1) The document describes a series of steps involving binary, octal, and decimal numbers. Various operations like addition, subtraction, and conversion between number bases are shown. 2) Examples include converting the decimal number 36.541 to octal, adding octal numbers, and performing octal subtraction. 3) Formulas are provided for converting between binary and decimal representations of numbers. Operations like AND, OR, and XOR are also demonstrated between binary digits.

1. - - - -
n-
- n - 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 - m -
1
-
- - -
- n
- - -
-
n
- - 1 2 - -
- -2 5 3 2 1 3 m
- - - -
ank a2a1· b1b2kbm)
a1a2 a3kan
b1 b2 b3kbm
(101.1101)2

2. =0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=0
=

3. +
5
(3)
(4)
1100011

4. 1011 1 1

5. = 0
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 0
0 - 1 = 1
-

6. x =0
0 x 1 =1
------
1x0=0

7. 1 x 1 =1
x
X
101
10110
+
00000
10110
1101110
x (101)2 = (1101110)2
x (101)2
10110.01
X
10
10110011
+

8. 00000000
10110011
1101111.111
(10110.011)2 x (101) 2 = (1101111.111)2
1=0
=1
1011
10
-

9. -
-
00
=
10011.1001˜
110
-

10. 10
-
1000
-
=
-

11. - n n-1 - 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 - m -
- n- n- 3 2 1 0 - 2 3 - - -
5 4 4
2 1 m
anKa2 a1˙b1 b2Kbm
a1 a2kan
k
b 1 b2 b m )
(36.541)8

12. MSD LSD
=
8)152
8)19 0
8
2
=

13. X
=
X X
MSD---> 1 4 <---LSD
= (0.14)
8)543
0.1875 0.5000
8)67 7 x
x

14. 8 88
0
1.50004.0000
=
Octai addition
+

15. 76
+ +
2317
Octal subtraction
–
--
-
5736

16. x
x
X
31
372
x =
x

17. X
1354
x
1.
2.
x
x

18. 32
) 64
-
6
4
-
4
0
=