After studying thischapter, you should be able to: Define the key biographical characteristics. Identify two types of ability. Shape the behavior of others. Distinguish between the four schedules of reinforcement. Clarify the role of punishment in learning. Practice self-management L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
个体行为的基础—— 3 个重要的个体变量——传记特点、能力、学习Biographical Characteristics Personal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
Ability, Intellect, andIntelligence Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job. Intellectual Ability The capacity to do mental activities. Multiple Intelligences Intelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
Dimensions of IntellectualAbility Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization Memory E X H I B I T 2–1
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Physical Abilities PhysicalAbilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
Nine Physical AbilitiesOther Factors Body coordination Balance Stamina Strength Factors Dynamic strength Trunk strength Static strength Explosive strength Flexibility Factors Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility E X H I B I T 2–2 Source: Adapted from HRMagazine published by the Society for Human Resource Management, Alexandria, VA.
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The Ability-Job FitAbility-Job Fit Employee’s Abilities Job’s Ability Requirements
Learning Learning Involveschange Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. 在经验的作用下发生的相对持久的行为改变。 行为的变化表明学习的发生,学习就是行为的改变。 学习包含着变化; 这种变化是持久的; 仅仅在思维过程和态度上发生变化,而没有行为活动的改变,不能称为学习; 学习必须包含直接或者间接的经验。
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Theories of LearningKey Concepts Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Classical Conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response. 经典条件反射理论: 巴甫洛夫 建立条件刺激(铃声)与无条件刺激(肉片)之间的联系 被动的
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Theories of Learning(cont’d) Key Concepts Reflexive (unlearned) behavior Conditioned (learned) behavior Reinforcement Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment. 操作性条件反射理论:斯金纳 行为并不是由反射或先天而决定,而是后天习得的。 行为是结果的函数,如果行为出现之后得到满意的结果(积极强化),会增加这种行为发生的频率。
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Theories of Learning(cont’d) Key Concepts Attentional processes Retention processes Motor reproduction processes Reinforcement processes Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and direct experience. 社会学习理论 : 可以通过观察和直接经验两种途径进行学习, 是操作性条件反射的扩展,也认为行为是结果的函数。核心内容——榜样的影响。
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Theories of Learning(cont’d) Key Concepts Reinforcement is required to change behavior. Some rewards are more effective than others. The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence. Shaping Behavior Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response. 管理者通过循序渐进的方式指导个体的学习,塑造个体行为的过程。
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Types of Reinforcement行为塑造 : 一项管理工具 行为塑造的方法—— Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior. 积极强化:一种行为之后给予愉快的事情 称赞 Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs. 消极强化:对于中止或逃离不愉快行为的反应,则不予惩罚 赶紧翻看笔记则不叫起回答问题
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Types of ReinforcementPunishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior. 惩罚:事先设置令人不愉快的条件来限制或减少不良行为 罚款制度 Extinction Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation. 忽视:取消维持某一行为的所有强化物 无视要求发言的举手动作
Schedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated. Intermittent Reinforcement A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.
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Schedules of Reinforcement(cont’d) Fixed-Interval Schedule Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals. Variable-Interval Schedule Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.
Behavior Modification FiveStep Problem-Solving Model Identify critical behaviors Develop baseline data Identify behavioral consequences Develop and apply intervention Evaluate performance improvement OB Mod The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.
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OB MOD OrganizationalApplications Well Pay versus Sick Pay ( 健康工资与病假工资 ) Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence. Employee Discipline ( 员工处分) The use of punishment can be counter-productive. Developing Training Programs ( 开发培训方案) OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness. Self-management ( 自我管理) Reduces the need for external management control.