Inner Transition Element by Dr.N.H.BansodNitin Bansod
Inner Transition Element, electronic configuration lanthanide and actinide, lanthanide contraction & consequences, oxidation state, magnetic properties, ion-exchange method for separation, similarities, and differences of lanthanide and actinide
Inner Transition Element by Dr.N.H.BansodNitin Bansod
Inner Transition Element, electronic configuration lanthanide and actinide, lanthanide contraction & consequences, oxidation state, magnetic properties, ion-exchange method for separation, similarities, and differences of lanthanide and actinide
1. There are three main types of primary bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons that act as a "sea" or "glue" between positively charged metal ions.
2. In addition to primary bonds, there can also be secondary bonding interactions between molecules called van der Waals forces. These weaker interactions influence physical properties.
3. Crystal structure, bonding type, and defects all impact a material's properties. Ionic and covalent materials have large bond energies and are brittle with high melting points, while metallic materials have variable bond energies and
Coordination compounds (12th Maharashtra state board)Freya Cardozo
As per revised textbook 2019-2020. Ligands, Werners theory, Valence bond theory, Crystal field splitting theory, Application of coordination compounds, IUPAC
This document discusses spinels and inverse spinels, which are metal oxides with general formulas of AB2X4 and (BIII)tet(AIIBIII)octX4 respectively. Spinels have a normal cubic close-packed structure with B3+ ions occupying half the octahedral holes and A2+ ions occupying one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes. Examples include MgAl2O4 and Mn3O4. Inverse spinels have an alternate arrangement with A2+ ions occupying the octahedral voids and half of B3+ ions occupying the tetrahedral voids. The document also discusses perovskites, which have the general formula ABX3 and examples include barium
This chapter discusses complex ions and coordination compounds. It begins with an overview of Werner's theory, which proposed that metal atoms can bind ligands in the form of coordination compounds. The chapter then covers topics such as common ligands, nomenclature of complexes, isomerism, and bonding models like crystal field theory. It concludes with sections on color, acid-base properties, kinetics, and applications of coordination chemistry.
ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES: AN OVERVIEW FOR BIO APPLICATIONSGururaj B Rawoor
This technical seminar overviewed all-solid state batteries and their applications for bio uses. It discussed the history of batteries from Galvani's discovery of "animal electricity" to Volta's invention of the first chemical battery. The seminar described the working principles of solid state batteries, which have solid electrodes and electrolytes, as well as their advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes. Challenges for future batteries were presented, such as replacing the metallic lithium anode, and applications discussed including portable devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants.
This document discusses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measures the impedance of electrical circuits and electrochemical cells. Impedance refers to the frequency-dependent resistance to current flow. EIS applies a small alternating current signal of varying frequency to measure impedance. Impedance includes resistances from electron transfer reactions and transport of electroactive materials. EIS can be used to study faradic impedance at electrode surfaces and determine different contributions to overall cell impedance. It has also been used to study changes in electrical impedance of biological materials and tissues after applying high voltage pulses.
This document discusses welding processes and defects. It describes various welding classifications including arc, gas, resistance, thermit and solid state welding. It also lists common welding defects such as slag inclusion, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, and provides their causes and remedies. Finally, it discusses the equipment used in arc welding such as a welding generator, cables, electrode holder and protective gear.
This document discusses cathodic protection, which is a technique used to control corrosion of metal surfaces. It can be done through galvanic anodes or impressed current. Galvanic anodes use sacrificial anodes directly connected to the structure to be protected. Impressed current uses an external DC power source and inert anodes to impress a current onto the cathode surface. Some applications of cathodic protection include pipelines, ships, and steel in concrete. Potential issues include hydrogen embrittlement of steel, cathodic disbonding of coatings due to hydrogen ions, and cathodic shielding where resistive coatings block protective current.
Corrosion is an electrochemical process that causes the degradation of metal materials due to their interaction with the environment. It is a complex process influenced by physical, chemical, metallurgical, electrochemical, and thermodynamic factors. Cathodic protection is a technique used to reduce corrosion of metal surfaces by making them the cathode of an electrochemical cell. It involves connecting the metal structure to be protected to an external source of electrons (anode) to prevent corrosion at the anode site. Common methods of cathodic protection include impressed current cathodic protection using external power sources and sacrificial anode cathodic protection using reactive metals like zinc and magnesium as anodes.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
This document provides an introduction to transition metal complexes. It discusses the aqueous chemistry of metal ions, including hydrolysis. Hexaaqua ions form when transition metals dissolve in water and are surrounded by six water molecules in an octahedral structure. Hydrolysis occurs when water molecules attack these complexes, removing protons and forming hydroxide ions. This makes the solution acidic. The document also discusses stability constants, which are equilibrium constants for the formation of complex ions from their constituent parts. Higher stability constants indicate more stable complexes.
The document discusses phase transformations in materials and heat treatments. It explains that phase transformations can be used to vary the mechanical properties of alloys between 700-2000 MPa depending on the heat treatment. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are used to determine when phase transformations start and end during isothermal heat treatments. TTT diagrams have a characteristic C-shape due to the competing factors of nucleation and diffusion rates during transformations. The position and shape of TTT curves are affected by variables like carbon content, alloying elements, and grain size of the material.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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This document discusses four main forms of corrosion: galvanic, crevice, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. It provides details on the mechanisms, examples, and factors that contribute to each type. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in an electrolyte. Crevice corrosion is localized corrosion in stagnant areas like joints or cracks. Pitting corrosion produces small pits on metal surfaces. Intergranular corrosion preferentially corrodes grain boundaries in metals. The document examines each type through definitions, diagrams, and real-world corrosion incidents.
Types of cast iron & effect of impuritiesKarthika C
Ferrous alloys are widely used due to their abundant natural resources, economical production processes, and versatility. There are several types of ferrous alloys including iron, steels, and cast irons. Cast irons contain 2.14-4.5% carbon and exist in gray, ductile, white, malleable, chilled, and alloyed forms depending on composition and microstructure. Impurities like carbon, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus influence the properties and microstructure of cast iron.
Copper is a reddish metal with a face-centered cubic crystal structure. It has high electrical and thermal conductivity and good corrosion resistance. Copper alloys include brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys that have good strength and ductility. Bronzes are copper alloys where the primary alloying element is not zinc or nickel, and include phosphor bronzes and aluminum bronzes. Copper alloys have a variety of applications due to their combinations of properties.
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
1. There are three main types of primary bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between atoms. Metallic bonding involves delocalized electrons that act as a "sea" or "glue" between positively charged metal ions.
2. In addition to primary bonds, there can also be secondary bonding interactions between molecules called van der Waals forces. These weaker interactions influence physical properties.
3. Crystal structure, bonding type, and defects all impact a material's properties. Ionic and covalent materials have large bond energies and are brittle with high melting points, while metallic materials have variable bond energies and
Coordination compounds (12th Maharashtra state board)Freya Cardozo
As per revised textbook 2019-2020. Ligands, Werners theory, Valence bond theory, Crystal field splitting theory, Application of coordination compounds, IUPAC
This document discusses spinels and inverse spinels, which are metal oxides with general formulas of AB2X4 and (BIII)tet(AIIBIII)octX4 respectively. Spinels have a normal cubic close-packed structure with B3+ ions occupying half the octahedral holes and A2+ ions occupying one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes. Examples include MgAl2O4 and Mn3O4. Inverse spinels have an alternate arrangement with A2+ ions occupying the octahedral voids and half of B3+ ions occupying the tetrahedral voids. The document also discusses perovskites, which have the general formula ABX3 and examples include barium
This chapter discusses complex ions and coordination compounds. It begins with an overview of Werner's theory, which proposed that metal atoms can bind ligands in the form of coordination compounds. The chapter then covers topics such as common ligands, nomenclature of complexes, isomerism, and bonding models like crystal field theory. It concludes with sections on color, acid-base properties, kinetics, and applications of coordination chemistry.
ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES: AN OVERVIEW FOR BIO APPLICATIONSGururaj B Rawoor
This technical seminar overviewed all-solid state batteries and their applications for bio uses. It discussed the history of batteries from Galvani's discovery of "animal electricity" to Volta's invention of the first chemical battery. The seminar described the working principles of solid state batteries, which have solid electrodes and electrolytes, as well as their advantages over conventional lithium-ion batteries that use liquid electrolytes. Challenges for future batteries were presented, such as replacing the metallic lithium anode, and applications discussed including portable devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants.
This document discusses electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measures the impedance of electrical circuits and electrochemical cells. Impedance refers to the frequency-dependent resistance to current flow. EIS applies a small alternating current signal of varying frequency to measure impedance. Impedance includes resistances from electron transfer reactions and transport of electroactive materials. EIS can be used to study faradic impedance at electrode surfaces and determine different contributions to overall cell impedance. It has also been used to study changes in electrical impedance of biological materials and tissues after applying high voltage pulses.
This document discusses welding processes and defects. It describes various welding classifications including arc, gas, resistance, thermit and solid state welding. It also lists common welding defects such as slag inclusion, undercut, porosity, incomplete fusion, and provides their causes and remedies. Finally, it discusses the equipment used in arc welding such as a welding generator, cables, electrode holder and protective gear.
This document discusses cathodic protection, which is a technique used to control corrosion of metal surfaces. It can be done through galvanic anodes or impressed current. Galvanic anodes use sacrificial anodes directly connected to the structure to be protected. Impressed current uses an external DC power source and inert anodes to impress a current onto the cathode surface. Some applications of cathodic protection include pipelines, ships, and steel in concrete. Potential issues include hydrogen embrittlement of steel, cathodic disbonding of coatings due to hydrogen ions, and cathodic shielding where resistive coatings block protective current.
Corrosion is an electrochemical process that causes the degradation of metal materials due to their interaction with the environment. It is a complex process influenced by physical, chemical, metallurgical, electrochemical, and thermodynamic factors. Cathodic protection is a technique used to reduce corrosion of metal surfaces by making them the cathode of an electrochemical cell. It involves connecting the metal structure to be protected to an external source of electrons (anode) to prevent corrosion at the anode site. Common methods of cathodic protection include impressed current cathodic protection using external power sources and sacrificial anode cathodic protection using reactive metals like zinc and magnesium as anodes.
The document discusses corrosion of metals and its various types. It defines corrosion as the deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with the environment. Corrosion occurs via oxidation and causes metal loss. The main factors influencing corrosion are the metal composition, environmental chemicals, temperature, and design. Corrosion can be uniform, galvanic, pitting, intergranular or stress-related. Electrochemical corrosion involves the formation of anodes and cathodes on a metal surface.
This document provides an introduction to transition metal complexes. It discusses the aqueous chemistry of metal ions, including hydrolysis. Hexaaqua ions form when transition metals dissolve in water and are surrounded by six water molecules in an octahedral structure. Hydrolysis occurs when water molecules attack these complexes, removing protons and forming hydroxide ions. This makes the solution acidic. The document also discusses stability constants, which are equilibrium constants for the formation of complex ions from their constituent parts. Higher stability constants indicate more stable complexes.
The document discusses phase transformations in materials and heat treatments. It explains that phase transformations can be used to vary the mechanical properties of alloys between 700-2000 MPa depending on the heat treatment. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are used to determine when phase transformations start and end during isothermal heat treatments. TTT diagrams have a characteristic C-shape due to the competing factors of nucleation and diffusion rates during transformations. The position and shape of TTT curves are affected by variables like carbon content, alloying elements, and grain size of the material.
Introduction to Physical Metallurgy Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses four main forms of corrosion: galvanic, crevice, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. It provides details on the mechanisms, examples, and factors that contribute to each type. Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals are in contact in an electrolyte. Crevice corrosion is localized corrosion in stagnant areas like joints or cracks. Pitting corrosion produces small pits on metal surfaces. Intergranular corrosion preferentially corrodes grain boundaries in metals. The document examines each type through definitions, diagrams, and real-world corrosion incidents.
Types of cast iron & effect of impuritiesKarthika C
Ferrous alloys are widely used due to their abundant natural resources, economical production processes, and versatility. There are several types of ferrous alloys including iron, steels, and cast irons. Cast irons contain 2.14-4.5% carbon and exist in gray, ductile, white, malleable, chilled, and alloyed forms depending on composition and microstructure. Impurities like carbon, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus influence the properties and microstructure of cast iron.
Copper is a reddish metal with a face-centered cubic crystal structure. It has high electrical and thermal conductivity and good corrosion resistance. Copper alloys include brasses, which are copper-zinc alloys that have good strength and ductility. Bronzes are copper alloys where the primary alloying element is not zinc or nickel, and include phosphor bronzes and aluminum bronzes. Copper alloys have a variety of applications due to their combinations of properties.
The document discusses the accidental discovery of sandwich complexes and their structures. It summarizes that in 1951, two groups discovered cyclopentadienyl complexes of metals which had unexpected properties that did not match what was expected. This led to proposals of sandwich structures by Wilkinson/Woodward and Fischer. Their work to synthesize various metallocenes resulted in a shared Nobel Prize in 1973. Sandwich complexes have since been found to have applications including in making carbon nanotubes.
This document provides an agenda for an e-learning workshop on Web 2.0 technologies for students. The agenda includes discussing what Web 2.0 is, how to take advantage of opportunities from Web 2.0, and the impacts of Web 2.0 on education, as well as doing hands-on sharing of Web 2.0 technologies.