. However, these increases were partially offset by
continued lower shipments to Hong Kong.
Third-Quarter Broiler Ending Stocks Decline
Although the third quarter of 2003 saw the first growth in
broiler output, stock levels have continued to decrease.
Stocks for broilers held in cold storage as of the end of
September were 599 million pounds, 28 percent lower than
the third quarter 2002. Broiler parts make up most of cold
storage holdings and were down 28 percent from the same
period last year. Cold storage holdings of whole broilers
were also lower, falling by 11 percent. Higher domestic pro-
duction, stronger exports, and lower ending stocks com-
bined to push October 2003 prices higher for most broiler
parts. Northeast breast meat prices were up 26 percent over
last year, while prices of leg quarters and wings increased
62 and 65 percent compared with October 2002. Prices for
whole broilers have also risen and are expected to remain
above last year for the remainder of 2003. Prices for broiler
parts are generally expected to remain higher through the
fourth quarter and into 2004, as stronger exports, a rising
economy, and high prices for competing meats are likely to
offset expected production increases.
12. Page 12 of 14
2004
January
Jan 28-30: 2004 International Poultry Exposition,
Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA
Contact: US Poultry & Egg Association, 1530
Cooledge Road, Tucker, GA 30084. Phone: 770-493-
9401; Fax: 770-493-9527.
2004
February
Feb. 8-10: NTF Annual Convention, Westin
Savannah Harbor, Savannah, GA. Contact:
Kellye Moss, Phone: 202-898-0100, ext. 225
or Email: kmoss@turkeyfed.org
Feb. 9-11: 2004 Australian Poultry Science
Symposium, University of Sydney, Australia.
Contact: Poultry Research Foundation, University
of Sidney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia. Phone:
+61 2 46 550 656; Fax: +61 2 46 550 693 or email:
noelenew@camden.usyd.edu.au. Website:
www.vetsci.usyd.edu.au/foundations/prf.shtml
Feb. 23-25: 2004 Poultry Focus Asia 2004, Queen
Sirikit National Convention Centre, Bangkok,
Thailand. Contact: Positive Action Conferences,
P.O. Box 4, Driffield, East Yorkshire, Y025 9DJ,
England. Phone: +44 1377 256316; Fax: +44 1377
253640; Email: conf@positiveaction.co.uk;
Website: http://www.positiveaction.co.uk
2004
March
Mar. 7-9: 53rd Western Poultry Disease Conference,
Sacramento, California. Contact: Dr. R.P. Chin.
Email: rpchin@ucdavis.edu
Mar. 10-11: Nebraska Poultry Industries Annual
Convention, New World Inn & Conference Center,
Columbus, Nebraska. Contact: Nebraska Poultry
Industries, Inc., University of Nebraska, A103
Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 830908, Lincoln, NE
68583-0908. Phone: 402-472-2051
Mar. 11-13: SIPSA 2003 (3rd International
Exhibition for Animal Health and Production),
Algiers, Algeria. Contact: Expofair, CD233, Route
de Bouchaoui, Ouled Fayet, Algeria.
Phone: +213 21 386 231/2; Fax: +213 21 38 70 58
or email: abensemmane@yahoo.fr
2004
April
Apr. 21-23: VIV China, Beijing, China, China
International Exhibition Center. Contact; CNAVS
Trade Fair Office, c/o Beijing Tech convention &
Exhibition Center, Rm 3011, Yuanliwuye Building,
No. 23, Hui Xin East Road, Beijing 100029-P.R.
China. Phone: +86 10 649 88 358; Fax: +86 10 649 50
374 or Email: fair@public.east.cn.net
Apr. 23-24: 5th Asia Pacific Poultry Health
Conference, “Harnessing Science for Poultry
Production”, Gold Coast, Australia. Contact: Dr.
Pat Blackall, (APPHC5), Animal Research Institute,
Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, QLD 4105,
Australia. Fax: + 61 7 3362 9429 or
email: pat.blackall@dpi.qld.gov.au
Apr. 26-29: Middle East Poultry Show 2004, Dubai
World Trade Centre Exhibition Complex, United
Arab Emirates. Contact: Mediac Communications
& Exhibitions, PO Box 5196, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates. Phone: +9714 269 2004;
Fax: +9714 269 1296 or email:
mediac@emirates.net.ae.
Website: www.mediaccom.com
2004
May
May 11-13: Victam Europe 2004, Jaarbeurs Trade
Halls, The Netherlands. Contact: Victam
International, P.O. Box 197, 3860 AD Nijkerk,
The Netherlands. Phone: +31 33 246 4404;
Fax: +31 33 246 4706; Email: expo@victam.com
May 13-15: Technical Symposium for Poultry
Veterinarians, Ontario Veterinary College, Quelph,
Ontario, Canada. Contact: Hill Taglietti, Elanco
Animal Health, Phone: 800-265-5475 or 519-821-
0277; Email: jill_taglietti@elanco.com
2004
June
June 1-4: Poultry Industry 2004 International
Forum, Crocus Expo Exhibition Center, Moscow,
Russia. Contact: Karapetyan Nune, Asti Group
Exhibition Company. Phone: +7 095 797 6914;
Fax: +7 095 797 6915; Email: nune@meatindustry.ru;
Website: www.chickenking.ru
June 8-12: XXII World’s Poultry Congress, WPSA
Turkish Branch, Istanbul, Turkey. Contact: congress
Organiser: ITU Joint Venture, Cumhuriyet Cad.
18/5, 80230 Elmadag, Istanbul, Turkey.
Phone: +90 212 231 3021; Fax: +90 212 232 1522;
Email: wpsa2004@wpsa2004.org
June 10-13: VIV Poultry Istanbul, Istanbul,Turkey.
World Trade Center Yesilkoy. Contact: HKF /
Jaarbeurs Exhibitions & Media. Barbaros Bulvari
135/2, Dikilitas ? Besiktas 80700 Istanbul, Turkey.
Phone: +90 212 216 4010; Fax: +90 212 216 3360;
Email: hkf@hkf-fairs.com
June 16-18: 5th International Poultry & Pig Show
(IPPS), Port Messe (Nagoya International
Exhibition Hall), Nagoya, Japan. Contact: Kokusai
Yokei, International Poultry/Pig Show Japan 2004,
2-6-16 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan.
Phone: +81 3 3297 5515; Fax: +81 3 3297 5519
June 16-19: 5th International Symposium on
Turkey Diseases, Berlin, Germany. Contact: Prof.
Dr. H.M. Hafez, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free
University Berlin, Koserstrasse 21, 14195 Berlin,
Germany. Phone: 49-30-8385-3862; Fax: 49-30-8385-
5824; Email: hafez@zedat.fu-berlin.de
June 23-25: Georgia Egg Association’s 43rd Annual
Meeting, St. Simons Island, GA. Contact: Robert
Howell, Executive Director, Georgia Egg
Association, 16 Forest Parkway, Forest Park, GA
30297. Phone: 404-363-7661; Fax: 404-363-7664;
Email: goodeggs@bellsouth.net
2004
July
July 11-14: 7th International Mareks Disease
Symposium, Oxford, UK. Contact: Dr. M. Carr,
Institute of Animal Health, Compton Laboratory,
Newbury RG20 7NN, UK. Phone: +44 1635 577227;
Email: margaret.carr@bbsrc.ac.uk
July 24-28: AVMA/AAAP Meeting, Philadelphia,
PA. Contact: http://www.avma.org or
http://www.aaap.info; Email: aaap@uga.edu
2004
August
August 25-27: XVII Central American Poultry
Congress, San Pedro Sula, Honduras. See
www.anavih.org for details. Contact:
Email: anavih@honduras.quik.com
Meetings, Seminars and Conventions
13. 2004
November
November 9-12: EuroTier 2004, Hanover, Germany.
Contact: DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-
Gesellschaft e.V.), Eschborner-Landstrasse 122,
60489 Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany.
Phone: +49 69 24788 265; Fax: +49 69 24788 113;
Email: eurotier@DLG-Frankfurt.de
2005
March
March 9-10: Nebraska Poultry Industries Annual
Convention, New World Inn & Conference Center,
Columbus, Nebraska. Contact: Nebraska Poultry
Industries, Inc., University of Nebraska, A103
Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 830908, Lincoln, NE
68583-0908. Phone: 402-472-2051
2005
June
June 22-24: Georgia Egg Association’s 44th Annual
Meeting, St. Simons Island, GA. Contact: Robert
Howell, Executive Director, Georgia Egg
Association, 16 Forrest Parkway, Forest Park, GA
30297. Phone: 404-363-7661; Fax: 404-363-7664;
Email: goodeggs@bellsouth.net
2005
August
August 22-26: 14th World Veterinary Poultry
Congress & Exhibition, Istanbul, Turkey. Contact:
Congress organiser: IT Consortium, Mete Cad.
16/11, 34437 Taksim, Istanbul, Turley. Phone: +90
212 244 71 71; Fax: +90 212 244 71 81; Email:
info@wvpc2005.org. Website: www.wvpc2005.org
2008
August
August 10-15: XXIII World’s Poultry Congress,
Convention and Exhibition Centre, Brisbane,
Australia.
Meetings, Seminars and Conventions
Page 13 of 14
General Conference Committee of the National Poultry Improvement Plan. The General Conference Committee is the official Advisory
Committee to the Secretary of Agriculture that serves as a forum for the study of problems relating to poultry health and as the need arises, to
make specific recommendations to the Secretary of Agriculture concerning ways in which the Department may assist the industry in solving
these problems.
The General Conference Committee consists of one member-at-large who is a participant of the National Poultry Improvement Plan and one
member elected from each of the six geographical regions outlined in 9 CFR 147.43. There must be at least two nominees for each position up
for election. The regions that are up for election in 2004 are 1) South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, West
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Puerto Rico; 2) South Central Region: Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; 3) West North Central: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakotqa, South Dakota,
Nebraska, and Kansas. Voting will be done by secret ballot, and the results must be recorded. At least one nominee from each region up for
election must be from an underrepresented group( minorities, woemen, or persons with disabilities). The process of soliciting nominations for
regional committee members will include, but not limited to: Adverstisements in at least two industry journals, such as the newsletter of the
American Association of Avian Pathologists, the Nationa Chicken Council, the United Egg Producers, and the National Turkey Federation; a
Federal Register Announcement,; and special iinquiries for nominations from universities and faculty in poultry science and veterinary science.
The three regional members shall be elected at each Plan Conference. All members shall serve for a period of 4 years, subject to continuta-
tion of the Committee by the Secretary of Agriculture, and may not succeed themselves. Nominations should be sent to the executive secretary
of the General Conference Committee by no later than May 1, 2004:
Andrew R. Rhorer
Senior Coordinator
National Poultry Improvement Plan
USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services
1498 Klondike Rd., Suite 200
Conyers, Georgia 30094
770 922 3496
Fax 770 922 3498
SEEKING NOMINATIONS
14. Page 14 of 14
Broiler Performance Data (Region)
Live Production Cost
SW Midwest Southeast
Mid-
Atlantic S-Central
Feed cost/ton w/o color ($)
Feed cost/lb meat (¢)
Days to 4.6 lbs
Chick cost/lb (¢)
Vac-Med cost/lb (¢)
WB & 1/2 parts condemn. cost/lb
% mortality
Sq. Ft. @ placement
Lbs./Sq. Ft.
Down time (days)
149.07
13.66
42
3.73
0.04
0.16
3.15
0.84
6.73
15
136.13
12.49
42
3.55
0.02
0.16
3.49
0.79
7.02
11
151.13
13.74
43
4.06
0.04
0.17
3.96
0.81
6.40
15
152.71
14.76
43
3.56
0.04
0.19
4.65
0.82
7.30
15
150.20
13.68
42
3.90
0.04
0.11
3.16
0.82
6.72
13
Data for week ending October 25, 2003
Broiler Whole Bird Condemnation (Region)
SW
% Septox
% Airsac
% I.P.
% Leukosis
% Bruise
% Other
% Total
% 1/2 parts
condemnations
Data for week ending October 25, 2003
Mid-
West
S.
East
Mid-
Atlantic
S.
Central
0.292
0.039
0.029
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.369
0.381
0.216
0.058
0.026
0.001
0.006
0.009
0.316
0.383
0.269
0.076
0.032
0.004
0.008
0.009
0.397
0.347
0.136
0.044
0.024
0.001
0.006
0.012
0.222
0.251
0.169
0.036
0.063
0.003
0.008
0.008
0.286
0.368
Broiler Performance Data (Company)
Live Production Cost
Average
Co.
Feed cost/ton
w/o color ($)
Feed cost/lb meat (¢)
Days to 4.6 lbs
Chick cost/lb (¢)
Vac-Med cost/lb (¢)
WB & 1/2 parts
condemn. cost/lb
% mortality
Sq. Ft. @ placement
Lbs./Sq. Ft.
Down time (days)
149.93
13.74
42
3.96
0.04
0.16
3.61
0.81
6.65
14
Data for week ending October 25, 2003
Top
25%
142.79
13.21
41
3.23
0.04
0.16
3.42
0.80
6.91
12
Broiler Whole Bird Condemnation
(Company)
Average
Co.
% Septox
% Airsac
% I.P.
% Leukosis
% Bruise
% Other
% Total
% 1/2 parts condemnations
Data for week ending October 25, 2003
Top
25%
0.212
0.053
0.040
0.002
0.007
0.008
0.322
0.340
0.267
0.045
0.023
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.343
0.512