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The document discusses various common weld discontinuities and defects such as gas pores, slag inclusions, incomplete penetration, lack of fusion, cracks, and undercut. It describes the causes of these defects which can include trapped gas during solidification, contaminated base metal, improper welding parameters, and faulty joint preparation. Remedies suggested to avoid defects are ensuring adequate shielding from wind, using clean electrodes, maintaining the proper arc length, travel speed, and current level.
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Support de cours pour le module dynamique des gaz U.E.F 1.2.1 2.e semestre 1e année Master. La dynamique des gaz est l’étude des écoulements compressibles à grandes vitesses. Ces types d’écoulements sont le plus souvent rencontrés dans le domaine pratique de l’industrie aéronautique et spatiale. Le présent module traite seulement l’approche monodimensionnelle des écoulements compressibles des gaz parfait.
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Presentation on common weld dicontinuities
The document discusses various common weld discontinuities and defects such as gas pores, slag inclusions, incomplete penetration, lack of fusion, cracks, and undercut. It describes the causes of these defects which can include trapped gas during solidification, contaminated base metal, improper welding parameters, and faulty joint preparation. Remedies suggested to avoid defects are ensuring adequate shielding from wind, using clean electrodes, maintaining the proper arc length, travel speed, and current level.
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Forming operations use compression, tension, shear or combined stresses to plastically deform materials into desired shapes without removing material. Some common forming processes include forging, extrusion, rolling, and drawing. Forging involves shaping metal using localized compressive forces and is one of the oldest metalworking processes. It can produce parts like bolts, rivets and gears. Extrusion uses a material pushed through a die to create fixed cross-sectional profiles. Rolling passes metal stock through a pair of rolls to form the metal. Drawing uses tensile forces to stretch metal, plastic or other materials through a die to reduce diameter and increase length.
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The document is an instruction manual for an apparatus that can suspend objects from threads to study pendulums and oscillations. It contains:
1) A description of the apparatus parts including a bar, cylinders, mounting plate, and base plate that can be used to suspend objects bifilarly or trifilarly.
2) A summary of theory explaining how the period of a simple pendulum depends only on length and gravity. For objects suspended trifilarly, the moment of inertia can be determined from the period of torsional oscillations.
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The document discusses determining the rigidity modulus of a metal specimen. A test was conducted on a metal specimen to calculate its rigidity modulus. The rigidity modulus is a property of materials that indicates how much it resists deformation under load.
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This document provides guidance on rock slope design for the Ohio Department of Transportation. It discusses topics such as geological data collection and testing methods. Section 200 defines important geological terms and describes planning an exploration program to collect data through surface mapping, borings, and laboratory testing. This data is used to characterize the rock mass and discontinuities, along with groundwater conditions. The guidance aims to provide information needed for designing stable, safe rock slopes in transportation projects.
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Objective of the experiment:
1 - Study the relationship between the force (P) and
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2 - Stability and study the relationship between strain (ε)
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This document discusses various welding processes. It separates welding into two categories: fusion welding processes that melt the base metals like arc welding, and solid state welding processes that join metals without melting, like friction welding. The document focuses on describing several common arc welding processes including: shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, and submerged arc welding. It also covers resistance spot welding, a type of resistance welding used to join sheet metals.
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The document discusses different methods for measuring grain size in polycrystalline materials:
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Examples are given for problems using each method to determine grain size from measurement data. The methods are compared for applicability based on grain shape and measurement approach.
Material science ppt.
The document summarizes a presentation on torsion testing. It defines torsion as applying a twisting moment or torque to a member. Torsion testing determines parameters like ultimate torsional strength and shear modulus. It describes how torsion occurs in various engineering applications. The presentation covers objectives of torsion testing, the testing machine, formulas used, how materials break under stress, properties of mild steel and cast iron, their microstructures, and failure modes under torsion. It concludes torsion failures differ from tension and provide little deformation, with fracture surfaces related to stress state and two failure types in mild steel and cast iron.
ΠΛΗ31 ΜΑΘΗΜΑ 3.1
ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΟΣ
1) Εισαγωγή
1.1) Η δομή του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου
1.2) Η λειτουργία ενός νευρώνα
1.2.1) Συναρτήσεις Ενεργοποίησης
1.2.2) Σκοπός του Νευρώνα
1.2.3) Perceptron
2) Νευρώνες και Λογικές Πύλες
2.1) Το πρόβλημα του OR
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2.3) Προβλήματα Λογικών Πυλών
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3.1) Ορισμοί
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Β) Μεθοδολογία
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Testing of metal and alloy
This document discusses different methods of measuring hardness, including scratch, indentation, and rebound hardness. It provides detailed explanations of the Brinell hardness test, Meyer's hardness test, and Vickers hardness test. The Brinell hardness test uses a steel ball indenter and measures the diameter of the indentation to determine the hardness number. The Vickers hardness test uses a diamond pyramid indenter and measures the length of the diagonal impressions. It is more accurate and versatile than the Brinell test. Hardness tests provide a measure of a material's resistance to plastic deformation.
Tensile test
Objective of the experiment:
1 - Study the relationship between the force (P) and
elongation (ΔL).
2 - Stability and study the relationship between strain (ε)
and stress (σ).
3 - Study the concept of the mechanical properties of solids.
4 - Establish a modulus of elasticity (E)
Welding processes
This document discusses various welding processes. It separates welding into two categories: fusion welding processes that melt the base metals like arc welding, and solid state welding processes that join metals without melting, like friction welding. The document focuses on describing several common arc welding processes including: shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, and submerged arc welding. It also covers resistance spot welding, a type of resistance welding used to join sheet metals.
Group presentation for tensile testing a4
The document describes the methodology, instrumentation, and results of tensile testing experiments on various metal samples. The methodology involved determining sample dimensions, marking intervals on the samples, setting up the tensile testing equipment which includes an extensometer and Hounsfield testing machine, applying and increasing load while recording extension and results. Graphs of stress-strain responses were produced for aluminum, brass, and mild steel samples, showing their different mechanical behaviors under tensile loading. Key properties of each metal were also discussed.
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Contents of this presentation:
General Introduction to IGBT
IGBT Equivalent Circuit
IGBT Output Characteristics
IGBT usage as a Switch
IGBT Datasheet
IGBT Applications
IGBT Power Losses
Some FAQs about IGBTs
Wear measurement
This presentation discusses various types of wear measurement. It defines wear as progressive damage involving material loss that occurs on surfaces due to relative motion. The types of wear discussed include sliding wear, fretting wear, abrasive wear, erosive wear, fatigue wear, and cavitation wear. The Archard wear equation relating wear volume to load and material properties is presented. Methods for identifying wear mechanisms by examining wear debris and worn surfaces are described. A pin-on-disc apparatus for measuring wear rates and a case study using oil analysis to determine wear rates are also summarized.
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Mechanical tests are used to characterize materials. Tensile testing measures engineering stress and ductility through elongation and reduction of area. True stress and true strain account for changes in specimen area during loading. Toughness is the energy absorbed before fracture measured by the area under the stress-strain curve. Hardness tests like Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers measure resistance to indentation using different indenters. Impact tests like Charpy and Izod measure energy absorption during fracture. The ductile to brittle transition temperature is important for brittle fracture behavior.
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This document provides an overview of welding techniques including gas shielded arc welding processes like MIG/MAG and TIG welding. It discusses the principles and operation of MIG/MAG welding using solid wires and flux cored wires. For TIG welding it covers the choice of direct or alternating current, manual operation, and power sources. The document also provides welding parameters and recommendations for selecting the appropriate shielding gas for different materials.
How to reduced transformer losses report
a brief presentation report on How to reduced transformer losses. its knowledgeful for every technical student.
Transformer design principles
The document provides an overview of power transformer design principles, including:
1. The main components of transformers are the magnetic core, electric windings, tank (for liquid transformers), and accessories.
2. Sizing criteria includes considerations like core induction level, current density, and power rating.
3. Magnetic core design focuses on reducing losses and sound levels through choices of material, induction value, core type (single or three phase), section shape, interwoven methods, and packaging/locking.
Joining Process
The document discusses various joining processes including welding, brazing, and soldering. It describes different welding techniques like gas welding, arc welding, resistance welding, and special processes like laser beam and electron beam welding. It also covers brazing and soldering methods, the equipment involved, filler materials and fluxes used for different processes.
L4_Cooling Curves_grain and grain boundary formation_MMS
The document discusses different methods for measuring grain size in polycrystalline materials:
- Comparison method involves comparing the actual grain structure to standard images and assigning an ASTM grain size number, with lower numbers indicating larger grains.
- Heyn's intercept method measures the average number of grains intercepted along a fixed line length, with the intercept length giving the average grain diameter.
- Jefferies planimetric method counts grains within a defined area on a micrograph, using the magnification to determine grains/mm2 and calculate average size.
Examples are given for problems using each method to determine grain size from measurement data. The methods are compared for applicability based on grain shape and measurement approach.
Material science ppt.
The document summarizes a presentation on torsion testing. It defines torsion as applying a twisting moment or torque to a member. Torsion testing determines parameters like ultimate torsional strength and shear modulus. It describes how torsion occurs in various engineering applications. The presentation covers objectives of torsion testing, the testing machine, formulas used, how materials break under stress, properties of mild steel and cast iron, their microstructures, and failure modes under torsion. It concludes torsion failures differ from tension and provide little deformation, with fracture surfaces related to stress state and two failure types in mild steel and cast iron.
ΠΛΗ31 ΜΑΘΗΜΑ 3.1
ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΑ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΟΣ
1) Εισαγωγή
1.1) Η δομή του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου
1.2) Η λειτουργία ενός νευρώνα
1.2.1) Συναρτήσεις Ενεργοποίησης
1.2.2) Σκοπός του Νευρώνα
1.2.3) Perceptron
2) Νευρώνες και Λογικές Πύλες
2.1) Το πρόβλημα του OR
2.2) Το πρόβλημα του AND
2.3) Προβλήματα Λογικών Πυλών
3) Γραμμική Διαχωρισιμότητα
3.1) Ορισμοί
3.2) Παραδείγματα
Β) Μεθοδολογία
1) Γραφική Επίλυση
2) Επίλυση με Ανισώσεις
Γ) Ασκήσεις
1) Ασκήσεις Κατανόησης
2) Εφαρμογές
Bandas en V.pdf
Este documento discute las bandas en V, un dispositivo de transmisión de energía flexible y eficiente. Las bandas en V obtienen su nombre de su forma en V, que les permite ajustarse a las poleas. El documento explica cómo calcular la longitud de paso, la potencia, las fuerzas y la vida útil de las bandas en V, así como el algoritmo general para analizar una transmisión de banda en V.
1- Welding Terminology.ppt
This document provides terminology related to welding codes and qualifications. It defines key terms like essential variables, non-essential variables, and supplementary variables. It also discusses welding terminology like weld beads, types of joints, and weld positions. The document is part of a larger guide on welding qualification simplified according to the ASME IX Code and covers topics like steel welding metallurgy, welding processes, weld symbols, and acceptance criteria for welds.
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фазовые переходы
- 2. Лекция №5. Фазовые переходы План: 1. Фазовые превращения. 2. Равновесие жидкости и насыщенного пара. 3. Уравнение Клапейрона-Клаузиуса. 4. Фазовые диаграммы. Тройная точка.
- 3. Фазовые превращения Фаза – часть системы, ограниченная поверхностью раздела, с одинаковыми физическими свойствами во всех точках. Если две или более фаз одного и того же вещества существуют одновременно, причем масса ни одной из фаз не увеличивается за счет другой, то говорят о фазовом равновесии. Переход вещества из одной фазы в другую называется фазовым переходом или фазовым превращением. Фазовые переходы I рода II рода Испарение, конденсация, плавление кристаллизация, сублимация Эффект Кюри (исчезновение ферромагнетизма), сверхпроводимость, сверхтекучесть
- 4. Фазовые переходы I рода Признаком фазового перехода I рода является выделение или поглощение теплоты (так называемая скрытая теплота перехода). Это количество теплоты требуется для перестройки структуры системы. Температура системы во время фазового перехода остается равной температуре плавления, пока все вещество не перейдет из одного агрегатного состояния в другое Температуры плавления/кристаллизации °С Алюминий 660 Железо 1539 Золото 1064 Олово 232 Ртуть -32 Спирт -114 Свинец 327 Температуры кипения °С (при атм. давлении) Кислород -183 Эфир 35 Вода 100 Ртуть 357 Спирт 78 Свинец 1755
- 5. Равновесие жидкости и насыщенного пара p T K Tтр Ткр ркр В критической точке К различие между жидкостью и её насыщенным паром исчезает, при этом кривая фазового равновесия обрывается
- 6. Уравнение Клапейрона-Клаузиуса Получим аналитически кривую, описывающую фазовое равновесие. Рассмотрим узкий цикл Карно, производимый с одним молем идеального газа 2V - объем пара - объем жидкости1V 21 VV << КПД такого цикла Q A∆ =η λ=Q Молярная теплота парообразования ( )12 VVdpA −≈∆ T dT =η ( ) T dTVVdp = − λ 12 ( )12 VVTdT dp − = λ Уравнение Клапейрона-Клаузиуса p RT V =2 2 RT p dT dp λ = ( ) −= RT dpd λ ln → −⋅= RT constp λ exp
- 7. Фазовые диаграммы 1 - кривая плавления, 2 - кривая испарения, 3 - кривая возгонки Для большинства веществ ркр<<ратм Поэтому переход и газообразного в твердое состояние затруднен: Для H2O: ркр=0,06 атм. Tкр=0,0075 °С Но для некоторых веществ такой переход возможен, например для CO2: ркр= 5,11 атм. Tкр=-56,6 °С
- 8. Фазовые диаграммы Фазовая диаграмма гелия (присутствует фазовый переход II рода) 1 - кривая плавления, 2 - кривая испарения, 3 - кривая раздела жидких фаз Не I и Не II, А и В - тройные точки