This document provides an overview of the key clauses in a SQL SELECT statement: 1. The SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY clauses must be written in a specific order. The SELECT clause chooses the columns and FROM clause specifies the table. 2. The WHERE clause filters rows based on conditions and HAVING filters groups. GROUP BY divides rows into groups and ORDER BY sorts the results. 3. Examples demonstrate how each clause works, such as a SELECT statement that filters rows from a student table where the student ID equals 2.

1. PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
GWALIOR
Presented by- Arpit bhadoriya
BCA 2nd
(B)

2. Syntax for SELECT statement
• Clauses must be written in the following order
▫ SELECT
▫ FROM
▫ WHERE
▫ GROUP BY
▫ HAVING
▫ ORDER BY

3. SELECT clause
▫ The main element in a SQL query is the SELECT
statement.
▫ Figure out what values will actually be included in the
final result set by processing the SELECT clause.
▫ A properly written SELECT statement will always
produce a result in the form of one or more rows of
output.
▫ The SELECT statement chooses (selects) rows from
one or more tables according to specific criteria.

4. FROM clause
▫ FROM clause is used to specify the table name on
which we want to perform the operation.
▫ Without a table name, the database management
system does not know which table to query.

5. Example
Select *
From student;
• This query selects rows from the “student” table.
• The asterisk (*) tells SQL to select (display) all columns
contained in the table “student”.

6. WHERE clause
▫ Specific rows can be selected by adding a WHERE
clause to the SELECT query
If the result of the WHERE clause for that row is
TRUE then the row is kept. If the result of the
WHERE clause for that row is FALSE then the row
is "thrown away".

7. Example
select *
from student
where stu_id=2
Stu_id Stu_name Stu_add
2 Bhupendra Tansen nagar

8. GROUP BY
▫ The function to divide the tuples into groups and
returns an aggregate for each group .
▫ Usually, it is an aggregate function’s companion.

9. Example
419pizza
500hotdog
totalSoldfood
70pizza06/06/13
500hotdog06/06/13
349pizza06/05/13
soldfooddate
SELECT food, sum(sold) as totalSold
FROM Foodchart
group by food;
FoodChart

10. HAVING
▫ The substitute of WHERE for aggregate functions
▫ Usually, it is an aggregate function’s companion
SELECT food, sum(sold) as totalSold
FROM Foodchart
group by food
having sum(sold) > 450;
500hotdog
totalSoldfood
70pizza06/06/13
500hotdog06/06/13
349pizza06/05/13
soldfooddate

11. ORDER BY
▫ Sort the result set in the order specified in the
ORDER BY clause
▫ To sort columns from high to low or low to high ,
keyword ASC and DESC must be specified.
ASC - Ascending, low to high
DESC - Descending, high to low
When ASC or DESC is used, it must be followed by the column
name

12. Example
Select *
From student
Order by stu_add ASC
Stu_id Stu_name Stu_add
1 arpit adityapuram
3 abhishek D d nagar
2 bhupendra Tansen nagar

13. WHERE VS HAVING
• Similarities:
▫ The WHERE and HAVING clauses are both used to
exclude records from the result set.
• Differences
▫ WHERE clause
 The WHERE clause is processed before the groups are created
 Therefore, the WHERE clause can refer to any value in the
original tables
▫ HAVING clause
 The HAVING clause is processed after the groups are created
 The HAVING clause CANNOT refer to individual columns
from a table that are not also part of the group.