Squalor in the street learning trail
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The document describes the poor living conditions and lack of sanitation in industrial towns in the 19th century that contributed to the spread of disease like cholera. Rivers were polluted by sewage and industrial waste and used for drinking water. Cesspools leaked into water supplies. Overcrowded housing with no running water or ventilation made it easy for diseases to spread. Cholera arrived in 1831 and could kill within days, spread through contaminated water. People did not understand germ theory and blamed smells and bad air for disease.
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Living conditions for the poor in 19th century industrial towns were extremely overcrowded, unsanitary, and disease-ridden. As workers flocked to new factories, landlords exploited the demand for housing by building cramped, poorly constructed homes as close together as possible. These homes often lacked basic amenities like running water, sewage, ventilation, and sometimes even windows. The poorest families lived in damp, dirty cellar or attic dwellings. Overflowing cesspools and lack of toilets led to contaminated drinking water and waste in the streets, breeding diseases like cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and more. Contemporary accounts described the squalid, inhumane conditions and health hazards facing the urban working class.
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Tropical seasonal forests
Tropical seasonal forests have distinct wet and dry seasons, with trees appearing dormant during the dry season but green and vibrant during the rainy season. These forests most commonly occur in parts of India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, the West Indies, Northern Australia, Southern Mexico, and Paraguay. They have a seasonal climate with a longer dry season lasting over five months and higher temperatures. Many plant and animal species have adapted to survive the arid dry seasons, with trees shedding leaves and some animals foraging at night or hiding underground. However, tropical seasonal forests are threatened by agricultural development and deforestation.
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was fueled by access to resources like water power and coal, as well as scientific and technological advances. However, many workers lived in overcrowded, unsanitary slums with leaky roofs and limited access to clean water. Diseases spread easily in these conditions, and life expectancy was low due to illnesses such as tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, and cholera. Public health reforms in the 1800s, including improved sanitation, water access, and housing standards helped reduce disease rates and increase life expectancy over time.
Homesteaders Living On The Plains
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Living conditions for the poor in 19th century industrial towns were extremely overcrowded, unsanitary, and disease-ridden. As workers flocked to new factories, landlords exploited the demand for housing by building cramped, poorly constructed homes as close together as possible. These homes often lacked basic amenities like running water, sewage, ventilation, and sometimes even windows. The poorest families lived in damp, dirty cellar or attic dwellings. Overflowing cesspools and lack of toilets led to contaminated drinking water and waste in the streets, breeding diseases like cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and more. Contemporary accounts described the squalid, inhumane conditions and health hazards facing the urban working class.
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Tropical dry forests are located between 10-20 degrees north and south of the equator, including parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, and Australia. They experience high temperatures year-round and long dry seasons with several hundred centimeters of annual rainfall. Trees and plants must be able to survive periods of low moisture by dropping leaves or having thick bark and deep roots. Tropical dry forests support a variety of wildlife like tigers, monkeys, elephants, and birds that have adaptations for long dry seasons.
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The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain was fueled by access to resources like water power and coal, as well as scientific and technological advances. However, many workers lived in overcrowded, unsanitary slums with leaky roofs and limited access to clean water. Diseases spread easily in these conditions, and life expectancy was low due to illnesses such as tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus, smallpox, and cholera. Public health reforms in the 1800s, including improved sanitation, water access, and housing standards helped reduce disease rates and increase life expectancy over time.
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The document summarizes some of the challenges faced by homesteaders living on the Great Plains in the late 19th century, including building houses from sod, maintaining health with limited resources, enduring extreme weather, a lack of fuel and water, isolation, and potential conflicts with Native Americans. Homesteaders worked to overcome these difficulties through communal support and by adapting practices from the indigenous peoples.
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Squalor in the street learning trail
- 1. Some rivers were filthy. They were polluted by rubbish, dyes from the mills and sewage. Some people took their drinking water from the rivers. The woman in the picture is washing the sheets of a Cholera victim in the river. The symptoms of Cholera were severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
- 2. The nightsoilmen were employed to clear out the cesspits. These were big holes in the ground under the privies (toilets). The smells would be terrible but many landlords did not like paying the nightsoilmen.
- 3. Sewage from the cesspits often leaked into the water supply. The water from the standpipe would therefore be infected with disease. Over 100 people would share one toilet.
- 4. There were no underground sewers. Waste was either thrown into gutters or flowed straight into the rivers. This water would be used for drinking and cooking.
- 5. In 1831 a new epidemic arrived – Cholera. This disease could kill a person in days. It is caused by a germ that attacks the intestines and leads to vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, cramps and death. It is spread by dirty water.
- 6. Up to six families would share a house to try and save on the rent. Disease spread easily in crowded conditions.
- 7. People did not understand the germ. They thought disease was spread by smells and bad air. The germ was not discovered until 1867.
- 8. Builders wanted to make a quick profit, and took advantage of there being no rules. The houses were small, cheap with no running water, heating or ventilation.
- 9. Some of the worst houses were built in terraces which were joined to the house behind. We call these backto-back houses. The stone floors, single brick and poor roofing materials meant the houses were very damp and cold.
- 10. More and more people moved to the industrial towns to work in the factories and other industry. The workers had to live as close as possible to their place of work. There were no cars, buses or bicycles and people started work very early in the morning.
- 11. Factory workers were poor. They feared their rates would go up if they complained to the landlords about the poor conditions. Some people were so poor they lived below ground in the cellars of other people’s houses.
- 12. At the time no one expected the government to help the poor. Politicians thought they should not interfere in peoples lives. We call this attitude Laissezfaire.